Support glPixelStore in display lists (#1854)

* Be more lazy

---------

Co-authored-by: sisyphussy <[email protected]>

.gitignore

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 /.idea/
 /.vs/
 /.vscode/
-/run/
+run/
 build/
 /eclipse/
 .classpath

README.MD

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ Targets GL 3.3+ core profile
 * CodeChicken[Core](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/CodeChickenCore/releases)/[Lib](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/CodeChickenLib/releases) <1.2.0 - Threading issues, use 1.3.0+
 * Neodymium - Untested, but unlikely to be compatible. (Chunk Meshing is definitely incompatible, other features might work depending on config)
 * SmoothFont - Equivalent functionality added
+* ClientFixer - Use a resource pack like [GTNH-FTI-Standard-Font](https://github.com/Eldrinn-Elantey/GTNH-FTI-Standard-Font)
 
 # Credits
 * ShadersMod

build.gradle.kts

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
+import xyz.wagyourtail.jvmdg.gradle.flags.DowngradeFlags
+import xyz.wagyourtail.jvmdg.gradle.task.DowngradeJar
 import xyz.wagyourtail.jvmdg.gradle.task.files.DowngradeFiles
 
 plugins {
     id("com.gtnewhorizons.gtnhconvention")
 }
 
+tasks.withType<DowngradeJar>().configureEach { logLevel.set("FATAL") }
+tasks.withType<DowngradeFiles>().configureEach { logLevel.set("FATAL") }
+
 minecraft {
     extraRunJvmArguments.add("-Dangelica.enableTestBlocks=true")
     extraRunJvmArguments.add("-Dangelica.dumpClass=true")

dependencies.gradle

@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ configurations.all {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    compileOnly("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Hodgepodge:2.7.14:dev")
+    compileOnly("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Hodgepodge:2.7.158:dev")
 
-    compileOnly("com.gtnewhorizons.retrofuturabootstrap:RetroFuturaBootstrap:1.0.7") { transitive = false }
+    compileOnly("com.gtnewhorizons.retrofuturabootstrap:RetroFuturaBootstrap:1.1.0") { transitive = false }
 //    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:lwjgl3ify:3.0.99")
 
     compileOnly("org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.42") { transitive = false }
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ dependencies {
 
     // Iris Shaders
     compileOnly('org.jetbrains:annotations:26.0.2')
-    api("com.github.GTNewHorizons:GTNHLib:0.9.36:dev")
+    api("com.github.GTNewHorizons:GTNHLib:0.11.4:dev")
 
     shadowImplementation(project(":glsm")) { transitive = false }
     shadowImplementation(project(":lwjgl3-backend")) { transitive = false }
     shadowImplementation("net.minecraftforge:eventbus:7.0-beta.15")
 
     shadowImplementation("org.anarres:jcpp:1.4.14") // Apache 2.0
-    shadowImplementation("org.taumc:glsl-transformation-lib:0.2.0-26.g5ee7d96-GTNH") {
+    shadowImplementation("org.taumc:glsl-transformation-lib:0.2.0-32.g7dd88a4-GTNH") {
         exclude module: "antlr4" // we only want to shadow the runtime module
     }
     shadowImplementation("org.antlr:antlr4-runtime:4.13.2")
@@ -97,6 +97,26 @@ dependencies {
     devOnlyNonPublishable('com.github.GTNewHorizons:NotEnoughItems:2.8.35-GTNH:dev')
     devOnlyNonPublishable('com.github.GTNewHorizons:CodeChickenCore:1.4.7:dev')
 
+    // Display List Testing
+    /*
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Applied-Energistics-2-Unofficial:rv3-beta-749-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:ae2stuff:0.10.14-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:BuildCraft:7.1.54:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:IguanaTweaksTConstruct:2.7.0:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:OpenBlocks:1.12.4-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:OpenComputers:1.12.12-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:TinkersConstruct:1.14.12-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:ServerUtilities:2.2.13:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:ironchest:6.1.6:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:waila:1.9.7:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Botania:1.13.15-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Mobs-Info:0.5.10-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Draconic-Evolution:1.5.18-GTNH:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:HoloInventory:2.5.8-GTNH:dev")
+     */
+
+    //devOnlyNonPublishable('com.github.GTNewHorizons:worldedit-gtnh:v0.0.9')
+
     // Notfine Deps
     compileOnly("thaumcraft:Thaumcraft:1.7.10-4.2.3.5:dev")
     devOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Baubles-Expanded:2.2.2-GTNH:dev")
@@ -119,7 +139,7 @@ dependencies {
 
     compileOnly("com.github.GTNewHorizons:NotEnoughIds:2.1.10:dev")
 
-    compileOnly(rfg.deobf("maven.modrinth:ntmspace:X5593_H261"))
+    compileOnly(rfg.deobf("maven.modrinth:ntmspace:X5663_H261"))
 
     compileOnly(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:campfirebackport-387444:4611675"))
     compileOnly(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:xaeros-minimap-263420:5060684"))
@@ -127,6 +147,8 @@ dependencies {
     compileOnly(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:et-futurum-requiem-441392:5873837"))
     compileOnly(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:biomes-o-plenty-220318:2499612"))
 
+    devOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:CosmeticArmorReworked:1.0.3-GTNH:dev")
+
     // For testing alternative splash screens — https://github.com/MalTeeez/ModernSplash/releases
     // devOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.MalTeeez:modernsplash:1.7.10-1.2.4:dev")
 

glsm/build.gradle.kts

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ repositories {
         content { includeGroup("xyz.wagyourtail.jvmdowngrader") }
     }
     mavenCentral()
+    mavenLocal()
 }
 
 dependencies {
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ dependencies {
     compileOnly("org.lwjgl.lwjgl:lwjgl:${property("lwjglVersion")}")
     compileOnly("org.lwjgl.lwjgl:lwjgl_util:${property("lwjglVersion")}")
 
-    compileOnly("org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:9.7")
+    compileOnly("org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:5.0.3")
 
     // Our Deps
     api("com.github.GTNewHorizons:GTNHLib:${property("gtnhlibVersion")}:dev")
@@ -100,6 +101,7 @@ dependencies {
     testImplementation(sourceSets["stubs"].output)
     testImplementation(platform("org.junit:junit-bom:${property("junitBomVersion")}"))
     testImplementation("org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter")
+    testImplementation("org.ow2.asm:asm-tree:9.7")
     testImplementation("org.lwjgl.lwjgl:lwjgl:${property("lwjglVersion")}")
     testRuntimeOnly("org.junit.platform:junit-platform-launcher")
     testRuntimeOnly("org.apache.logging.log4j:log4j-core:${property("log4jVersion")}")
@@ -122,6 +124,7 @@ tasks.withType<DowngradeFiles>().configureEach {
     downgradeTo.set(JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8)
     multiReleaseOriginal.set(false)
     multiReleaseVersions.set(emptySet())
+    logLevel.set("FATAL")
 }
 
 val downgradeDepsForTest by tasks.registering(DowngradeFiles::class) {
@@ -137,6 +140,7 @@ val downgradeMainClasses by tasks.registering(DowngradeFiles::class) {
 val downgradeTestClasses by tasks.registering(DowngradeFiles::class) {
     inputCollection = sourceSets["test"].output.classesDirs
     classpath = sourceSets["test"].compileClasspath
+    sourceSets["test"].output.classesDirs.files.forEach { outputs.dir(temporaryDir.resolve(it.name)) }
     dependsOn(tasks.named("testClasses"))
 }
 
@@ -145,6 +149,10 @@ tasks.test {
 
     javaLauncher = javaToolchains.launcherFor {
         languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(8)
+        if (System.getProperty("os.name").lowercase().contains("mac")
+            && System.getProperty("os.arch") == "aarch64") {
+            vendor = JvmVendorSpec.AZUL
+        }
     }
 
     dependsOn(downgradeMainClasses, downgradeTestClasses, downgradeDepsForTest)
@@ -168,6 +176,19 @@ tasks.test {
     jvmArgs("-Djava.library.path=${extractNatives.get().property("destinationFolder").let { (it as DirectoryProperty).asFile.get().path }}")
 }
 
+val verifyTestsRan by tasks.registering {
+    val resultsDir = layout.buildDirectory.dir("test-results/test")
+    dependsOn(tasks.test)
+    doLast {
+        val dir = resultsDir.get().asFile
+        val xmls = dir.listFiles { f -> f.name.startsWith("TEST-") && f.name.endsWith(".xml") } ?: emptyArray()
+        check(xmls.isNotEmpty()) {
+            ":glsm:test produced no TEST-*.xml in $dir - test task likely went NO-SOURCE"
+        }
+    }
+}
+tasks.check { dependsOn(verifyTestsRan) }
+
 publishing {
     publications {
         create<MavenPublication>("mavenJava") {

glsm/gradle.properties

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ celeritasVersion = 2.5.3-GTNH
 lombokVersion = 1.18.42
 log4jVersion = 2.0-beta9
 guavaVersion = 18.0
-gtnhlibVersion = 0.9.36
+gtnhlibVersion = 0.10.0
 glslTransformLibVersion = 0.2.0-26.g5ee7d96-GTNH
 antlr4RuntimeVersion = 4.13.2
 jcppVersion = 1.4.14

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/CommandBufferBuilder.java

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
-
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.AccumulatedDraw;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.CommandBuffer;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.CommandBufferProcessor;
-
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * Builds final command buffers from raw command buffers and compiled VBO data.
- * Bridges the gap between VBO compilation (glsm types) and buffer processing (recording types).
- */
-public final class CommandBufferBuilder {
-
-    private CommandBufferBuilder() {}
-
-    /**
-     * Build commands with transform collapsing optimization.
-     * Accumulates MODELVIEW transforms and emits MultMatrix at barriers (draws, CallList).
-     * Uses mergedRanges where consecutive same-transform draws are combined.
-     */
-    public static void buildFromRawBuffer(
-            CommandBuffer rawBuffer,
-            List<AccumulatedDraw> accumulatedDraws,
-            CommandBuffer finalBuffer) {
-
-        rawBuffer.resetRead();
-        int cmdIndex = 0;
-        int rangeIndex = 0;
-
-        AccumulatedDraw draw;
-        while (rawBuffer.hasRemaining()) {
-            // Read and process the command
-            CommandBufferProcessor.copyCommand(rawBuffer, finalBuffer);
-
-            // Emit draw ranges at this command position
-            while (rangeIndex < accumulatedDraws.size() && (draw = accumulatedDraws.get(rangeIndex)).commandIndex == cmdIndex) {
-                emitDrawRangeToBuffer(draw, finalBuffer, rangeIndex);
-                rangeIndex++;
-            }
-
-            cmdIndex++;
-        }
-
-        while (rangeIndex < accumulatedDraws.size()) {
-            emitDrawRangeToBuffer(accumulatedDraws.get(rangeIndex), finalBuffer, rangeIndex);
-            rangeIndex++;
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Emit a draw range to the output buffer, with transform if needed.
-     */
-    private static void emitDrawRangeToBuffer(
-            AccumulatedDraw draw,
-            CommandBuffer out,
-            int vboIdx) {
-
-        if (draw.restoreData != null) {
-            out.writeDrawRangeRestore(vboIdx, draw.restoreData);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Write the draw range command
-        out.writeDrawRange(vboIdx);
-    }
-}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/CompatShaderTransformer.java

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
 
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.RenderBackend;
 import org.taumc.glsl.ShaderParser;
 import org.taumc.glsl.Transformer;
 
@@ -114,13 +113,17 @@ public class CompatShaderTransformer {
         return result;
     }
 
-    private static boolean needsTransformation(String source) {
-        // Shaders already at 330+ core don't need compat transformation
+    public static boolean isCoreShader(String source) {
         final Matcher vm = VERSION_PATTERN.matcher(source);
         if (vm.find()) {
             final int version = Integer.parseInt(vm.group(1));
-            if (version >= 330 && "core".equals(vm.group(2))) return false;
+            return version >= 330 && "core".equals(vm.group(2));
         }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean needsTransformation(String source) {
+        if (isCoreShader(source)) return false;
 
         return NEEDS_TRANSFORM_PATTERN.matcher(source).find();
     }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/CompatUniformManager.java

@@ -7,18 +7,16 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.LightModelState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.LightState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.MaterialState;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectOpenHashMap;
-
-import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND;
-import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
-import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
 import org.joml.Matrix3f;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
+import org.joml.Vector3f;
 import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
-import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20;
 
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND;
+
 /**
  * Per-program compat uniform location cache and upload manager.
  *
@@ -105,8 +103,15 @@ public class CompatUniformManager {
         }
     }
 
-    /** Per-program cached uniform locations. Maps program ID → int[LOC_COUNT]. */
-    private static final Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<int[]> programLocations = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+    /** Per-program cached uniform locations + last-uploaded generations. Maps program ID -> state. */
+    private static final Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<ProgramUniforms> programUniforms = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+
+    private static final class ProgramUniforms {
+        final int[] locs;
+        int lastMvGen = -1, lastMvLinearGen = -1, lastProjGen = -1, lastTexMatGen = -1;
+        int lastFragmentGen = -1, lastLightingGen = -1, lastClipPlaneGen = -1;
+        ProgramUniforms(int[] locs) { this.locs = locs; }
+    }
 
     // Reusable NIO buffers for upload
     private static final FloatBuffer mat4Buf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
@@ -115,6 +120,7 @@ public class CompatUniformManager {
     private static final FloatBuffer clipPlaneBuf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(32); // 8 planes * vec4
     private static final Matrix3f normalMatrix = new Matrix3f();
     private static final Matrix4f scratchMatrix = new Matrix4f();
+    private static final Vector3f scratchCol = new Vector3f();
 
     private static final float LIGHTMAP_SCALE = 1.0f / 256.0f;
     private static final FloatBuffer lightmapMatrixBuf;
@@ -124,17 +130,18 @@ public class CompatUniformManager {
         new Matrix4f().scale(LIGHTMAP_SCALE).translate(8.0f, 8.0f, 8.0f).get(lightmapMatrixBuf);
     }
 
-    // Dirty tracking: skip uploads when state hasn't changed and program is the same
-    private static int lastProgram = -1;
-    private static int lastMvGen = -1;
-    private static int lastProjGen = -1;
-    private static int lastTexMatGen = -1;
-    private static int lastFragmentGen = -1;
-    private static int lastLightingGen = -1;
-    private static int lastClipPlaneGen = -1;
-
     private CompatUniformManager() {}
 
+    /**
+     * Normalize each column of a 3x3 matrix in place. Used to strip the residual 1/scale that
+     * inverse-transpose introduces.
+     */
+    private static void normalizeColumnsInPlace(Matrix3f m) {
+        m.setColumn(0, m.getColumn(0, scratchCol).normalize());
+        m.setColumn(1, m.getColumn(1, scratchCol).normalize());
+        m.setColumn(2, m.getColumn(2, scratchCol).normalize());
+    }
+
     public static void onLinkProgram(int program) {
         int[] locs = new int[LOC_COUNT];
         boolean hasAny = false;
@@ -145,45 +152,49 @@ public class CompatUniformManager {
         }
 
         if (hasAny) {
-            programLocations.put(program, locs);
+            programUniforms.put(program, new ProgramUniforms(locs));
             GLStateManager.LOGGER.debug("CompatUniformManager: program {} has compat uniforms", program);
         }
     }
 
-    public static void onUseProgram(int program) {
-        if (program == 0) return;
+    /**
+     * Uploads the emulated uniforms.
+     *
+     * @return Whether the program needs emulation (FFP or Iris Program)
+     */
+    public static boolean refreshCompatUniforms(int program) {
+        final ProgramUniforms pu = programUniforms.get(program);
+        if (pu == null) return false;
+        final int[] locs = pu.locs;
 
-        int[] locs = programLocations.get(program);
-        if (locs == null) return;
-
-        final boolean programChanged = program != lastProgram;
-        lastProgram = program;
-
-        // Matrix uniforms — skip if generation unchanged and same program
+        // Matrix uniforms — skip if this program's storage already holds the current generation
         final int mvGen = GLStateManager.mvGeneration;
+        final int mvLinearGen = GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration;
         final int projGen = GLStateManager.projGeneration;
         final int texMatGen = GLStateManager.texMatrixGeneration;
-        final boolean mvChanged = programChanged || mvGen != lastMvGen;
-        final boolean projChanged = programChanged || projGen != lastProjGen;
-        final boolean texMatChanged = programChanged || texMatGen != lastTexMatGen;
+        final boolean mvChanged = mvGen != pu.lastMvGen;
+        final boolean mvLinearChanged = mvLinearGen != pu.lastMvLinearGen;
+        final boolean projChanged = projGen != pu.lastProjGen;
+        final boolean texMatChanged = texMatGen != pu.lastTexMatGen;
         if (mvChanged || projChanged || texMatChanged) {
-            uploadMatrices(locs, mvChanged, projChanged, texMatChanged);
-            lastMvGen = mvGen;
-            lastProjGen = projGen;
-            lastTexMatGen = texMatGen;
+            uploadMatrices(locs, mvChanged, mvLinearChanged, projChanged, texMatChanged);
+            pu.lastMvGen = mvGen;
+            pu.lastMvLinearGen = mvLinearGen;
+            pu.lastProjGen = projGen;
+            pu.lastTexMatGen = texMatGen;
         }
 
         // Fragment-category uniforms (fog, alpha) — skip if generation unchanged
         final int fragGen = GLStateManager.fragmentGeneration;
-        if (programChanged || fragGen != lastFragmentGen) {
-            lastFragmentGen = fragGen;
+        if (fragGen != pu.lastFragmentGen) {
+            pu.lastFragmentGen = fragGen;
             uploadFragmentUniforms(locs);
         }
 
         // Lighting-derived uniforms (scene color, light sources, material)
         final int litGen = GLStateManager.lightingGeneration;
-        if (programChanged || litGen != lastLightingGen) {
-            lastLightingGen = litGen;
+        if (litGen != pu.lastLightingGen) {
+            pu.lastLightingGen = litGen;
             if (locs[LOC_SCENE_COLOR] != -1) uploadSceneColor(locs);
             uploadLightSources(locs);
             uploadMaterial(locs);
@@ -192,14 +203,16 @@ public class CompatUniformManager {
         // Clip plane equations + enabled bool — uploaded when enable state or equations change
         if (locs[LOC_CLIP_PLANES] != -1 || locs[LOC_CLIP_PLANES_ENABLED] != -1) {
             final int cpGen = GLStateManager.clipPlaneGeneration;
-            if (programChanged || cpGen != lastClipPlaneGen) {
-                lastClipPlaneGen = cpGen;
+            if (cpGen != pu.lastClipPlaneGen) {
+                pu.lastClipPlaneGen = cpGen;
                 uploadClipPlanes(locs);
             }
         }
+
+        return true;
     }
 
-    private static void uploadMatrices(int[] locs, boolean mvChanged, boolean projChanged, boolean texMatChanged) {
+    private static void uploadMatrices(int[] locs, boolean mvChanged, boolean mvLinearChanged, boolean projChanged, boolean texMatChanged) {
         final Matrix4f mv = GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix();
         final Matrix4f proj = GLStateManager.getProjectionMatrix();
 
@@ -221,15 +234,20 @@ public class CompatUniformManager {
                 scratchMatrix.get(mat4Buf);
                 RENDER_BACKEND.uniformMatrix4(locs[LOC_MODELVIEW_INVERSE], false, mat4Buf);
             }
+        }
 
+        if (mvLinearChanged) {
             // Normal Matrix (inverse-transpose of upper-left 3x3 of ModelView)
             if (locs[LOC_NORMAL] != -1 || locs[LOC_IRIS_NORMAL] != -1) {
                 mv.normal(normalMatrix);
-                normalMatrix.get(mat3Buf);
                 if (locs[LOC_NORMAL] != -1) {
+                    normalMatrix.get(mat3Buf);
                     RENDER_BACKEND.uniformMatrix3(locs[LOC_NORMAL], false, mat3Buf);
                 }
+                // Column-normalized to unit magnitude
                 if (locs[LOC_IRIS_NORMAL] != -1) {
+                    normalizeColumnsInPlace(normalMatrix);
+                    normalMatrix.get(mat3Buf);
                     RENDER_BACKEND.uniformMatrix3(locs[LOC_IRIS_NORMAL], false, mat3Buf);
                 }
             }
@@ -401,14 +419,15 @@ public class CompatUniformManager {
     }
 
     public static void onDeleteProgram(int program) {
-        programLocations.remove(program);
+        programUniforms.remove(program);
     }
 
     public static boolean hasProgram(int program) {
-        return programLocations.containsKey(program);
+        return programUniforms.containsKey(program);
     }
 
     public static int[] getLocations(int program) {
-        return programLocations.get(program);
+        final ProgramUniforms pu = programUniforms.get(program);
+        return pu == null ? null : pu.locs;
     }
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/FeedbackManager.java

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ public class FeedbackManager {
         final int byteCount = count * stride;
         ensureReadbackCapacity(byteCount);
         readbackBuf.clear().limit(byteCount);
-        RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, (long) first * stride + posOffset, readbackBuf);
+        readPositionBuffer((long) first * stride + posOffset, readbackBuf);
 
         emitAllPrimitives(mode, count, i -> i, stride);
     }
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ public class FeedbackManager {
         final int byteCount = vertexCount * stride;
         ensureReadbackCapacity(byteCount);
         readbackBuf.clear().limit(byteCount);
-        RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, (long) minIdx * stride + posOffset, readbackBuf);
+        readPositionBuffer((long) minIdx * stride + posOffset, readbackBuf);
 
         final int base = minIdx;
         emitAllPrimitives(mode, indexCount, i -> ImmediateModeRecorder.readIndex(indexBuf, type, 0, i) - base, stride);
@@ -251,7 +251,23 @@ public class FeedbackManager {
         final int byteCount = vertexCount * stride;
         ensureReadbackCapacity(byteCount);
         readbackBuf.clear().limit(byteCount);
-        RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, (long) minIdx * stride + posOffset, readbackBuf);
+        readPositionBuffer((long) minIdx * stride + posOffset, readbackBuf);
+    }
+
+    private static void readPositionBuffer(long offset, ByteBuffer destination) {
+        final int positionVbo = VertexAttribState.get(0).vboId;
+        final int previousVbo = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+
+        if (positionVbo != 0 && positionVbo != previousVbo) {
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, positionVbo);
+        }
+        try {
+            RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, destination);
+        } finally {
+            if (positionVbo != 0 && positionVbo != previousVbo) {
+                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, previousVbo);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private static void emitVertex(int vertexIndex, int stride) {
@@ -345,6 +361,27 @@ public class FeedbackManager {
                 }
                 break;
 
+            case GL11.GL_QUAD_STRIP:
+                for (int i = 0; i + 3 < count; i += 2) {
+                    feedbackToken(GL11.GL_POLYGON_TOKEN);
+                    feedbackToken(4);
+                    emitVertex(reader.read(i), stride);
+                    emitVertex(reader.read(i + 1), stride);
+                    emitVertex(reader.read(i + 3), stride);
+                    emitVertex(reader.read(i + 2), stride);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case GL11.GL_POLYGON:
+                if (count >= 3) {
+                    feedbackToken(GL11.GL_POLYGON_TOKEN);
+                    feedbackToken(count);
+                    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                        emitVertex(reader.read(i), stride);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+
             default:
                 throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Feedback mode: unsupported primitive mode 0x" + Integer.toHexString(mode));
         }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GlslTransformUtils.java

@@ -36,8 +36,12 @@ public class GlslTransformUtils {
     /** Reserved words added in later GLSL versions that may appear as identifiers in older shaders. */
     private record ReservedWordRename(Pattern pattern, String replacement) {}
     private static final Map<Integer, List<ReservedWordRename>> VERSIONED_RESERVED_WORDS = Map.of(
-        400, List.of(
+        // Some reserved words to always rename
+        0, List.of(
             new ReservedWordRename(Pattern.compile("\\bsample\\b"), RENAMED_PREFIX + "sample"),
+            new ReservedWordRename(Pattern.compile("\\bnew\\b"), RENAMED_PREFIX + "new")
+        ),
+        400, List.of(
             new ReservedWordRename(Pattern.compile("\\bsampler\\b(?!\\d)"), RENAMED_PREFIX + "sampler")
         )
     );

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/QuadConverter.java

@@ -146,42 +146,11 @@ public final class QuadConverter {
 
         final int bytesPerIndex = VertexAttribState.Attrib.glTypeSizeBytes(type);
 
-        // Read source indices from caller's EBO
         final ByteBuffer src = memAlloc(indexCount * bytesPerIndex);
         RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, src);
-        final long srcAddr = memAddress0(src);
 
-        // Allocate output as GL_UNSIGNED_INT
         final ByteBuffer dst = memAlloc(triIndexCount * 4);
-        final long dstAddr = memAddress0(dst);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < quadCount; i++) {
-            final int a, b, c, d;
-            switch (type) {
-                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT -> {
-                    final long p = srcAddr + (long) i * 16;
-                    a = memGetInt(p); b = memGetInt(p + 4); c = memGetInt(p + 8); d = memGetInt(p + 12);
-                }
-                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> {
-                    final long p = srcAddr + (long) i * 8;
-                    a = memGetShort(p) & 0xFFFF; b = memGetShort(p + 2) & 0xFFFF;
-                    c = memGetShort(p + 4) & 0xFFFF; d = memGetShort(p + 6) & 0xFFFF;
-                }
-                default /* GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE */ -> {
-                    final long p = srcAddr + (long) i * 4;
-                    a = memGetByte(p) & 0xFF; b = memGetByte(p + 1) & 0xFF;
-                    c = memGetByte(p + 2) & 0xFF; d = memGetByte(p + 3) & 0xFF;
-                }
-            }
-            // GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION: (a,b,d), (b,c,d)
-            final long o = (long) i * 24;
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o, a);
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 4, b);
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 8, d);
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 12, b);
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 16, c);
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 20, d);
-        }
+        triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), type, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, quadCount);
 
         memFree(src);
         uploadAndDraw(dst, triIndexCount, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 4);
@@ -198,16 +167,8 @@ public final class QuadConverter {
         final int triIndexCount = quadCount * 6;
 
         final ByteBuffer dst = memAlloc(triIndexCount * 4);
-        final long dstAddr = memAddress0(dst);
-        final int basePos = indices.position();
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < quadCount; i++) {
-            final int base = basePos + i * 4;
-            final int a = indices.get(base), b = indices.get(base + 1), c = indices.get(base + 2), d = indices.get(base + 3);
-            final long o = (long) i * 24;
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o, a);     memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 4, b);  memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 8, d);
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 12, b); memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 16, c); memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 20, d);
-        }
+        final long srcAddr = memAddress0(indices) + (long) indices.position() * 4;
+        triangulateQuads(srcAddr, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, quadCount);
 
         uploadAndDraw(dst, triIndexCount, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 4);
     }
@@ -223,16 +184,8 @@ public final class QuadConverter {
         final int triIndexCount = quadCount * 6;
 
         final ByteBuffer dst = memAlloc(triIndexCount * 2);
-        final long dstAddr = memAddress0(dst);
-        final int basePos = indices.position();
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < quadCount; i++) {
-            final int base = basePos + i * 4;
-            final short a = indices.get(base), b = indices.get(base + 1), c = indices.get(base + 2), d = indices.get(base + 3);
-            final long o = (long) i * 12;
-            memPutShort(dstAddr + o, a);     memPutShort(dstAddr + o + 2, b);  memPutShort(dstAddr + o + 4, d);
-            memPutShort(dstAddr + o + 6, b); memPutShort(dstAddr + o + 8, c);  memPutShort(dstAddr + o + 10, d);
-        }
+        final long srcAddr = memAddress0(indices) + (long) indices.position() * 2;
+        triangulateQuads(srcAddr, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, quadCount);
 
         uploadAndDraw(dst, triIndexCount, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 2);
     }
@@ -248,31 +201,7 @@ public final class QuadConverter {
         final long srcAddr = memAddress0(indices) + indices.position();
 
         final ByteBuffer dst = memAlloc(triIndexCount * 4);
-        final long dstAddr = memAddress0(dst);
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < quadCount; i++) {
-            final int a, b, c, d;
-            switch (type) {
-                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT -> {
-                    final long p = srcAddr + (long) i * 16;
-                    a = memGetInt(p); b = memGetInt(p + 4); c = memGetInt(p + 8); d = memGetInt(p + 12);
-                }
-                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> {
-                    final long p = srcAddr + (long) i * 8;
-                    a = memGetShort(p) & 0xFFFF; b = memGetShort(p + 2) & 0xFFFF;
-                    c = memGetShort(p + 4) & 0xFFFF; d = memGetShort(p + 6) & 0xFFFF;
-                }
-                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE -> {
-                    final long p = srcAddr + (long) i * 4;
-                    a = memGetByte(p) & 0xFF; b = memGetByte(p + 1) & 0xFF;
-                    c = memGetByte(p + 2) & 0xFF; d = memGetByte(p + 3) & 0xFF;
-                }
-                default -> { memFree(dst); return; }
-            }
-            final long o = (long) i * 24;
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o, a);     memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 4, b);  memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 8, d);
-            memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 12, b); memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 16, c); memPutInt(dstAddr + o + 20, d);
-        }
+        triangulateQuads(srcAddr, type, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, quadCount);
 
         uploadAndDraw(dst, triIndexCount, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 4);
     }
@@ -282,14 +211,140 @@ public final class QuadConverter {
      */
     public static void destroy() {
         if (eboId != 0) {
-            RENDER_BACKEND.deleteBuffers(eboId);
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(eboId);
             eboId = 0;
             maxQuads = 0;
         }
         if (scratchEboId != 0) {
-            RENDER_BACKEND.deleteBuffers(scratchEboId);
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(scratchEboId);
             scratchEboId = 0;
             scratchEboCapacity = 0;
         }
     }
+
+    /**
+     * Read one index at {@code srcAddr + i * sizeof(srcType)} and return its
+     * zero-extended unsigned value.
+     */
+    private static int readIndex(long srcAddr, int srcType, int i) {
+        return switch (srcType) {
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE  -> memGetByte(srcAddr + i)          & 0xFF;
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> memGetShort(srcAddr + i * 2L)    & 0xFFFF;
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT   -> memGetInt(srcAddr + i * 4L);
+            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported index type 0x" + Integer.toHexString(srcType));
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write one index at {@code dstAddr + i * sizeof(dstType)}.
+     */
+    private static void writeIndex(long dstAddr, int dstType, int i, int value) {
+        switch (dstType) {
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> memPutShort(dstAddr + i * 2L, (short) value);
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT   -> memPutInt(dstAddr + i * 4L, value);
+            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported index type 0x" + Integer.toHexString(dstType));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Read {@code quadCount} quads from {@code srcAddr} and emit 6 triangle indices
+     * per quad at {@code dstAddr} using {@code GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION}:
+     * {@code (a,b,d), (b,c,d)}. v3 is the provoking vertex for both triangles;
+     * diagonal runs b→d. Matches Mesa's {@code do_quad} LAST path.
+     *
+     * <p>Caller allocates dst of size {@code quadCount * 6 * sizeof(dstType)}.
+     *
+     * <p>Supported src types: {@code GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE} / {@code GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT}
+     * / {@code GL_UNSIGNED_INT}. Supported dst types: {@code GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT} /
+     * {@code GL_UNSIGNED_INT}. Widening only.
+     */
+    public static void triangulateQuads(long srcAddr, int srcType, long dstAddr, int dstType, int quadCount) {
+        triangulateQuads(srcAddr, srcType, dstAddr, dstType, quadCount, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #triangulateQuads(long, int, long, int, int)} but subtracts
+     * {@code minVtx} from every emitted index, rebasing to a 0-based buffer in
+     * one pass.
+     */
+    public static void triangulateQuads(long srcAddr, int srcType, long dstAddr, int dstType, int quadCount, int minVtx) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < quadCount; i++) {
+            final int a = readIndex(srcAddr, srcType, i * 4)     - minVtx;
+            final int b = readIndex(srcAddr, srcType, i * 4 + 1) - minVtx;
+            final int c = readIndex(srcAddr, srcType, i * 4 + 2) - minVtx;
+            final int d = readIndex(srcAddr, srcType, i * 4 + 3) - minVtx;
+            final int o = i * 6;
+            writeIndex(dstAddr, dstType, o,     a);
+            writeIndex(dstAddr, dstType, o + 1, b);
+            writeIndex(dstAddr, dstType, o + 2, d);
+            writeIndex(dstAddr, dstType, o + 3, b);
+            writeIndex(dstAddr, dstType, o + 4, c);
+            writeIndex(dstAddr, dstType, o + 5, d);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy {@code count} indices from {@code srcAddr} to {@code dstAddr}, converting
+     * from {@code srcType} to {@code dstType}.
+     *
+     * <p>Supported src types: {@code GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE} / {@code GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT} /
+     * {@code GL_UNSIGNED_INT}. Supported dst types: {@code GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT} /
+     * {@code GL_UNSIGNED_INT}. Widening only; narrowing is rejected by
+     * {@link #writeIndex(long, int, int, int) writeIndex}.
+     */
+    public static void widenIndices(long srcAddr, int srcType, long dstAddr, int dstType, int count) {
+        widenIndices(srcAddr, srcType, dstAddr, dstType, count, 0);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Same as {@link #widenIndices(long, int, long, int, int)} but subtracts
+     * {@code minVtx} from every written index in one pass.
+     */
+    public static void widenIndices(long srcAddr, int srcType, long dstAddr, int dstType, int count, int minVtx) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            writeIndex(dstAddr, dstType, i, readIndex(srcAddr, srcType, i) - minVtx);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Scan {@code count} indices at {@code srcAddr} of {@code srcType}. Returns
+     * {@code (max << 32) | (min & 0xFFFFFFFFL)} or {@code -1L} for an unsupported
+     * type or empty range.
+     */
+    public static long scanMinMaxIndex(long srcAddr, int srcType, int count) {
+        if (count <= 0) return -1L;
+        long min = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        long max = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        switch (srcType) {
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE -> {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    final int v = memGetByte(srcAddr + i) & 0xFF;
+                    if (v < min) min = v;
+                    if (v > max) max = v;
+                }
+            }
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    final int v = memGetShort(srcAddr + i * 2L) & 0xFFFF;
+                    if (v < min) min = v;
+                    if (v > max) max = v;
+                }
+            }
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT -> {
+                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+                    final long v = memGetInt(srcAddr + i * 4L) & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
+                    if (v < min) min = v;
+                    if (v > max) max = v;
+                }
+                // readIndex / writeIndex / rebase all route UINT through signed int.
+                // Reject the > 2^31 slice so the caller bails rather than silently
+                // emitting negative indices. MC never hits this in practice.
+                if (max > Integer.MAX_VALUE) return -1L;
+            }
+            default -> {
+                return -1L;
+            }
+        }
+        return (max << 32) | (min & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
+    }
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/RenderSystem.java

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.dsa.DSACore;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.dsa.DSAEXT;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.dsa.DSAUnsupported;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.ShaderManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMInitConfig;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.texture.TextureInfoCache;
+import lombok.Getter;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
 import org.joml.Vector3i;
@@ -47,6 +49,9 @@ public class RenderSystem {
     private static int maxSSBOBindings;
     private static int maxGlslVersion;
     private static boolean supportsGpuShader4;
+    @Getter private static int glMajor;
+    @Getter private static int glMinor;
+    @Getter private static boolean coreProfile;
 
     // Sampler object state tracking (null if unsupported)
     private static int[] samplers;
@@ -61,7 +66,13 @@ public class RenderSystem {
         if (rendererInitialized) return;
         rendererInitialized = true;
         try {
-            if (GLStateManager.capabilities.OpenGL45) {
+            if (GLStateManager.vendorIsIntel() && GLStateManager.isWindows()) {
+                dsaState = new DSAUnsupported();
+                GLStateManager.LOGGER.info("Detected Intel drivers on Windows, disabling DSA.");
+            } else if (!GLStateManager.getInitConfig().isDSAEnabled()) {
+                dsaState = new DSAUnsupported();
+                GLStateManager.LOGGER.info("enableDSA is set to false, disabling DSA.");
+            } else if (GLStateManager.capabilities.OpenGL45) {
                 dsaState = (Runtime.version().feature() > 8 && GLStateManager.capabilities.GL_EXT_direct_state_access) ? new DSAEXT() : new DSACore();
                 GLStateManager.LOGGER.info("OpenGL 4.5 detected, enabling DSA.");
             }
@@ -133,10 +144,17 @@ public class RenderSystem {
         if (GLStateManager.capabilities.OpenGL32) {
             final int profileMask = RENDER_BACKEND.getInteger(GL32.GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK);
             if ((profileMask & GL32.GL_CONTEXT_CORE_PROFILE_BIT) != 0) {
+                coreProfile = true;
                 GLStateManager.LOGGER.info("GL 3.3 core profile detected, enabling FFP shader emulation.");
                 ShaderManager.getInstance().enable();
             }
         }
+
+        final Matcher glVerMatcher = SEMVER_PATTERN.matcher(RENDER_BACKEND.getString(GL11.GL_VERSION));
+        if (glVerMatcher.matches()) {
+            glMajor = Integer.parseInt(glVerMatcher.group("major"));
+            glMinor = Integer.parseInt(glVerMatcher.group("minor"));
+        }
     }
 
     public static void generateMipmaps(int texture, int mipmapTarget) {
@@ -149,7 +167,9 @@ public class RenderSystem {
 
     public static void texImage2D(int texture, int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable ByteBuffer pixels) {
         GLStateManager.glBindTexture(target, texture);
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
         RENDER_BACKEND.texImage2D(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
         if (target == GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D && level == 0) {
             TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.onTexImage2D(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, pixels);
         }
@@ -218,29 +238,41 @@ public class RenderSystem {
     }
 
     public static void textureImage2D(int texture, int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, ByteBuffer pixels) {
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
         dsaState.textureImage2D(texture, target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
     }
 
     public static void textureImage2D(int texture, int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, IntBuffer pixels) {
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
         dsaState.textureImage2D(texture, target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
     }
 
     public static void textureSubImage2D(int texture, int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, ByteBuffer pixels) {
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
         dsaState.textureSubImage2D(texture, target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
     }
 
     public static void textureSubImage2D(int texture, int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, IntBuffer pixels) {
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
         dsaState.textureSubImage2D(texture, target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
     }
 
     public static void texImage1D(int texture, int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int border, int format, int type, ByteBuffer pixels) {
         RENDER_BACKEND.bindTexture(target, texture);
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
         RENDER_BACKEND.texImage1D(target, level, internalformat, width, border, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
     }
 
     public static void texImage3D(int texture, int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int depth, int border, int format, int type, ByteBuffer pixels) {
         RENDER_BACKEND.bindTexture(target, texture);
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
         RENDER_BACKEND.texImage3D(target, level, internalformat, width, height, depth, border, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
     }
 
     public static String getProgramInfoLog(int program) {
@@ -264,7 +296,9 @@ public class RenderSystem {
     }
 
     public static void readPixels(int x, int y, int width, int height, int format, int type, FloatBuffer pixels) {
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelPackBuffer();
         RENDER_BACKEND.readPixels(x, y, width, height, format, type, pixels);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelPackBuffer();
     }
 
     public static void bufferData(int target, FloatBuffer data, int usage) {
@@ -432,7 +466,7 @@ public class RenderSystem {
     }
 
     public static void deleteBuffers(int buffer) {
-        RENDER_BACKEND.deleteBuffers(buffer);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(buffer);
     }
 
     public static long getVRAM() {
@@ -491,7 +525,7 @@ public class RenderSystem {
 
     public static void destroySampler(int sampler) {
         if (!supportsSamplerObjects || sampler == 0) return;
-        RENDER_BACKEND.deleteSamplers(sampler);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteSamplers(sampler);
     }
 
     public static void samplerParameteri(int sampler, int pname, int param) {

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/TransformOptimizer.java

@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
-
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.DisplayListCommand;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.MultMatrixCmd;
-import org.joml.Matrix4f;
-
-import java.util.ArrayDeque;
-import java.util.Deque;
-import java.util.List;
-
-/**
- * Helper class for tracking and collapsing matrix transforms during optimization.
- * Implements the transform accumulation and emission strategy:
- * <ul>
- *   <li>accumulated: total relative transform (what GL matrix should be)</li>
- *   <li>lastEmitted: what we've emitted (what GL matrix is)</li>
- *   <li>stack: saved accumulated values at Push points</li>
- * </ul>
- */
-class TransformOptimizer {
-    private final Matrix4f accumulated = new Matrix4f();  // Current accumulated transform
-    private final Matrix4f lastEmitted = new Matrix4f();  // Last emitted transform
-    private final Deque<Matrix4f> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();  // For Push/Pop
-    private final int listId;  // For logging
-    private boolean absoluteMatrixFlag = false;  // True after LoadMatrix, cleared by LoadIdentity emit
-
-    TransformOptimizer(int listId) {
-        this.listId = listId;
-        accumulated.identity();
-        lastEmitted.identity();
-    }
-
-    Matrix4f getAccumulated() {
-        return accumulated;
-    }
-
-    void loadIdentity() {
-        accumulated.identity();
-    }
-
-    void pushTransform() {
-        stack.push(new Matrix4f(accumulated));
-    }
-
-    void popTransform() {
-        if (!stack.isEmpty()) {
-            final Matrix4f popped = stack.pop();
-            accumulated.set(popped);
-            // After Pop, GL state is restored to the pushed value so lastEmitted should also reflect this
-            lastEmitted.set(accumulated);
-        } else {
-            GLStateManager.LOGGER.warn("[TransformOptimizer] list={} Pop with empty stack - resetting to identity", listId);
-            accumulated.identity();
-            lastEmitted.identity();
-        }
-    }
-
-    boolean isIdentity() {
-        return DisplayListManager.isIdentity(accumulated);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check if there's a pending transform that hasn't been emitted yet.
-     */
-    boolean hasPendingTransform() {
-        return !accumulated.equals(lastEmitted);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Emit a MultMatrix command if accumulated differs from lastEmitted.
-     * Updates lastEmitted to match accumulated after emission.
-     */
-    void emitPendingTransform(List<DisplayListCommand> output) {
-        if (!accumulated.equals(lastEmitted)) {
-            emitTransformTo(output, accumulated);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Emit a MultMatrix command to make GL state match a target transform.
-     * Used when a draw expects a specific transform that may differ from accumulated.
-     * Updates lastEmitted to match target after emission.
-     *
-     * @param output The command list to emit to
-     * @param target The target transform to reach
-     */
-    void emitTransformTo(List<DisplayListCommand> output, Matrix4f target) {
-        if (target.equals(lastEmitted)) {
-            // Already at target - nothing to emit
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // Calculate delta: what we need to multiply to go from lastEmitted to target
-        // delta = inverse(lastEmitted) * target
-        // But for simplicity, if lastEmitted is identity, just emit target
-        if (DisplayListManager.isIdentity(lastEmitted)) {
-            // Simple case: just emit target
-            output.add(MultMatrixCmd.create(target));
-        } else {
-            // Need to emit delta: inv(lastEmitted) * target
-            final Matrix4f delta = new Matrix4f(lastEmitted).invert().mul(target);
-            output.add(MultMatrixCmd.create(delta));
-        }
-        lastEmitted.set(target);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check if a draw's expected transform differs from what we've emitted.
-     */
-    boolean needsTransformForDraw(Matrix4f drawTransform) {
-        return !drawTransform.equals(lastEmitted);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Mark that the GL matrix is at an absolute value (after LoadMatrix).
-     * Subsequent LoadIdentity commands must be emitted to actually reset GL to identity.
-     */
-    void markAbsoluteMatrix() {
-        absoluteMatrixFlag = true;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check if the GL matrix is at an absolute value and clear the flag.
-     * Used to determine if LoadIdentity needs to emit.
-     * @return true if LoadMatrix was called and not yet reset by LoadIdentity
-     */
-    boolean checkAndClearAbsoluteMatrix() {
-        boolean was = absoluteMatrixFlag;
-        absoluteMatrixFlag = false;
-        return was;
-    }
-}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/backend/Lwjgl2GLRenderBackend.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.ARBDebugOutputCallback;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.ARBDirectStateAccess;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.ContextCapabilities;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.EXTDirectStateAccess;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLContext;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL13;
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ public final class Lwjgl2GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
 
     @Override
     public void init() {
-        caps = org.lwjgl.opengl.GLContext.getCapabilities();
+        caps = GLContext.getCapabilities();
         activeDebugExtension = 0;
     }
 
@@ -86,6 +87,15 @@ public final class Lwjgl2GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
         return "OpenGL (LWJGL2)";
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasContext() {
+        try {
+            return GLContext.getCapabilities() != null;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public int getMinGLSLVersion() {return 330;}
 
@@ -497,11 +507,6 @@ public final class Lwjgl2GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
         GL11.glPixelStorei(pname, param);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void pixelStoref(int pname, float param) {
-        GL11.glPixelStoref(pname, param);
-    }
-
     @Override
     public void sampleCoverage(float value, boolean invert) {
         GL13.glSampleCoverage(value, invert);

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/backend/RenderBackend.java

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
 import java.nio.ShortBuffer;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
 
 /**
  * Abstract rendering backend.
@@ -19,9 +21,20 @@ public abstract class RenderBackend {
     public abstract boolean isAvailable();
     public abstract String getName();
 
+    /** Returns true if the current thread has a valid render context. Safe to call from any thread. */
+    public abstract boolean hasContext();
+
     /** Higher priority backends are preferred. */
     public int getPriority() { return 0; }
 
+    public boolean supportsFileDrop() { return false; }
+
+    public void startFileDrop() {}
+
+    public void stopFileDrop() {}
+
+    public List<String> pollDroppedFiles() { return Collections.emptyList(); }
+
     public abstract int getMinGLSLVersion();
 
     public abstract void flush();
@@ -112,7 +125,6 @@ public abstract class RenderBackend {
     public abstract int getTexLevelParameteri(int target, int level, int pname);
     public abstract void generateMipmap(int target);
     public abstract void pixelStorei(int pname, int param);
-    public void pixelStoref(int pname, float param) {}
     public void sampleCoverage(float value, boolean invert) {}
 
 

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/FragmentKey.java

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL13;
  * Packed-long fragment shader permutation key for FFP emulation.
  *
  * Layout:
- *   long[0]: global bits (10) + unit 0 (47 bits at offset 10)
+ *   long[0]: global bits (11) + unit 0 (47 bits at offset 11)
  *   long[1..3]: unit 1..3 (47 bits each, low-aligned)
  * Only max(1, nrEnabledUnits) longs are significant.
  *
@@ -63,12 +63,13 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
     public static final int FOG_EXP    = 2;
     public static final int FOG_EXP2   = 3;
 
-    private static final int GLOBAL_BITS = 10;
+    private static final int GLOBAL_BITS = 11;
     private static final int BIT_FOG_MODE          = 0;  // 2 bits
     private static final int BIT_ALPHA_TEST        = 2;  // 1 bit
     private static final int BIT_ALPHA_FUNC        = 3;  // 3 bits
     private static final int BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR = 6;  // 1 bit
     private static final int BIT_NR_ENABLED_UNITS  = 7;  // 3 bits
+    private static final int BIT_OVERLAY_ENABLED   = 10; // 1 bit
 
     private static final int U_ENABLED         = 0;
     private static final int U_MODE            = 1;   // 3 bits
@@ -119,6 +120,11 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
             global |= ((long) (encodeAlphaFunc(GLStateManager.getAlphaState().getFunction()) & 0x7)) << BIT_ALPHA_FUNC;
         }
 
+        // Damage overlay
+        if (GLStateManager.getOverlayA() != 0.0f) {
+            global |= (1L << BIT_OVERLAY_ENABLED);
+        }
+
         // Separate specular
         if (GLStateManager.getLightingState().isEnabled()
             && GLStateManager.getLightModel().colorControl == GL12.GL_SEPARATE_SPECULAR_COLOR) {
@@ -227,6 +233,7 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
     public int alphaTestFunc()        { return (int) ((packed[0] >> BIT_ALPHA_FUNC) & 0x7); }
     public boolean separateSpecular() { return ((packed[0] >> BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR) & 1) != 0; }
     public int nrEnabledUnits()       { return (int) ((packed[0] >> BIT_NR_ENABLED_UNITS) & 0x7); }
+    public boolean overlayEnabled()   { return ((packed[0] >> BIT_OVERLAY_ENABLED) & 1) != 0; }
 
     private long unitBits(int i) {
         return (i == 0) ? (packed[0] >>> GLOBAL_BITS) : packed[i];
@@ -252,6 +259,28 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
         return false;
     }
 
+    /** Per-unit enable bits as a 4-bit mask (bit i = unit i enabled). */
+    public int enabledUnitMask() {
+        int mask = 0;
+        final int n = Math.min(nrEnabledUnits(), MAX_UNITS);
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (unitEnabled(i)) mask |= (1 << i);
+        }
+        return mask;
+    }
+
+    /** Per-unit enable bits from a packed scratch as a 4-bit mask (bit i = unit i enabled). */
+    public static int unitMaskFromPacked(long[] packed, int len) {
+        int mask = 0;
+        if (len < 1) return 0;
+        if (((packed[0] >>> GLOBAL_BITS) & 1L) != 0) mask |= 1;
+        final int n = Math.min(len, MAX_UNITS);
+        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+            if ((packed[i] & 1L) != 0) mask |= (1 << i);
+        }
+        return mask;
+    }
+
     public boolean lightmapEnabled() {
         return nrEnabledUnits() > 1 && unitEnabled(1);
     }
@@ -338,10 +367,10 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
             default -> "?";
         };
         final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-        sb.append(String.format("FFPFragmentKey[fog=%s alpha=%b(%s) specSep=%b units=%d",
+        sb.append(String.format("FFPFragmentKey[fog=%s alpha=%b(%s) specSep=%b overlay=%b units=%d",
             fogName, alphaTestEnabled(),
             alphaTestEnabled() ? String.format("0x%04X", decodeAlphaFunc(alphaTestFunc())) : "-",
-            separateSpecular(), nrEnabledUnits()));
+            separateSpecular(), overlayEnabled(), nrEnabledUnits()));
         for (int i = 0; i < nrEnabledUnits(); i++) {
             if (!unitEnabled(i)) {
                 sb.append(String.format(" u%d=OFF", i));

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/FragmentShaderGenerator.java

@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ public final class FragmentShaderGenerator {
         if (key.separateSpecular()) {
             sb.append("in vec3 v_SpecularColor;\n");
         }
-        if (key.textureEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord0;\n");
-        }
-        if (key.lightmapEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord1;\n");
+        // Per-unit texcoord inputs. Each enabled unit sources from its own varying
+        for (int i = 0; i < key.nrEnabledUnits(); i++) {
+            if (key.unitEnabled(i)) {
+                sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord").append(i).append(";\n");
+            }
         }
         if (key.fogMode() != FragmentKey.FOG_NONE) {
             sb.append("in float v_FogCoord;\n");
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ public final class FragmentShaderGenerator {
                 sb.append("uniform vec4 u_TexEnvColor").append(i).append(";\n");
             }
         }
+        if (key.overlayEnabled()) {
+            sb.append("uniform vec4 u_OverlayColor;\n");
+        }
         if (key.fogMode() != FragmentKey.FOG_NONE) {
             sb.append("uniform vec4 u_FogParams;\n");
             sb.append("uniform vec4 u_FogColor;\n");
@@ -75,11 +78,7 @@ public final class FragmentShaderGenerator {
     private static void emitTextureSampling(StringBuilder sb, FragmentKey key) {
         for (int i = 0; i < key.nrEnabledUnits(); i++) {
             if (!key.unitEnabled(i)) continue;
-            // Unit 1 is the lightmap — uses v_TexCoord1.
-            // Units 2-3 intentionally share unit 0's texture coordinates since
-            // the vertex shader only provides 2 tex coord varyings (unit 0 and unit 1/lightmap).
-            final String texCoord = (i == 1) ? "v_TexCoord1.st" : "v_TexCoord0.st";
-            sb.append("  vec4 tex").append(i).append("Color = texture(u_Sampler").append(i).append(", ").append(texCoord).append(");\n");
+            sb.append("  vec4 tex").append(i).append("Color = texture(u_Sampler").append(i).append(", v_TexCoord").append(i).append(".st);\n");
         }
     }
 
@@ -87,14 +86,21 @@ public final class FragmentShaderGenerator {
         if (!key.textureEnabled()) {
             sb.append("  // No texture -- vertex color only\n");
             sb.append("  vec4 color = v_Color;\n");
+            emitOverlay(sb, key);
             return;
         }
 
-        // Process units in order; "previous" starts as vertex color
+        // Process units in order; "previous" starts as vertex color.
         boolean firstUnit = true;
+        boolean overlayInjected = false;
         for (int i = 0; i < key.nrEnabledUnits(); i++) {
             if (!key.unitEnabled(i)) continue;
 
+            if (!firstUnit && !overlayInjected) {
+                emitOverlay(sb, key);
+                overlayInjected = true;
+            }
+
             final String texVar = "tex" + i + "Color";
             final String envColorVar = "u_TexEnvColor" + i;
             final String prevVar = firstUnit ? "v_Color" : "color";
@@ -107,6 +113,16 @@ public final class FragmentShaderGenerator {
             }
             firstUnit = false;
         }
+
+        if (!overlayInjected) emitOverlay(sb, key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Emit the modern-style damage overlay mix.
+     */
+    private static void emitOverlay(StringBuilder sb, FragmentKey key) {
+        if (!key.overlayEnabled()) return;
+        sb.append("  color.rgb = mix(color.rgb, u_OverlayColor.rgb, u_OverlayColor.a);\n");
     }
 
     private static void emitSimpleUnit(StringBuilder sb, FragmentKey key, int unit, String texVar, String envColorVar, String prevVar, String assign) {
@@ -273,21 +289,27 @@ public final class FragmentShaderGenerator {
         sb.append("  // Alpha test\n");
         final int func = FragmentKey.decodeAlphaFunc(key.alphaTestFunc());
 
+
+        sb.append("  float qa = round(color.a * 255.0);\n");
         switch (func) {
             case GL11.GL_NEVER ->
                 sb.append("  discard;\n");
             case GL11.GL_LESS ->
-                sb.append("  if (color.a >= u_AlphaRef) discard;\n");
-            case GL11.GL_EQUAL ->
-                sb.append("  if (color.a != u_AlphaRef) discard;\n");
+                sb.append("  if (qa >= u_AlphaRef * 255.0) discard;\n");
+            case GL11.GL_EQUAL -> {
+                sb.append("  float qr = round(u_AlphaRef * 255.0);\n");
+                sb.append("  if (qa != qr) discard;\n");
+            }
             case GL11.GL_LEQUAL ->
-                sb.append("  if (color.a > u_AlphaRef) discard;\n");
+                sb.append("  if (qa > u_AlphaRef * 255.0) discard;\n");
             case GL11.GL_GREATER ->
-                sb.append("  if (color.a <= u_AlphaRef) discard;\n");
-            case GL11.GL_NOTEQUAL ->
-                sb.append("  if (color.a == u_AlphaRef) discard;\n");
+                sb.append("  if (qa <= u_AlphaRef * 255.0) discard;\n");
+            case GL11.GL_NOTEQUAL -> {
+                sb.append("  float qr = round(u_AlphaRef * 255.0);\n");
+                sb.append("  if (qa == qr) discard;\n");
+            }
             case GL11.GL_GEQUAL ->
-                sb.append("  if (color.a < u_AlphaRef) discard;\n");
+                sb.append("  if (qa < u_AlphaRef * 255.0) discard;\n");
             case GL11.GL_ALWAYS -> {}
         }
     }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/GeometryShaderGenerator.java

@@ -22,12 +22,10 @@ public final class GeometryShaderGenerator {
         if (key.separateSpecular()) {
             sb.append("in vec3 v_SpecularColor_gs[];\n");
         }
-        if (key.textureEnabled() || key.hasVertexTexCoord() || key.texGenEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord0_gs[];\n");
-        }
-        if (key.lightmapEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord1_gs[];\n");
-        }
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(0) || key.texGenEnabled()) sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord0_gs[];\n");
+        if (key.lightmapEnabled())            sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord1_gs[];\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(2))       sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord2_gs[];\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(3))       sb.append("in vec4 v_TexCoord3_gs[];\n");
         if (key.fogEnabled()) {
             sb.append("in float v_FogCoord_gs[];\n");
         }
@@ -37,12 +35,10 @@ public final class GeometryShaderGenerator {
         if (key.separateSpecular()) {
             sb.append("out vec3 v_SpecularColor;\n");
         }
-        if (key.textureEnabled() || key.hasVertexTexCoord() || key.texGenEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord0;\n");
-        }
-        if (key.lightmapEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord1;\n");
-        }
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(0) || key.texGenEnabled()) sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord0;\n");
+        if (key.lightmapEnabled())            sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord1;\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(2))       sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord2;\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(3))       sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord3;\n");
         if (key.fogEnabled()) {
             sb.append("out float v_FogCoord;\n");
         }
@@ -82,12 +78,10 @@ public final class GeometryShaderGenerator {
         if (key.separateSpecular()) {
             sb.append("    v_SpecularColor = v_SpecularColor_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
         }
-        if (key.textureEnabled() || key.hasVertexTexCoord() || key.texGenEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("    v_TexCoord0 = v_TexCoord0_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
-        }
-        if (key.lightmapEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("    v_TexCoord1 = v_TexCoord1_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
-        }
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(0) || key.texGenEnabled()) sb.append("    v_TexCoord0 = v_TexCoord0_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
+        if (key.lightmapEnabled())            sb.append("    v_TexCoord1 = v_TexCoord1_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(2))       sb.append("    v_TexCoord2 = v_TexCoord2_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(3))       sb.append("    v_TexCoord3 = v_TexCoord3_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
         if (key.fogEnabled()) {
             sb.append("    v_FogCoord = v_FogCoord_gs").append(idx).append(";\n");
         }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/Program.java

@@ -26,18 +26,28 @@ public class Program {
     @Getter private final VertexKey vertexKey;
     @Getter private final FragmentKey fragmentKey;
 
+    // Per-program uniform dirty-tracking
+    static final class UploadState {
+        int mvGen = -1, mvLinearGen = -1, projGen = -1, texMatGen = -1;
+        int lightingGen = -1, fragmentGen = -1, colorGen = -1, normalGen = -1, texCoordGen = -1;
+        int texGenGen = -1, clipPlaneGen = -1;
+        float lightmapX = Float.NaN, lightmapY = Float.NaN, lineWidth = Float.NaN;
+        int viewportWidth = -1, viewportHeight = -1;
+    }
+    final UploadState uploadState = new UploadState();
+
     // Uniform locations (-1 = not present in this variant)
     // Matrices
     public int locModelViewMatrix = -1;
     public int locProjectionMatrix = -1;
     public int locMVPMatrix = -1;
     public int locNormalMatrix = -1;
-    public int locTextureMatrix0 = -1;
+    public final int[] locTextureMatrix = { -1, -1, -1, -1 };
 
     // Current state defaults
     public int locCurrentNormal = -1;
     public int locCurrentColor = -1;
-    public int locCurrentTexCoord = -1;
+    public final int[] locCurrentTexCoord = { -1, -1, -1, -1 };
     public int locCurrentLightmapCoord = -1;
     public int locLightmapTextureMatrix = -1;
 
@@ -92,6 +102,7 @@ public class Program {
     public final int[] locSampler = { -1, -1, -1, -1 };
     public int locAlphaRef = -1;
     public final int[] locTexEnvColor = { -1, -1, -1, -1 };
+    public int locOverlayColor = -1;
     public int locFogParams = -1;
     public int locFogColor = -1;
 
@@ -107,11 +118,13 @@ public class Program {
         locProjectionMatrix = loc("u_ProjectionMatrix");
         locMVPMatrix = loc("u_MVPMatrix");
         locNormalMatrix = loc("u_NormalMatrix");
-        locTextureMatrix0 = loc("u_TextureMatrix0");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            locTextureMatrix[i] = loc("u_TextureMatrix" + i);
+            locCurrentTexCoord[i] = loc("u_CurrentTexCoord" + i);
+        }
 
         locCurrentNormal = loc("u_CurrentNormal");
         locCurrentColor = loc("u_CurrentColor");
-        locCurrentTexCoord = loc("u_CurrentTexCoord");
         locCurrentLightmapCoord = loc("u_CurrentLightmapCoord");
         locLightmapTextureMatrix = loc("u_LightmapTextureMatrix");
 
@@ -169,6 +182,7 @@ public class Program {
         for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
             locTexEnvColor[i] = loc("u_TexEnvColor" + i);
         }
+        locOverlayColor = loc("u_OverlayColor");
         locFogParams = loc("u_FogParams");
         locFogColor = loc("u_FogColor");
     }
@@ -178,7 +192,7 @@ public class Program {
     }
 
     public void destroy() {
-        RENDER_BACKEND.deleteProgram(programId);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteProgram(programId);
     }
 
     /**

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/ShaderManager.java

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACK
 /**
  * FFP shader manager
  */
-public class ShaderManager {
+public final class ShaderManager {
 
     private static final class Holder {
 
@@ -36,17 +36,26 @@ public class ShaderManager {
     @Getter
     private boolean active = false;
     private Program currentProgram = null;
+    private int lastBoundProgramId = -1;
     private long currentVertexKeyPacked = Long.MIN_VALUE;
     private final long[] currentFKScratch = new long[FragmentKey.MAX_UNITS];
     private final long[] currentFKPacked = new long[FragmentKey.MAX_UNITS];
     private int currentFKLen = 0;
 
     @Getter private static final Vector3f currentNormal = new Vector3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-    @Getter private static final Vector4f currentTexCoord = new Vector4f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    private static final Vector4f[] currentTexCoords = {
+        new Vector4f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
+        new Vector4f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
+        new Vector4f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
+        new Vector4f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
+    };
     @Getter private static final Vec3fStack normalStack = new Vec3fStack(currentNormal);
-    @Getter private static final Vec4fStack texCoordStack = new Vec4fStack(currentTexCoord);
+    @Getter private static final Vec4fStack texCoordStack = new Vec4fStack(currentTexCoords[0]);
     @Getter private static int normalGeneration;
     @Getter private static int texCoordGeneration;
+
+    public static Vector4f getCurrentTexCoord() { return currentTexCoords[0]; }
+    public static Vector4f getCurrentTexCoord(int unit) { return currentTexCoords[unit]; }
     @Getter private boolean enabled = false;
     private int currentVertexFlags = VertexFlags.TEXTURE_BIT | VertexFlags.COLOR_BIT | VertexFlags.NORMAL_BIT;
 
@@ -79,37 +88,37 @@ public class ShaderManager {
 
     public void activate() {
         active = true;
-        updateVariant(true, true, true, true);
-        uploadUniforms();
+        lastBoundProgramId = GLStateManager.getActiveProgram();
     }
 
     public void deactivate() {
         active = false;
         currentProgram = null;
+        lastBoundProgramId = -1;
         currentVertexKeyPacked = Long.MIN_VALUE;
         currentFKLen = 0;
     }
 
     public void preDraw(boolean hasColor, boolean hasNormal, boolean hasTexCoord, boolean hasLightmap) {
-        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs();
         final DeferredBlendHandler bh = GLSMHooks.blendHandler;
         if (bh != null) bh.flushDeferredBlend();
 
-        if (!active) {
-            if (enabled) {
-                final int currentProgramId = GLStateManager.getActiveProgram();
-                if (currentProgramId != 0) {
-                    CompatUniformManager.onUseProgram(currentProgramId);
-                    return;
-                }
-                active = true;
-            } else {
-                return;
+        // Handle FFP & Iris uniforms
+        final int currentProgramId = GLStateManager.getActiveProgram();
+        if (currentProgramId != 0) {
+            if (!CompatUniformManager.refreshCompatUniforms(currentProgramId)) {
+                return; // Don't emulate FFP on non-iris core shaders
             }
         }
 
-        final long vkPacked = VertexKey.packFromState(hasColor, hasNormal, hasTexCoord, hasLightmap);
+        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs(currentVertexFlags);
+
+        if (!active) return;
+
+
         final int fkLen = FragmentKey.packFromState(currentFKScratch);
+        final int fragMask = FragmentKey.unitMaskFromPacked(currentFKScratch, fkLen);
+        final long vkPacked = VertexKey.packFromState(hasColor, hasNormal, hasTexCoord, hasLightmap, fragMask);
 
         if (vkPacked != currentVertexKeyPacked || !Arrays.equals(currentFKScratch, 0, fkLen, currentFKPacked, 0, currentFKLen)) {
             commitVariant(vkPacked, fkLen);
@@ -132,18 +141,16 @@ public class ShaderManager {
         preDraw(currentVertexFlags);
     }
 
-    private void updateVariant(boolean hasColor, boolean hasNormal, boolean hasTexCoord, boolean hasLightmap) {
-        final long vkPacked = VertexKey.packFromState(hasColor, hasNormal, hasTexCoord, hasLightmap);
-        final int fkLen = FragmentKey.packFromState(currentFKScratch);
-        commitVariant(vkPacked, fkLen);
-    }
-
     private void commitVariant(long vkPacked, int fkLen) {
         currentVertexKeyPacked = vkPacked;
         System.arraycopy(currentFKScratch, 0, currentFKPacked, 0, fkLen);
         currentFKLen = fkLen;
         currentProgram = cache.getOrCreate(vkPacked, currentFKPacked, currentFKLen);
-        RENDER_BACKEND.useProgram(currentProgram.getProgramId());
+        final int programId = currentProgram.getProgramId();
+        if (programId != lastBoundProgramId) {
+            RENDER_BACKEND.useProgram(programId);
+            lastBoundProgramId = programId;
+        }
     }
 
     private void uploadUniforms() {
@@ -158,7 +165,12 @@ public class ShaderManager {
     }
 
     public static void setCurrentTexCoord(float s, float t, float r, float q) {
-        currentTexCoord.set(s, t, r, q);
+        currentTexCoords[0].set(s, t, r, q);
+        texCoordGeneration++;
+    }
+
+    public static void setCurrentTexCoord(int unit, float s, float t, float r, float q) {
+        currentTexCoords[unit].set(s, t, r, q);
         texCoordGeneration++;
     }
 

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/Uniforms.java

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.LightState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.MaterialState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.TexGenState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMConfig;
+import org.joml.Math;
 import org.joml.Matrix3f;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
 import org.joml.Vector4f;
@@ -42,119 +43,102 @@ public class Uniforms {
     private final org.joml.Vector3f tempVec3 = new org.joml.Vector3f();
 
     // Pre-computed constants for fog params (Mesa STATE_FOG_PARAMS_OPTIMIZED)
-    private static final double LN2 = Math.log(2.0);
-    private static final double SQRT_LN2 = Math.sqrt(LN2);
-
-    // Dirty tracking: last-uploaded generation per category + program ID.
-    // Program change forces full re-upload since uniform locations differ.
-    private int lastProgramId = -1;
-    private int lastMvGen = -1;
-    private int lastProjGen = -1;
-    private int lastTexMatGen = -1;
-    private int lastLightingGen = -1;
-    private int lastFragmentGen = -1;
-    private int lastColorGen = -1;
-    private int lastNormalGen = -1;
-    private int lastTexCoordGen = -1;
-    private float lastLightmapX = Float.NaN;
-    private float lastLightmapY = Float.NaN;
-    private int lastTexGenGen = -1;
-    private int lastClipPlaneGen = -1;
-    private float lastLineWidth = Float.NaN;
-    private int lastViewportWidth = -1;
-    private int lastViewportHeight = -1;
+    private static final double LN2 = java.lang.Math.log(2.0);
+    private static final double SQRT_LN2 = java.lang.Math.sqrt(LN2);
 
     /**
      * Upload all relevant uniforms to the given FFP program based on current GLSM state.
      * Uses generation counters to skip categories that haven't changed since last upload.
      */
     public void upload(Program program) {
-        final boolean programChanged = program.getProgramId() != lastProgramId;
-        lastProgramId = program.getProgramId();
+        final Program.UploadState st = program.uploadState;
 
         final int mvGen = GLStateManager.mvGeneration;
+        final int mvLinearGen = GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration;
         final int projGen = GLStateManager.projGeneration;
         final int texMatGen = GLStateManager.texMatrixGeneration;
-        final boolean mvChanged = programChanged || mvGen != lastMvGen;
-        final boolean projChanged = programChanged || projGen != lastProjGen;
-        final boolean texMatChanged = programChanged || texMatGen != lastTexMatGen;
+        final boolean mvChanged = mvGen != st.mvGen;
+        final boolean mvLinearChanged = mvLinearGen != st.mvLinearGen;
+        final boolean projChanged = projGen != st.projGen;
+        final boolean texMatChanged = texMatGen != st.texMatGen;
         if (mvChanged || projChanged || texMatChanged) {
-            uploadMatrices(program, mvChanged, projChanged, texMatChanged);
-            lastMvGen = mvGen;
-            lastProjGen = projGen;
-            lastTexMatGen = texMatGen;
+            uploadMatrices(program, mvChanged, mvLinearChanged, projChanged, texMatChanged);
+            st.mvGen = mvGen;
+            st.mvLinearGen = mvLinearGen;
+            st.projGen = projGen;
+            st.texMatGen = texMatGen;
         }
 
         if (program.getVertexKey().lightingEnabled()) {
             final int litGen = GLStateManager.lightingGeneration;
-            if (programChanged || litGen != lastLightingGen) {
+            if (litGen != st.lightingGen) {
                 uploadLighting(program);
-                lastLightingGen = litGen;
+                st.lightingGen = litGen;
             }
         }
 
         // Current color/normal/texcoord — skip if generation unchanged
         if (!program.getVertexKey().hasVertexColor()) {
             final int colorGen = GLStateManager.colorGeneration;
-            if (programChanged || colorGen != lastColorGen) {
+            if (colorGen != st.colorGen) {
                 uploadCurrentColor(program);
-                lastColorGen = colorGen;
+                st.colorGen = colorGen;
             }
         }
 
         if (!program.getVertexKey().hasVertexNormal() && program.getVertexKey().lightingEnabled()) {
             final int normalGen = ShaderManager.getNormalGeneration();
-            if (programChanged || normalGen != lastNormalGen) {
+            if (normalGen != st.normalGen) {
                 uploadCurrentNormal(program);
-                lastNormalGen = normalGen;
+                st.normalGen = normalGen;
             }
         }
 
-        if (!program.getVertexKey().hasVertexTexCoord() && program.getVertexKey().textureEnabled()) {
+        if (program.getVertexKey().anyUnitTexCoordEnabled()) {
             final int texGen = ShaderManager.getTexCoordGeneration();
-            if (programChanged || texGen != lastTexCoordGen) {
-                uploadCurrentTexCoord(program);
-                lastTexCoordGen = texGen;
+            if (texGen != st.texCoordGen) {
+                uploadCurrentTexCoords(program);
+                st.texCoordGen = texGen;
             }
         }
 
         if (program.getVertexKey().lightmapEnabled() && !program.getVertexKey().hasVertexLightmap()) {
-            if (programChanged || GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessX != lastLightmapX || GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessY != lastLightmapY) {
+            if (GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessX != st.lightmapX || GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessY != st.lightmapY) {
                 uploadCurrentLightmapCoord(program);
-                lastLightmapX = GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessX;
-                lastLightmapY = GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessY;
+                st.lightmapX = GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessX;
+                st.lightmapY = GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessY;
             }
         }
 
         if (program.getVertexKey().texGenEnabled()) {
             final int tgGen = GLStateManager.texGenGeneration;
-            if (programChanged || tgGen != lastTexGenGen) {
+            if (tgGen != st.texGenGen) {
                 uploadTexGen(program);
-                lastTexGenGen = tgGen;
+                st.texGenGen = tgGen;
             }
         }
 
         if (program.getVertexKey().clipPlanesEnabled()) {
             final int cpGen = GLStateManager.clipPlaneGeneration;
-            if (programChanged || cpGen != lastClipPlaneGen) {
+            if (cpGen != st.clipPlaneGen) {
                 uploadClipPlanes(program);
-                lastClipPlaneGen = cpGen;
+                st.clipPlaneGen = cpGen;
             }
         }
 
         final int fragGen = GLStateManager.fragmentGeneration;
-        if (programChanged || fragGen != lastFragmentGen) {
+        if (fragGen != st.fragmentGen) {
             uploadFragmentUniforms(program);
-            lastFragmentGen = fragGen;
+            st.fragmentGen = fragGen;
         }
 
         // Wide line emulation uniforms
         if (program.locLineWidth != -1 && program.locViewportSize != -1) {
-            uploadWideLineUniforms(program, programChanged);
+            uploadWideLineUniforms(program);
         }
     }
 
-    private void uploadMatrices(Program program, boolean mvChanged, boolean projChanged, boolean texMatChanged) {
+    private void uploadMatrices(Program program, boolean mvChanged, boolean mvLinearChanged, boolean projChanged, boolean texMatChanged) {
         final Matrix4f mv = GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix();
         final Matrix4f proj = GLStateManager.getProjectionMatrix();
 
@@ -164,7 +148,9 @@ public class Uniforms {
                 mv.get(mat4Buf);
                 RENDER_BACKEND.uniformMatrix4(program.locModelViewMatrix, false, mat4Buf);
             }
+        }
 
+        if (mvLinearChanged) {
             // Normal matrix = inverse transpose of upper-left 3x3 of ModelView
             if (program.locNormalMatrix != -1 || program.locNormalScale != -1) {
                 mv.normal(normalMatrix);
@@ -197,16 +183,15 @@ public class Uniforms {
             RENDER_BACKEND.uniformMatrix4(program.locMVPMatrix, false, mat4Buf);
         }
 
-        // Texture matrices
+        // Texture matrices (per-unit).
         if (texMatChanged) {
-            // Texture matrix unit 0
-            if (program.locTextureMatrix0 != -1) {
-                final Matrix4f texMat = GLStateManager.getTextures().getTextureUnitMatrix(0);
-                texMat.get(mat4Buf);
-                RENDER_BACKEND.uniformMatrix4(program.locTextureMatrix0, false, mat4Buf);
+            for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+                if (program.locTextureMatrix[i] != -1) {
+                    final Matrix4f texMat = GLStateManager.getTextures().getTextureUnitMatrix(i);
+                    texMat.get(mat4Buf);
+                    RENDER_BACKEND.uniformMatrix4(program.locTextureMatrix[i], false, mat4Buf);
+                }
             }
-
-            // Texture matrix unit 1 (lightmap)
             if (program.locLightmapTextureMatrix != -1) {
                 final Matrix4f lmTexMat = GLStateManager.getTextures().getTextureUnitMatrix(1);
                 lmTexMat.get(mat4Buf);
@@ -314,19 +299,22 @@ public class Uniforms {
         if (program.locCurrentColor == -1) return;
         // Upload the current color from GLSM
         final var color = GLStateManager.getColor();
+        tempVec4.set(
+            Math.clamp(0f, 1f, color.getRed()),
+            Math.clamp(0f, 1f, color.getGreen()),
+            Math.clamp(0f, 1f, color.getBlue()),
+            Math.clamp(0f, 1f, color.getAlpha()));
         vec4Buf.clear();
-        vec4Buf.put(color.getRed());
-        vec4Buf.put(color.getGreen());
-        vec4Buf.put(color.getBlue());
-        vec4Buf.put(color.getAlpha());
-        vec4Buf.flip();
+        tempVec4.get(vec4Buf);
         RENDER_BACKEND.uniform4(program.locCurrentColor, vec4Buf);
     }
 
-    private void uploadCurrentTexCoord(Program program) {
-        if (program.locCurrentTexCoord == -1) return;
-        final var tc = ShaderManager.getCurrentTexCoord();
-        uploadVec4(program.locCurrentTexCoord, tc);
+    private void uploadCurrentTexCoords(Program program) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            if (program.locCurrentTexCoord[i] != -1) {
+                uploadVec4(program.locCurrentTexCoord[i], ShaderManager.getCurrentTexCoord(i));
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private void uploadCurrentLightmapCoord(Program program) {
@@ -340,10 +328,7 @@ public class Uniforms {
         // Upload current normal from FFPShaderManager's tracked normal
         final var normal = ShaderManager.getCurrentNormal();
         vec3Buf.clear();
-        vec3Buf.put(normal.x);
-        vec3Buf.put(normal.y);
-        vec3Buf.put(normal.z);
-        vec3Buf.flip();
+        normal.get(vec3Buf);
         RENDER_BACKEND.uniform3(program.locCurrentNormal, vec3Buf);
     }
 
@@ -379,10 +364,7 @@ public class Uniforms {
     private void uploadPlane(int loc, float[] plane) {
         if (loc == -1) return;
         vec4Buf.clear();
-        vec4Buf.put(plane[0]);
-        vec4Buf.put(plane[1]);
-        vec4Buf.put(plane[2]);
-        vec4Buf.put(plane[3]);
+        vec4Buf.put(plane, 0, 4);
         vec4Buf.flip();
         RENDER_BACKEND.uniform4(loc, vec4Buf);
     }
@@ -420,6 +402,16 @@ public class Uniforms {
             }
         }
 
+        if (fk.overlayEnabled() && program.locOverlayColor != -1) {
+            vec4Buf.clear();
+            vec4Buf.put(GLStateManager.getOverlayR());
+            vec4Buf.put(GLStateManager.getOverlayG());
+            vec4Buf.put(GLStateManager.getOverlayB());
+            vec4Buf.put(GLStateManager.getOverlayA());
+            vec4Buf.flip();
+            RENDER_BACKEND.uniform4(program.locOverlayColor, vec4Buf);
+        }
+
         // Fog
         if (fk.fogMode() != FragmentKey.FOG_NONE) {
             uploadFog(program);
@@ -458,29 +450,26 @@ public class Uniforms {
         }
     }
 
-    private void uploadWideLineUniforms(Program program, boolean programChanged) {
+    private void uploadWideLineUniforms(Program program) {
+        final Program.UploadState st = program.uploadState;
         final float lineWidth = GLStateManager.getLineState().getWidth();
-        if (programChanged || lineWidth != lastLineWidth) {
+        if (lineWidth != st.lineWidth) {
             RENDER_BACKEND.uniform1f(program.locLineWidth, lineWidth);
-            lastLineWidth = lineWidth;
+            st.lineWidth = lineWidth;
         }
         final int vw = GLStateManager.getViewportState().width;
         final int vh = GLStateManager.getViewportState().height;
-        if (programChanged || vw != lastViewportWidth || vh != lastViewportHeight) {
+        if (vw != st.viewportWidth || vh != st.viewportHeight) {
             RENDER_BACKEND.uniform2f(program.locViewportSize, vw, vh);
-            lastViewportWidth = vw;
-            lastViewportHeight = vh;
+            st.viewportWidth = vw;
+            st.viewportHeight = vh;
         }
     }
 
     private void uploadVec4(int loc, Vector4f v) {
         if (loc == -1) return;
         vec4Buf.clear();
-        vec4Buf.put(v.x);
-        vec4Buf.put(v.y);
-        vec4Buf.put(v.z);
-        vec4Buf.put(v.w);
-        vec4Buf.flip();
+        v.get(vec4Buf);
         RENDER_BACKEND.uniform4(loc, vec4Buf);
     }
 

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/VertexKey.java

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp;
 
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.MatrixHelper;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.DisplayListManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.TexGenState;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.TextureUnitArray;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
@@ -10,9 +12,14 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
 /**
  * Compact key capturing the vertex shader permutation axes for FFP emulation.
  * Packed into a single long for fast hash/compare.
+ *
+ * Per-unit fields are 4-bit base-indexed: bit (BASE + i) for unit i in [0..3].
+ * Unit 1 is the lightmap; texcoord enable for unit 1 also gates the lightmap-specific code paths.
  */
 public final class VertexKey {
 
+    public static final int MAX_UNITS = 4;
+
     private final long packed;
 
     private static final int BIT_LIGHTING            = 0;
@@ -23,26 +30,25 @@ public final class VertexKey {
     private static final int BIT_COLOR_MATERIAL      = 5;
     private static final int BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR   = 6;
     private static final int BIT_FOG                 = 7;
-    private static final int BIT_FOG_DIST_MODE       = 8;
+    private static final int BIT_FOG_DIST_MODE       = 8;  // 2 bits: 8-9
     private static final int BIT_NORMALIZE           = 10;
     private static final int BIT_RESCALE_NORMAL      = 11;
-    private static final int BIT_TEXTURE             = 12;
-    private static final int BIT_LIGHTMAP            = 13;
-    private static final int BIT_TEX_MATRIX          = 14;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_COLOR    = 15;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_NORMAL   = 16;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_TEX      = 17;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_LIGHTMAP = 18;
-    private static final int BIT_COLOR_MAT_MODE      = 19;
-    // bits 19-21: colorMaterialMode (3 bits)
-    // TexGen modes: 3 bits each (0=NONE, 1=OBJ_LINEAR, 2=EYE_LINEAR)
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_S            = 22;
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_T            = 25;
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_R            = 28;
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_Q            = 31;
-    // bits 31-33: texGenModeQ (3 bits)
-    private static final int BIT_CLIP_PLANES         = 34;
-    private static final int BIT_WIDE_LINE           = 35;
+    // Per-unit texcoord enable: bits 12-15 (unit 0..3). Unit 1 doubles as the lightmap flag.
+    private static final int BIT_UNIT_TEX_BASE       = 12;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_COLOR    = 16;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_NORMAL   = 17;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_TEX      = 18;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_LIGHTMAP = 19;
+    private static final int BIT_COLOR_MAT_MODE      = 20;  // 3 bits: 20-22
+    // TexGen modes (unit 0 only, for now): 3 bits each (0=NONE, 1=OBJ_LINEAR, 2=EYE_LINEAR).
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_S            = 23;  // 3 bits: 23-25
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_T            = 26;  // 3 bits: 26-28
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_R            = 29;  // 3 bits: 29-31
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_Q            = 32;  // 3 bits: 32-34
+    private static final int BIT_CLIP_PLANES         = 35;
+    private static final int BIT_WIDE_LINE           = 36;
+    // Per-unit texmat enable: bits 37-40 (unit 0..3). Unit 1 is the lightmap matrix.
+    private static final int BIT_UNIT_TEXMAT_BASE    = 37;
 
     public static final int TG_NONE                  = 0;
     public static final int TG_OBJ_LINEAR            = 1;
@@ -71,9 +77,10 @@ public final class VertexKey {
     public int fogDistanceMode()           { return (int)((packed >> BIT_FOG_DIST_MODE) & 0x3); }
     public boolean normalizeEnabled()      { return bit(BIT_NORMALIZE); }
     public boolean rescaleNormalsEnabled() { return bit(BIT_RESCALE_NORMAL); }
-    public boolean textureEnabled()        { return bit(BIT_TEXTURE); }
-    public boolean lightmapEnabled()       { return bit(BIT_LIGHTMAP); }
-    public boolean textureMatrixEnabled()  { return bit(BIT_TEX_MATRIX); }
+    public boolean unitTexCoordEnabled(int unit) { return bit(BIT_UNIT_TEX_BASE + unit); }
+    public boolean unitTexMatEnabled(int unit)   { return bit(BIT_UNIT_TEXMAT_BASE + unit); }
+    public boolean anyUnitTexCoordEnabled() { return ((packed >> BIT_UNIT_TEX_BASE) & 0xF) != 0; }
+    public boolean lightmapEnabled()       { return unitTexCoordEnabled(1); }
     public boolean hasVertexColor()        { return bit(BIT_HAS_VERTEX_COLOR); }
     public boolean hasVertexNormal()       { return bit(BIT_HAS_VERTEX_NORMAL); }
     public boolean hasVertexTexCoord()     { return bit(BIT_HAS_VERTEX_TEX); }
@@ -81,28 +88,18 @@ public final class VertexKey {
     /** Color material mode (CM_AMBIENT, CM_DIFFUSE, CM_SPECULAR, CM_EMISSION, CM_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE). Only meaningful when colorMaterialEnabled(). */
     public int colorMaterialMode()        { return (int)((packed >> BIT_COLOR_MAT_MODE) & 0x7); }
 
-    /** TexGen mode for S coordinate (TG_NONE, TG_OBJ_LINEAR, TG_EYE_LINEAR). */
+    /** TexGen mode for S coordinate (TG_NONE, TG_OBJ_LINEAR, TG_EYE_LINEAR). Unit 0 only; see TODO in packFromState. */
     public int texGenModeS()              { return (int)((packed >> BIT_TEXGEN_S) & 0x7); }
-    /** TexGen mode for T coordinate. */
     public int texGenModeT()              { return (int)((packed >> BIT_TEXGEN_T) & 0x7); }
-    /** TexGen mode for R coordinate. */
     public int texGenModeR()              { return (int)((packed >> BIT_TEXGEN_R) & 0x7); }
-    /** TexGen mode for Q coordinate. */
     public int texGenModeQ()              { return (int)((packed >> BIT_TEXGEN_Q) & 0x7); }
-    /** Whether any texgen coordinate is enabled. */
     public boolean texGenEnabled()        { return texGenModeS() != TG_NONE || texGenModeT() != TG_NONE || texGenModeR() != TG_NONE || texGenModeQ() != TG_NONE; }
-    /** Whether any clip plane is enabled. */
     public boolean clipPlanesEnabled()    { return bit(BIT_CLIP_PLANES); }
-    /** Whether wide line GS emulation is active for this variant. */
     public boolean wideLineEmulation()   { return bit(BIT_WIDE_LINE); }
 
-    /** Whether vertex color replaces material ambient in this variant. */
     public boolean cmReplacesAmbient()    { final int m = colorMaterialMode(); return m == CM_AMBIENT || m == CM_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE; }
-    /** Whether vertex color replaces material diffuse in this variant. */
     public boolean cmReplacesDiffuse()    { final int m = colorMaterialMode(); return m == CM_DIFFUSE || m == CM_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE; }
-    /** Whether vertex color replaces material specular in this variant. */
     public boolean cmReplacesSpecular()   { return colorMaterialMode() == CM_SPECULAR; }
-    /** Whether vertex color replaces material emission in this variant. */
     public boolean cmReplacesEmission()   { return colorMaterialMode() == CM_EMISSION; }
 
     private boolean bit(int pos) { return ((packed >> pos) & 1) != 0; }
@@ -126,7 +123,7 @@ public final class VertexKey {
         };
     }
 
-    public static long packFromState(boolean hasColor, boolean hasNormal, boolean hasTexCoord, boolean hasLightmap) {
+    public static long packFromState(boolean hasColor, boolean hasNormal, boolean hasTexCoord, boolean hasLightmap, int fragUnitMask) {
         long bits = 0;
 
         final boolean lighting = GLStateManager.getLightingState().isEnabled();
@@ -171,23 +168,18 @@ public final class VertexKey {
             bits |= (1L << BIT_RESCALE_NORMAL);
         }
 
-        // Texture unit 0 (base texture)
-        if (GLStateManager.getTextures().getTextureUnitStates(0).isEnabled()) {
-            bits |= (1L << BIT_TEXTURE);
-        }
-        // Texture unit 1 (lightmap)
-        if (GLStateManager.getTextures().getTextureUnitStates(1).isEnabled()) {
-            bits |= (1L << BIT_LIGHTMAP);
+        final TextureUnitArray texUnit = GLStateManager.getTextures();
+        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_UNITS; i++) {
+            if ((fragUnitMask & (1 << i)) != 0) {
+                bits |= (1L << (BIT_UNIT_TEX_BASE + i));
+            }
+            if (!MatrixHelper.isIdentity(texUnit.getTextureUnitMatrix(i))) {
+                bits |= (1L << (BIT_UNIT_TEXMAT_BASE + i));
+            }
         }
 
-        // Check if texture matrix unit 0 is non-identity
-        final Matrix4f texMat = GLStateManager.getTextures().getTextureUnitMatrix(0);
-        if (!DisplayListManager.isIdentity(texMat)) {
-            bits |= (1L << BIT_TEX_MATRIX);
-        }
-
-        // TexGen (unit 0 only) — encode per-coordinate mode if enabled
-        final var texUnit = GLStateManager.getTextures();
+        // TexGen (unit 0 only) - per-coordinate mode if enabled.
+        // TODO: per-unit texgen for units 2/3. Deferred - no MC code path uses glTexGen on those.
         final TexGenState tg = texUnit.getTexGenState(0);
         boolean anyTexGen = false;
         if (texUnit.getTexGenSStates(0).isEnabled() && tg.getMode(GL11.GL_S) != 0) {
@@ -210,9 +202,9 @@ public final class VertexKey {
             bits |= ((long) m & 0x7) << BIT_TEXGEN_Q;
             if (m != TG_NONE) anyTexGen = true;
         }
-        // Force texture matrix on when texgen is active (end portal pattern always uses it)
+        // Force unit-0 texture matrix on when texgen is active (end portal pattern always uses it).
         if (anyTexGen) {
-            bits |= (1L << BIT_TEX_MATRIX);
+            bits |= (1L << BIT_UNIT_TEXMAT_BASE);
         }
 
         // Vertex format flags
@@ -221,12 +213,10 @@ public final class VertexKey {
         if (hasTexCoord) bits |= (1L << BIT_HAS_VERTEX_TEX);
         if (hasLightmap) bits |= (1L << BIT_HAS_VERTEX_LIGHTMAP);
 
-        // Clip planes
         if (GLStateManager.anyClipPlaneEnabled()) {
             bits |= (1L << BIT_CLIP_PLANES);
         }
 
-        // Wide line GS emulation
         if (GLStateManager.wideLineEmulationActive) {
             bits |= (1L << BIT_WIDE_LINE);
         }
@@ -234,8 +224,8 @@ public final class VertexKey {
         return bits;
     }
 
-    public static VertexKey fromState(boolean hasColor, boolean hasNormal, boolean hasTexCoord, boolean hasLightmap) {
-        return new VertexKey(packFromState(hasColor, hasNormal, hasTexCoord, hasLightmap));
+    public static VertexKey fromState(boolean hasColor, boolean hasNormal, boolean hasTexCoord, boolean hasLightmap, int fragUnitMask) {
+        return new VertexKey(packFromState(hasColor, hasNormal, hasTexCoord, hasLightmap, fragUnitMask));
     }
 
     static VertexKey fromPacked(long packed) {
@@ -256,9 +246,11 @@ public final class VertexKey {
 
     @Override
     public String toString() {
-        return String.format("FFPVertexKey[0x%09X: lit=%b l0=%b l1=%b cm=%b fog=%b tex=%b lm=%b col=%b nrm=%b vtex=%b vlm=%b tg=%d/%d/%d/%d clip=%b wline=%b]",
+        return String.format("FFPVertexKey[0x%011X: lit=%b l0=%b l1=%b cm=%b fog=%b tex=%d%d%d%d texmat=%d%d%d%d col=%b nrm=%b vtex=%b vlm=%b tg=%d/%d/%d/%d clip=%b wline=%b]",
             packed, lightingEnabled(), light0Enabled(), light1Enabled(),
-            colorMaterialEnabled(), fogEnabled(), textureEnabled(), lightmapEnabled(),
+            colorMaterialEnabled(), fogEnabled(),
+            unitTexCoordEnabled(0)?1:0, unitTexCoordEnabled(1)?1:0, unitTexCoordEnabled(2)?1:0, unitTexCoordEnabled(3)?1:0,
+            unitTexMatEnabled(0)?1:0, unitTexMatEnabled(1)?1:0, unitTexMatEnabled(2)?1:0, unitTexMatEnabled(3)?1:0,
             hasVertexColor(), hasVertexNormal(), hasVertexTexCoord(), hasVertexLightmap(),
             texGenModeS(), texGenModeT(), texGenModeR(), texGenModeQ(), clipPlanesEnabled(), wideLineEmulation());
     }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/VertexShaderGenerator.java

@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {
             source = source.replace("v_SpecularColor", "v_SpecularColor_gs")
                            .replace("v_TexCoord0", "v_TexCoord0_gs")
                            .replace("v_TexCoord1", "v_TexCoord1_gs")
+                           .replace("v_TexCoord2", "v_TexCoord2_gs")
+                           .replace("v_TexCoord3", "v_TexCoord3_gs")
                            .replace("v_FogCoord", "v_FogCoord_gs")
                            .replace("v_Color", "v_Color_gs");
         }
@@ -76,11 +78,14 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {
             sb.append("uniform mat3 u_NormalMatrix;\n");
         }
 
-        if (key.textureMatrixEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("uniform mat4 u_TextureMatrix0;\n");
+        for (int i = 0; i < VertexKey.MAX_UNITS; i++) {
+            if (i == 1) continue;
+            if (key.unitTexMatEnabled(i)) {
+                sb.append("uniform mat4 u_TextureMatrix").append(i).append(";\n");
+            }
         }
 
-        // TexGen plane uniforms
+        // TexGen plane uniforms (unit 0 only - TODO: per-unit)
         if (key.texGenModeS() == VertexKey.TG_OBJ_LINEAR) sb.append("uniform vec4 u_TexGenObjPlaneS;\n");
         if (key.texGenModeS() == VertexKey.TG_EYE_LINEAR) sb.append("uniform vec4 u_TexGenEyePlaneS;\n");
         if (key.texGenModeT() == VertexKey.TG_OBJ_LINEAR) sb.append("uniform vec4 u_TexGenObjPlaneT;\n");
@@ -98,9 +103,11 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {
             sb.append("uniform vec4 u_CurrentColor;\n");
         }
 
-        if (!key.hasVertexTexCoord() && key.textureEnabled()) {
-            sb.append("uniform vec4 u_CurrentTexCoord;\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(0) && !key.hasVertexTexCoord()) {
+            sb.append("uniform vec4 u_CurrentTexCoord0;\n");
         }
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(2)) sb.append("uniform vec4 u_CurrentTexCoord2;\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(3)) sb.append("uniform vec4 u_CurrentTexCoord3;\n");
 
         if (key.lightmapEnabled() && !key.hasVertexLightmap()) {
             sb.append("uniform vec2 u_CurrentLightmapCoord;\n");
@@ -178,12 +185,15 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {
         if (key.separateSpecular()) {
             sb.append("out vec3 v_SpecularColor;\n");
         }
-        if (key.textureEnabled() || key.hasVertexTexCoord() || key.texGenEnabled()) {
+        // Per-unit varying outputs. Each enabled texture unit (and texgen, which targets unit 0) gets its own v_TexCoord<i>.
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(0) || key.texGenEnabled()) {
             sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord0;\n");
         }
         if (key.lightmapEnabled()) {
             sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord1;\n");
         }
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(2)) sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord2;\n");
+        if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(3)) sb.append("out vec4 v_TexCoord3;\n");
         if (key.fogEnabled()) {
             sb.append("out float v_FogCoord;\n");
         }
@@ -331,22 +341,18 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {
     private static void emitTexCoordPassthrough(StringBuilder sb, VertexKey key) {
         if (key.texGenEnabled()) {
             emitTexGenCoordGeneration(sb, key);
-        } else if (key.textureEnabled() || key.hasVertexTexCoord()) {
-            sb.append("  // Texture coordinates\n");
-            if (key.hasVertexTexCoord()) {
-                if (key.textureMatrixEnabled()) {
-                    sb.append("  v_TexCoord0 = u_TextureMatrix0 * vec4(a_TexCoord0, 0.0, 1.0);\n");
-                } else {
-                    sb.append("  v_TexCoord0 = vec4(a_TexCoord0, 0.0, 1.0);\n");
-                }
+        } else if (key.unitTexCoordEnabled(0)) {
+            sb.append("  // Texture coordinates - unit 0\n");
+            final String src = key.hasVertexTexCoord()
+                ? "vec4(a_TexCoord0, 0.0, 1.0)"
+                : "u_CurrentTexCoord0";
+            if (key.unitTexMatEnabled(0)) {
+                sb.append("  v_TexCoord0 = u_TextureMatrix0 * ").append(src).append(";\n");
             } else {
-                if (key.textureMatrixEnabled()) {
-                    sb.append("  v_TexCoord0 = u_TextureMatrix0 * u_CurrentTexCoord;\n");
-                } else {
-                    sb.append("  v_TexCoord0 = u_CurrentTexCoord;\n");
-                }
+                sb.append("  v_TexCoord0 = ").append(src).append(";\n");
             }
         }
+
         if (key.lightmapEnabled()) {
             if (key.hasVertexLightmap()) {
                 sb.append("  v_TexCoord1 = u_LightmapTextureMatrix * vec4(a_TexCoord1, 0.0, 1.0);\n");
@@ -354,6 +360,16 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {
                 sb.append("  v_TexCoord1 = u_LightmapTextureMatrix * vec4(u_CurrentLightmapCoord, 0.0, 1.0);\n");
             }
         }
+
+        for (int i = 2; i < VertexKey.MAX_UNITS; i++) {
+            if (!key.unitTexCoordEnabled(i)) continue;
+            final String src = "u_CurrentTexCoord" + i;
+            if (key.unitTexMatEnabled(i)) {
+                sb.append("  v_TexCoord").append(i).append(" = u_TextureMatrix").append(i).append(" * ").append(src).append(";\n");
+            } else {
+                sb.append("  v_TexCoord").append(i).append(" = ").append(src).append(";\n");
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     /**

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/hooks/GLSMHooks.java

@@ -1,12 +1,6 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks;
 
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.BlendFuncChangeEvent;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.FogStateChangeEvent;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.LightmapCoordsEvent;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.ProgramChangeEvent;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.TextureBindEvent;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.TextureDeleteEvent;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.TextureUnitStateEvent;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events.*;
 import net.minecraftforge.eventbus.api.bus.EventBus;
 
 public final class GLSMHooks {
@@ -23,6 +17,8 @@ public final class GLSMHooks {
     public static final EventBus<BlendFuncChangeEvent> BLEND_FUNC_CHANGE = EventBus.create(BlendFuncChangeEvent.class);
     public static final EventBus<FogStateChangeEvent> FOG_STATE_CHANGE = EventBus.create(FogStateChangeEvent.class);
     public static final EventBus<LightmapCoordsEvent> LIGHTMAP_COORDS = EventBus.create(LightmapCoordsEvent.class);
+    public static final EventBus<AlphaStateChangeEvent> ALPHA_STATE_CHANGE = EventBus.create(AlphaStateChangeEvent.class);
+    public static final EventBus<ShaderColorChangeEvent> SHADER_COLOR_CHANGE = EventBus.create(ShaderColorChangeEvent.class);
 
     // Reusable event instances
     public static final TextureBindEvent textureBindEvent = new TextureBindEvent();
@@ -32,6 +28,8 @@ public final class GLSMHooks {
     public static final BlendFuncChangeEvent blendFuncChangeEvent = new BlendFuncChangeEvent();
     public static final FogStateChangeEvent fogStateChangeEvent = new FogStateChangeEvent();
     public static final LightmapCoordsEvent lightmapCoordsEvent = new LightmapCoordsEvent();
+    public static final AlphaStateChangeEvent alphaStateChangeEvent = new AlphaStateChangeEvent();
+    public static final ShaderColorChangeEvent shaderColorChangeEvent = new ShaderColorChangeEvent();
 
     private GLSMHooks() {}
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/hooks/GLSMInitConfig.java

@@ -8,24 +8,24 @@ import java.util.function.Consumer;
 public final class GLSMInitConfig {
     private final boolean lwjglDebug;
     private final StreamingUploader.UploadStrategy streamingUploadStrategy;
-    private final boolean framebufferSupported;
-    private final boolean fboEnabled;
     private final Consumer<DirectTessellator> directDrawer;
     private final Runnable streamingDrawerDestroy;
     private final int displayWidth;
     private final int displayHeight;
     private final Runnable postInitCallback;
+    private final boolean enableDSA;
+    private final boolean noErrorChecks;
 
     private GLSMInitConfig(Builder builder) {
         this.lwjglDebug = builder.lwjglDebug;
         this.streamingUploadStrategy = builder.streamingUploadStrategy;
-        this.framebufferSupported = builder.framebufferSupported;
-        this.fboEnabled = builder.fboEnabled;
+        this.noErrorChecks = builder.noErrorChecks;
         this.directDrawer = builder.directDrawer;
         this.streamingDrawerDestroy = builder.streamingDrawerDestroy;
         this.displayWidth = builder.displayWidth;
         this.displayHeight = builder.displayHeight;
         this.postInitCallback = builder.postInitCallback;
+        this.enableDSA = builder.enableDSA;
     }
 
     public static Builder builder() {
@@ -34,24 +34,24 @@ public final class GLSMInitConfig {
 
     public boolean isLwjglDebug() { return lwjglDebug; }
     public StreamingUploader.UploadStrategy getStreamingUploadStrategy() { return streamingUploadStrategy; }
-    public boolean isFramebufferSupported() { return framebufferSupported; }
-    public boolean isFboEnabled() { return fboEnabled; }
     public Consumer<DirectTessellator> getDirectDrawer() { return directDrawer; }
     public Runnable getStreamingDrawerDestroy() { return streamingDrawerDestroy; }
     public int getDisplayWidth() { return displayWidth; }
     public int getDisplayHeight() { return displayHeight; }
     public Runnable getPostInitCallback() { return postInitCallback; }
+    public boolean isDSAEnabled() { return enableDSA; }
+    public boolean noErrorChecks() { return noErrorChecks; }
 
     public static final class Builder {
         private boolean lwjglDebug = false;
         private StreamingUploader.UploadStrategy streamingUploadStrategy = StreamingUploader.UploadStrategy.BUFFER_DATA;
-        private boolean framebufferSupported = false;
-        private boolean fboEnabled = false;
         private Consumer<DirectTessellator> directDrawer = null;
         private Runnable streamingDrawerDestroy = null;
         private int displayWidth = 0;
         private int displayHeight = 0;
         private Runnable postInitCallback = null;
+        private boolean enableDSA = false;
+        private boolean noErrorChecks;
 
         private Builder() {}
 
@@ -65,13 +65,8 @@ public final class GLSMInitConfig {
             return this;
         }
 
-        public Builder framebufferSupported(boolean framebufferSupported) {
-            this.framebufferSupported = framebufferSupported;
-            return this;
-        }
-
-        public Builder fboEnabled(boolean fboEnabled) {
-            this.fboEnabled = fboEnabled;
+        public Builder noErrorChecks(boolean noErrorChecks) {
+            this.noErrorChecks = noErrorChecks;
             return this;
         }
 
@@ -96,6 +91,11 @@ public final class GLSMInitConfig {
             return this;
         }
 
+        public Builder enableDSA(boolean enableDSA) {
+            this.enableDSA = enableDSA;
+            return this;
+        }
+
         public GLSMInitConfig build() {
             return new GLSMInitConfig(this);
         }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/hooks/events/AlphaStateChangeEvent.java

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events;
+
+import net.minecraftforge.eventbus.api.event.MutableEvent;
+
+/**
+ * AlphaTest changed - Listeners should query GLSM alpha state directly if they care what changed.
+ */
+public final class AlphaStateChangeEvent extends MutableEvent {
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/hooks/events/ProgramChangeEvent.java

@@ -5,4 +5,5 @@ import net.minecraftforge.eventbus.api.event.MutableEvent;
 public final class ProgramChangeEvent extends MutableEvent {
     public int previousProgram;
     public int newProgram;
+    public boolean postBind;
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/hooks/events/ShaderColorChangeEvent.java

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events;
+
+import net.minecraftforge.eventbus.api.event.MutableEvent;
+
+public final class ShaderColorChangeEvent extends MutableEvent {
+    public float red;
+    public float green;
+    public float blue;
+    public float alpha;
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/loading/DependencyVerifier.java

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.loading;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+/**
+ * Verifies required classes/resources are present on the classpath at load time.
+ * Fails fast with a descriptive error message if a dependency is missing.
+ */
+public final class DependencyVerifier {
+
+    /**
+     * A single dependency check: a classpath resource that must exist.
+     * @param resourcePath  Resource path to check (e.g. "/com/example/SomeClass.class")
+     * @param errorMessage  Human-readable error message if missing (include download URL)
+     */
+    public record Check(String resourcePath, String errorMessage) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Verify all checks pass. Throws RuntimeException on first failure.
+     * @param anchor  Class whose classloader to use for resource lookups
+     * @param checks  Dependency checks to run
+     */
+    public static void verify(Class<?> anchor, List<Check> checks) {
+        for (Check check : checks) {
+            if (anchor.getResource(check.resourcePath()) == null) {
+                throw new RuntimeException(check.errorMessage());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private DependencyVerifier() {}
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/loading/EarlyRedirectorCore.java

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.loading;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.redirect.GLSMRedirector;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.ClassNode;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class EarlyRedirectorCore {
+
+    private final GLSMRedirector core;
+    private final String[] targets;
+    private final String[] exclusions;
+
+    public EarlyRedirectorCore(String... extraExclusions) {
+        this.core = new GLSMRedirector();
+        this.targets = EcosystemNarrowRules.EARLY_REDIRECTOR_TARGETS.clone();
+
+        final List<String> excl = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(core.getCoreExclusions()));
+        if (extraExclusions != null && extraExclusions.length > 0) {
+            Collections.addAll(excl, extraExclusions);
+        }
+        this.exclusions = excl.toArray(new String[0]);
+    }
+
+    public byte[] transform(String transformedName, byte[] basicClass) {
+        if (basicClass == null) return null;
+
+        if (!startsWithAny(transformedName, targets)) return basicClass;
+        if (startsWithAny(transformedName, exclusions)) return basicClass;
+        if (!core.shouldTransform(basicClass)) return basicClass;
+
+        final ClassReader cr = new ClassReader(basicClass);
+        final ClassNode cn = new ClassNode();
+        cr.accept(cn, 0);
+        if (core.transformClassNode(transformedName, cn)) {
+            final ClassWriter cw = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS);
+            cn.accept(cw);
+            return cw.toByteArray();
+        }
+        return basicClass;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean startsWithAny(String name, String[] prefixes) {
+        for (String p : prefixes) {
+            if (name.startsWith(p)) return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/loading/EcosystemNarrowRules.java

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.loading;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.loading.TransformerNarrower.NarrowRule;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class EcosystemNarrowRules {
+
+    public static final List<NarrowRule> ALL = List.of(
+        new NarrowRule("DragonAPI", "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM", List.of(
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.Patchers",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.Profiling",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.APIStripper",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.ClassReparenter",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.DependentMethodStripper",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.DragonAPIClassTransformer",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.FMLItemBlockPatch",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.FluidNamePatch",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.InterfaceInjector",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.SpecialBiomePlacement",
+            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.StructureLootHooks"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("Xaeros_common", "xaero.common.core", List.of(
+            "xaero.common.core.transformer"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("Xaeros_map", "xaero.map.core", List.of(
+            "xaero.map.core.transformer"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("AdvancedLightsabers", "com.fiskmods.lightsabers.asm", List.of(
+            "com.fiskmods.lightsabers.asm.ALLoadingPlugin",
+            "com.fiskmods.lightsabers.asm.ASMHooks",
+            "com.fiskmods.lightsabers.asm.transformers"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("FiskHeroes", "com.fiskmods.heroes.asm", List.of(
+            "com.fiskmods.heroes.asm.SHLoadingPlugin",
+            "com.fiskmods.heroes.asm.transformers"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("Ears", "com.unascribed.ears", List.of(
+            "com.unascribed.ears.asm",
+            "com.unascribed.ears.common.agent"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("FoamFix", "pl.asie.foamfix", List.of(
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.bugfixmod",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.coremod",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.forkage",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.ghostbuster",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.FoamFixMod",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.HackyMessageFactoryWrapper",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.LaunchWrapperRuntimeFix",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.ProxyClient",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.ProxyCommon",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.repack.com.unascribed.ears.asm",
+            "pl.asie.foamfix.repack.com.unascribed.ears.common.agent"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("Alfheim", "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook", List.of(
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.AlfheimFieldHookHandler",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.AlfheimHPHooks",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.Botania18AndUpBackport",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.ElementalDamageAdapter",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.integration",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.FurnaceExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.ItemAuraRingExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.ItemLensExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.ItemTwigWandExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.LightRelayExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.PureDaisyExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.QuartzExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.RelicHooks",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.extender.SparkExtender",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.fixes.BotaniaGlowingRenderFixes",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.fixes.CorporeaInputFix",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.fixes.GodAttributesHooks",
+            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.fixes.RecipeAncientWillsFix"
+        ))
+    );
+
+    public static final String[] LWJGL3IFY_EXCLUSIONS_SHARED = {
+        "org.embeddedt.embeddium",
+        "org.taumc.celeritas",
+        "com.mitchej123.lwjgl.lwjgl3",
+        "com.mitchej123.glsm",
+        "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.lwjgl3",
+    };
+
+    public static final String[] EARLY_REDIRECTOR_TARGETS = {
+        "cn.tesseract.mycelium.",
+    };
+
+    private EcosystemNarrowRules() {}
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/loading/TransformerNarrower.java

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.loading;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+/**
+ * Narrows overly-broad transformer exclusions that prevent the GLSM redirector from
+ * transforming GL calls in mod code. Some coremods register exclusions covering their
+ * entire package tree, which inadvertently shields rendering code from redirection.
+ * <p>
+ * This utility removes the broad exclusion and re-adds narrower ones that cover only
+ * the coremod's own transformer/ASM classes, leaving rendering code exposed.
+ * <p>
+ * Operates on a {@code Set<String>} (the transformer exceptions set from LaunchClassLoader)
+ * and a {@code Map<String, Object>} (the Launch blackboard). Callers extract these from
+ * the Forge/launchwrapper infrastructure.
+ */
+public final class TransformerNarrower {
+
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = LogManager.getLogger("GLSM");
+
+    /**
+     * A rule that replaces a broad transformer exclusion with narrower ones.
+     * @param name       Human-readable name for logging (e.g. "DragonAPI")
+     * @param broad      The broad exclusion to remove (e.g. "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM")
+     * @param narrow     Narrower exclusions to add in its place
+     */
+    public record NarrowRule(String name, String broad, List<String> narrow) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Apply narrowing rules to the transformer exceptions set.
+     *
+     * @param exceptions  The mutable Set from LaunchClassLoader.transformerExceptions
+     * @param blackboard  The Launch.blackboard map (checked for disable flags)
+     * @param keyPrefix   Blackboard key prefix for per-rule opt-out (e.g. "angelica" or "umbra").
+     *                    Rule "DragonAPI" checks key "{prefix}.narrow.DragonAPI". If explicitly
+     *                    set to Boolean.FALSE, the rule is skipped.
+     * @param callerName  Name for log messages (e.g. "Angelica" or "Umbra")
+     * @param rules       The narrowing rules to apply
+     * @return number of rules that were applied
+     */
+    public static int narrow(Set<String> exceptions, Map<String, Object> blackboard,
+                             String keyPrefix, String callerName, List<NarrowRule> rules) {
+        int applied = 0;
+        for (NarrowRule rule : rules) {
+            final String key = keyPrefix + ".narrow." + rule.name();
+            if (Boolean.FALSE.equals(blackboard.get(key))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (exceptions.remove(rule.broad())) {
+                for (String narrow : rule.narrow()) {
+                    exceptions.add(narrow);
+                }
+                LOGGER.info("[{}] Narrowed {} transformer exclusion to allow GL redirection", callerName, rule.broad());
+                applied++;
+            }
+        }
+        return applied;
+    }
+
+    private TransformerNarrower() {}
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/AccumulatedDraw.java

@@ -16,17 +16,13 @@ public final class AccumulatedDraw {
     public final VertexFormat format;
     public final List<ByteBuffer> drawBuffers;
     public final int drawMode;
-    public final int commandIndex; // Position in command list for state tracking
-    public final int stateGeneration; // Position in command list for state tracking
     public RestoreData restoreData;
 
-    public AccumulatedDraw(DirectTessellator tessellator, int commandIndex, int stateGeneration, boolean copyLast) {
+    public AccumulatedDraw(DirectTessellator tessellator, boolean copyLast) {
         this.format = tessellator.getVertexFormat();
         this.drawMode = tessellator.drawMode;
         this.drawBuffers = new ArrayList<>();
         this.drawBuffers.add(tessellator.allocateBufferCopy());
-        this.commandIndex = commandIndex;
-        this.stateGeneration = stateGeneration;
 
         if (copyLast) {
             this.restoreData = new RestoreData(tessellator);
@@ -36,7 +32,6 @@ public final class AccumulatedDraw {
 
     public void mergeDraw(DirectTessellator tessellator, boolean copyLast) {
         this.drawBuffers.add(tessellator.allocateBufferCopy());
-
         if (copyLast) {
             this.restoreData = new RestoreData(tessellator);
         }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/AttribSnapshot.java

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.VertexAttribState;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2LongOpenHashMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectOpenHashMap;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class AttribSnapshot {
+
+    public record AttribDesc(int location, int size, int type, boolean normalized, int stride, long offset, int sourceVboId, ByteBuffer readBuffer, long readBufferBaseOffset) {
+        public int effectiveStride() {
+            return stride != 0 ? stride : size * VertexAttribState.Attrib.glTypeSizeBytes(type);
+        }
+
+        public int typeSizeBytes() {
+            return VertexAttribState.Attrib.glTypeSizeBytes(type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final AttribDesc[] perLocation;
+    private final List<ByteBuffer> allocatedBuffers;
+    private boolean freed;
+
+    private AttribSnapshot(AttribDesc[] perLocation, List<ByteBuffer> allocatedBuffers) {
+        this.perLocation = perLocation;
+        this.allocatedBuffers = allocatedBuffers;
+    }
+
+    public AttribDesc get(int location) {
+        return (location >= 0 && location < perLocation.length) ? perLocation[location] : null;
+    }
+
+    public int maxLocations() {
+        return perLocation.length;
+    }
+
+    public void free() {
+        if (freed) return;
+        freed = true;
+        for (ByteBuffer buf : allocatedBuffers) {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(buf);
+        }
+        allocatedBuffers.clear();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Snapshot attribs over a tight vertex window {@code [firstVertex, firstVertex+vertexCount)}.
+     *
+     * <p>Hot path (single VBO backing every enabled attrib — the typical draw) runs without
+     * allocating any hashmaps. A second distinct VBO promotes to the map-backed fallback.
+     */
+    public static AttribSnapshot snapshot(int firstVertex, int vertexCount) {
+        final AttribDesc[] out = new AttribDesc[VertexAttribState.MAX_ATTRIBS];
+        final List<ByteBuffer> allocated = new ArrayList<>();
+        final int prevVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+
+        // Pass 1 — unioned [start,end] per vboId. Hot path: one source VBO, zero allocations.
+        int rangeSoleVboId = 0;
+        long rangeSoleStart = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        long rangeSoleEnd = Long.MIN_VALUE;
+        Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<long[]> vboRanges = null;
+
+        final long lastVtx = (long) firstVertex + vertexCount - 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < VertexAttribState.MAX_ATTRIBS; i++) {
+            final VertexAttribState.Attrib a = VertexAttribState.get(i);
+            if (!a.enabled || a.vboId == 0) continue;
+            final int stride = a.effectiveStride();
+            final long typeBytes = (long) a.size * VertexAttribState.Attrib.glTypeSizeBytes(a.type);
+            final long start = a.offset + (long) firstVertex * stride;
+            final long end = a.offset + lastVtx * stride + typeBytes;
+
+            if (vboRanges != null) {
+                long[] r = vboRanges.get(a.vboId);
+                if (r == null) {
+                    vboRanges.put(a.vboId, new long[] { start, end });
+                } else {
+                    if (start < r[0]) r[0] = start;
+                    if (end > r[1]) r[1] = end;
+                }
+            } else if (rangeSoleVboId == 0 || rangeSoleVboId == a.vboId) {
+                rangeSoleVboId = a.vboId;
+                if (start < rangeSoleStart) rangeSoleStart = start;
+                if (end > rangeSoleEnd) rangeSoleEnd = end;
+            } else {
+                // Spill: second distinct vboId. Promote the accumulated range to the map.
+                vboRanges = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+                vboRanges.put(rangeSoleVboId, new long[] { rangeSoleStart, rangeSoleEnd });
+                vboRanges.put(a.vboId, new long[] { start, end });
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Pass 2 — readback cache. Same spill pattern.
+        int readSoleVboId = 0;
+        ByteBuffer readSoleBuf = null;
+        long readSoleOffset = 0;
+        Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<ByteBuffer> vboBuffers = null;
+        Int2LongOpenHashMap vboReadOffsets = null;
+
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < VertexAttribState.MAX_ATTRIBS; i++) {
+                final VertexAttribState.Attrib a = VertexAttribState.get(i);
+                if (!a.enabled) continue;
+
+                if (a.vboId != 0) {
+                    ByteBuffer buf;
+                    long readOffset;
+                    if (vboBuffers != null) {
+                        buf = vboBuffers.get(a.vboId);
+                        readOffset = buf != null ? vboReadOffsets.get(a.vboId) : 0;
+                    } else if (readSoleVboId == a.vboId) {
+                        buf = readSoleBuf;
+                        readOffset = readSoleOffset;
+                    } else {
+                        buf = null;
+                        readOffset = 0;
+                    }
+
+                    if (buf == null) {
+                        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, a.vboId);
+                        final int bufferSize = GLStateManager.glGetBufferParameteri(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, GL15.GL_BUFFER_SIZE);
+                        if (bufferSize <= 0) {
+                            GLStateManager.LOGGER.warn("[VBO Readback] GL_BUFFER_SIZE={} for VBO {}", bufferSize, a.vboId);
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        final long rStart;
+                        final long rEnd;
+                        if (vboRanges != null) {
+                            final long[] range = vboRanges.get(a.vboId);
+                            rStart = range[0];
+                            rEnd = range[1];
+                        } else {
+                            rStart = rangeSoleStart;
+                            rEnd = rangeSoleEnd;
+                        }
+                        final long ro = Math.max(0, rStart);
+                        final int rs = (int) (Math.min(bufferSize, rEnd) - ro);
+                        if (rs <= 0) continue;
+
+                        buf = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(rs);
+                        GLStateManager.glGetBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, ro, buf);
+                        allocated.add(buf);
+                        readOffset = ro;
+
+                        if (vboBuffers != null) {
+                            vboBuffers.put(a.vboId, buf);
+                            vboReadOffsets.put(a.vboId, ro);
+                        } else if (readSoleVboId == 0) {
+                            readSoleVboId = a.vboId;
+                            readSoleBuf = buf;
+                            readSoleOffset = ro;
+                        } else {
+                            vboBuffers = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+                            vboReadOffsets = new Int2LongOpenHashMap();
+                            vboBuffers.put(readSoleVboId, readSoleBuf);
+                            vboReadOffsets.put(readSoleVboId, readSoleOffset);
+                            vboBuffers.put(a.vboId, buf);
+                            vboReadOffsets.put(a.vboId, ro);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    out[i] = new AttribDesc(i, a.size, a.type, a.normalized, a.stride, a.offset, a.vboId, buf, readOffset);
+                } else if (a.clientPointer != null) {
+                    out[i] = new AttribDesc(i, a.size, a.type, a.normalized, a.stride, a.clientPointer.position(), 0, a.clientPointer, 0L);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevVBO);
+        }
+
+        return new AttribSnapshot(out, allocated);
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/CommandBuffer.java

@@ -1,784 +0,0 @@
-package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
-
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.DisplayListCommand;
-import org.joml.Matrix4f;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
-import java.nio.IntBuffer;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
-
-import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.*;
-
-public final class CommandBuffer {
-    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 4096; // Guess at typical display list size
-
-    private ByteBuffer buffer;
-    private long basePointer;
-    private long writePointer;
-    private final List<Object> complexObjects = new ArrayList<>();
-
-    public CommandBuffer() {
-        this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
-    }
-
-    public CommandBuffer(int initialCapacity) {
-        this.buffer = memAlloc(initialCapacity);
-        this.basePointer = memAddress(buffer);
-        this.writePointer = basePointer;
-    }
-
-    // === Low-level write operations ===
-
-    private void writeInt(int value) {
-        memPutInt(writePointer, value);
-        writePointer += 4;
-    }
-
-    private void writeLong(long value) {
-        memPutLong(writePointer, value);
-        writePointer += 8;
-    }
-
-    private void writeFloat(float value) {
-        memPutFloat(writePointer, value);
-        writePointer += 4;
-    }
-
-    private void writeDouble(double value) {
-        memPutDouble(writePointer, value);
-        writePointer += 8;
-    }
-
-    private void ensureCapacity(int needed) {
-        final int size = size();
-        final int remaining = buffer.capacity() - size;
-        if (remaining < needed) {
-            final int newCapacity = Math.max(buffer.capacity() * 2, buffer.capacity() + needed);
-            buffer = memRealloc(buffer, newCapacity);
-            basePointer = memAddress(buffer);
-            writePointer = basePointer + size;
-        }
-    }
-
-    // === Single int commands ===
-
-    public void writeEnable(int cap) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.ENABLE);
-        writeInt(cap);
-    }
-
-    public void writeDisable(int cap) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DISABLE);
-        writeInt(cap);
-    }
-
-    public void writeClear(int mask) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR);
-        writeInt(mask);
-    }
-
-    public void writeClearStencil(int s) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR_STENCIL);
-        writeInt(s);
-    }
-
-    public void writeCullFace(int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.CULL_FACE);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    public void writeDepthFunc(int func) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DEPTH_FUNC);
-        writeInt(func);
-    }
-
-    public void writeShadeModel(int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.SHADE_MODEL);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLogicOp(int opcode) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LOGIC_OP);
-        writeInt(opcode);
-    }
-
-    public void writeMatrixMode(int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.MATRIX_MODE);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    public void writeActiveTexture(int texture) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.ACTIVE_TEXTURE);
-        writeInt(texture);
-    }
-
-    public void writeUseProgram(int program) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.USE_PROGRAM);
-        writeInt(program);
-    }
-
-    public void writePushAttrib(int mask) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.PUSH_ATTRIB);
-        writeInt(mask);
-    }
-
-    public void writePopAttrib() {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.POP_ATTRIB);
-        writeInt(0); // unused padding
-    }
-
-    public void writeLoadIdentity() {
-        ensureCapacity(4);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LOAD_IDENTITY);
-    }
-
-    public void writePushMatrix() {
-        ensureCapacity(4);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.PUSH_MATRIX);
-    }
-
-    public void writePopMatrix() {
-        ensureCapacity(4);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.POP_MATRIX);
-    }
-
-    public void writeStencilMask(int mask) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_MASK);
-        writeInt(mask);
-    }
-
-    public void writeDepthMask(boolean flag) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DEPTH_MASK);
-        writeInt(flag ? 1 : 0);
-    }
-
-    public void writeFrontFace(int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.FRONT_FACE);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    // === Two int commands ===
-
-    public void writeBindTexture(int target, int texture) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.BIND_TEXTURE);
-        writeInt(target);
-        writeInt(texture);
-    }
-
-    public void writePolygonMode(int face, int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.POLYGON_MODE);
-        writeInt(face);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    public void writeColorMaterial(int face, int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.COLOR_MATERIAL);
-        writeInt(face);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLineStipple(int factor, int pattern) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LINE_STIPPLE);
-        writeInt(factor);
-        writeInt(pattern);
-    }
-
-    public void writeStencilMaskSeparate(int face, int mask) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_MASK_SEPARATE);
-        writeInt(face);
-        writeInt(mask);
-    }
-
-    public void writeFogi(int pname, int param) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.FOGI);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(param);
-    }
-
-    public void writeHint(int target, int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.HINT);
-        writeInt(target);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    // === Three int commands ===
-
-    public void writeStencilFunc(int func, int ref, int mask) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC);
-        writeInt(func);
-        writeInt(ref);
-        writeInt(mask);
-    }
-
-    public void writeStencilOp(int fail, int zfail, int zpass) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_OP);
-        writeInt(fail);
-        writeInt(zfail);
-        writeInt(zpass);
-    }
-
-    public void writeTexParameteri(int target, int pname, int param) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERI);
-        writeInt(target);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(param);
-    }
-
-    // === Four int commands ===
-
-    public void writeViewport(int x, int y, int width, int height) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.VIEWPORT);
-        writeInt(x);
-        writeInt(y);
-        writeInt(width);
-        writeInt(height);
-    }
-
-    public void writeScissor(int x, int y, int width, int height) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.SCISSOR);
-        writeInt(x);
-        writeInt(y);
-        writeInt(width);
-        writeInt(height);
-    }
-
-    public void writeBlendFunc(int srcRgb, int dstRgb, int srcAlpha, int dstAlpha) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.BLEND_FUNC);
-        writeInt(srcRgb);
-        writeInt(dstRgb);
-        writeInt(srcAlpha);
-        writeInt(dstAlpha);
-    }
-
-    public void writeColorMask(boolean red, boolean green, boolean blue, boolean alpha) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.COLOR_MASK);
-        writeInt(red ? 1 : 0);
-        writeInt(green ? 1 : 0);
-        writeInt(blue ? 1 : 0);
-        writeInt(alpha ? 1 : 0);
-    }
-
-    public void writeStencilFuncSeparate(int face, int func, int ref, int mask) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC_SEPARATE);
-        writeInt(face);
-        writeInt(func);
-        writeInt(ref);
-        writeInt(mask);
-    }
-
-    public void writeStencilOpSeparate(int face, int sfail, int dpfail, int dppass) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_OP_SEPARATE);
-        writeInt(face);
-        writeInt(sfail);
-        writeInt(dpfail);
-        writeInt(dppass);
-    }
-
-    // === Float commands ===
-
-    public void writePointSize(float size) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.POINT_SIZE);
-        writeFloat(size);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLineWidth(float width) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LINE_WIDTH);
-        writeFloat(width);
-    }
-
-    public void writePolygonOffset(float factor, float units) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.POLYGON_OFFSET);
-        writeFloat(factor);
-        writeFloat(units);
-    }
-
-    public void writeColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.COLOR);
-        writeFloat(r);
-        writeFloat(g);
-        writeFloat(b);
-        writeFloat(a);
-    }
-
-    public void writeClearColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR_COLOR);
-        writeFloat(r);
-        writeFloat(g);
-        writeFloat(b);
-        writeFloat(a);
-    }
-
-    public void writeClearDepth(double depth) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR_DEPTH);
-        writeDouble(depth);
-    }
-
-    public void writeBlendColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
-        ensureCapacity(20);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.BLEND_COLOR);
-        writeFloat(r);
-        writeFloat(g);
-        writeFloat(b);
-        writeFloat(a);
-    }
-
-    // === Mixed int+float commands ===
-
-    public void writeAlphaFunc(int func, float ref) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.ALPHA_FUNC);
-        writeInt(func);
-        writeFloat(ref);
-    }
-
-    public void writeFogf(int pname, float param) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.FOGF);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeFloat(param);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLightf(int light, int pname, float param) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHTF);
-        writeInt(light);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeFloat(param);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLightModelf(int pname, float param) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT_MODELF);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeFloat(param);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLighti(int light, int pname, int param) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHTI);
-        writeInt(light);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(param);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLightModeli(int pname, int param) {
-        ensureCapacity(12);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT_MODELI);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(param);
-    }
-
-    public void writeMaterialf(int face, int pname, float param) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.MATERIALF);
-        writeInt(face);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeFloat(param);
-    }
-
-    public void writeTexParameterf(int target, int pname, float param) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERF);
-        writeInt(target);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeFloat(param);
-    }
-
-    // === Double commands ===
-
-    public void writeTranslate(double x, double y, double z) {
-        ensureCapacity(28);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.TRANSLATE);
-        writeDouble(x);
-        writeDouble(y);
-        writeDouble(z);
-    }
-
-    public void writeRotate(double angle, double x, double y, double z) {
-        ensureCapacity(36);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.ROTATE);
-        writeDouble(angle);
-        writeDouble(x);
-        writeDouble(y);
-        writeDouble(z);
-    }
-
-    public void writeScale(double x, double y, double z) {
-        ensureCapacity(28);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.SCALE);
-        writeDouble(x);
-        writeDouble(y);
-        writeDouble(z);
-    }
-
-    public void writeOrtho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) {
-        ensureCapacity(52);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.ORTHO);
-        writeDouble(left);
-        writeDouble(right);
-        writeDouble(bottom);
-        writeDouble(top);
-        writeDouble(zNear);
-        writeDouble(zFar);
-    }
-
-    public void writeFrustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) {
-        ensureCapacity(52);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.FRUSTUM);
-        writeDouble(left);
-        writeDouble(right);
-        writeDouble(bottom);
-        writeDouble(top);
-        writeDouble(zNear);
-        writeDouble(zFar);
-    }
-
-    // === Matrix commands ===
-
-    public void writeMultMatrix(Matrix4f matrix) {
-        ensureCapacity(68);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX);
-        writeMatrix4f(matrix);
-    }
-
-    public void writeLoadMatrix(Matrix4f matrix) {
-        ensureCapacity(68);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LOAD_MATRIX);
-        writeMatrix4f(matrix);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Write a Matrix4f to the buffer in column-major order (OpenGL convention).
-     * Uses accessor methods instead of getToAddress() to avoid JOML MemUtil issues.
-     */
-    private void writeMatrix4f(Matrix4f m) {
-        // Column 0
-        writeFloat(m.m00()); writeFloat(m.m01()); writeFloat(m.m02()); writeFloat(m.m03());
-        // Column 1
-        writeFloat(m.m10()); writeFloat(m.m11()); writeFloat(m.m12()); writeFloat(m.m13());
-        // Column 2
-        writeFloat(m.m20()); writeFloat(m.m21()); writeFloat(m.m22()); writeFloat(m.m23());
-        // Column 3
-        writeFloat(m.m30()); writeFloat(m.m31()); writeFloat(m.m32()); writeFloat(m.m33());
-    }
-
-    // === Buffer commands (inline 4 floats) ===
-
-    public void writeFog(int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
-        ensureCapacity(12 + count * 4);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.FOG);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(count);
-        final int pos = params.position();
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void writeLight(int light, int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
-        ensureCapacity(16 + count * 4);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT);
-        writeInt(light);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(count);
-        final int pos = params.position();
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void writeLightModel(int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
-        ensureCapacity(12 + count * 4);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT_MODEL);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(count);
-        final int pos = params.position();
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void writeMaterial(int face, int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
-        ensureCapacity(16 + count * 4);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.MATERIAL);
-        writeInt(face);
-        writeInt(pname);
-        writeInt(count);
-        final int pos = params.position();
-        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void writeClipPlane(int plane, double a, double b, double c, double d) {
-        ensureCapacity(40);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.CLIP_PLANE);
-        writeInt(plane);
-        writeDouble(a);
-        writeDouble(b);
-        writeDouble(c);
-        writeDouble(d);
-    }
-
-    // === Draw commands ===
-
-    public void writeDrawRange(int vboIndex) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
-        writeInt(vboIndex);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Write a DRAW_RANGE_RESTORE command that draws a VBO range and restores GL current state after.
-     * Used for immediate mode VBOs to restore GL_CURRENT_COLOR, GL_CURRENT_NORMAL, GL_CURRENT_TEXTURE_COORDS.
-     *
-     * @param vboIndex Index into ownedVbos array
-     */
-    public void writeDrawRangeRestore(
-        int vboIndex, AccumulatedDraw.RestoreData restoreData
-    ) {
-        ensureCapacity(28);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE_RESTORE);
-        writeInt(vboIndex);
-        writeInt(restoreData.flags);
-        // Last color (4 bytes)
-        writeInt(restoreData.lastColor);
-        // Last normal (4 bytes)
-        writeInt(restoreData.lastNormal);
-        // Last texcoord (2 floats = 8 bytes)
-        writeFloat(restoreData.lastTexCoordU);
-        writeFloat(restoreData.lastTexCoordV);
-    }
-
-    public void writeCallList(int listId) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.CALL_LIST);
-        writeInt(listId);
-    }
-
-    public void writeDrawArrays(int mode, int start, int count) {
-        ensureCapacity(16);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_ARRAYS);
-        writeInt(mode);
-        writeInt(start);
-        writeInt(count);
-    }
-
-    public void writeDrawElements(int mode, int indices_count, int type, long indices_buffer_offset) {
-        ensureCapacity(24);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_ELEMENTS);
-        writeInt(mode);
-        writeInt(indices_count);
-        writeInt(type);
-        writeLong(indices_buffer_offset);
-    }
-
-    public void writeBindVBO(int vbo) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.BIND_VBO);
-        writeInt(vbo);
-    }
-
-    public void writeBindVAO(int vao) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.BIND_VAO);
-        writeInt(vao);
-    }
-
-    public void writeDrawBuffer(int mode) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_BUFFER);
-        writeInt(mode);
-    }
-
-    private static final int MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS = 8;
-    // cmd (4) + count (4) + buffers (4 * MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS)
-    private static final int DRAW_BUFFERS_SIZE = 4 + 4 + 4 * MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS;
-
-    public void writeDrawBuffers(int count, int buffer) {
-        ensureCapacity(DRAW_BUFFERS_SIZE);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_BUFFERS);
-        writeInt(count);
-        writeInt(buffer);
-        for (int i = 1; i < MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS; i++) {
-            writeInt(0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void writeDrawBuffers(int count, IntBuffer bufs) {
-        ensureCapacity(DRAW_BUFFERS_SIZE);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_BUFFERS);
-        writeInt(count);
-        final int pos = bufs.position();
-        for (int i = 0; i < count && i < MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS; i++) {
-            writeInt(bufs.get(pos + i));
-        }
-        for (int i = count; i < MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS; i++) {
-            writeInt(0);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // === Complex object reference ===
-
-    public void writeComplexRef(DisplayListCommand cmd) {
-        ensureCapacity(8);
-        final int index = complexObjects.size();
-        complexObjects.add(cmd);
-        writeInt(GLCommand.COMPLEX_REF);
-        writeInt(index);
-    }
-
-    // === Reading methods for optimization pass ===
-
-    private long readPointer = 0;
-
-    /**
-     * Reset read position to the beginning of the buffer.
-     */
-    public void resetRead() {
-        readPointer = basePointer;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Check if there's more data to read.
-     */
-    public boolean hasRemaining() {
-        return readPointer < writePointer;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Read an int from the current position.
-     */
-    public int readInt() {
-        final int value = memGetInt(readPointer);
-        readPointer += 4;
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    public long readLong() {
-        final long value = memGetLong(readPointer);
-        readPointer += 8;
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Read a float from the current position.
-     */
-    public float readFloat() {
-        final float value = memGetFloat(readPointer);
-        readPointer += 4;
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Read a double from the current position.
-     */
-    public double readDouble() {
-        final double value = memGetDouble(readPointer);
-        readPointer += 8;
-        return value;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Read a Matrix4f from the current position (16 floats in column-major order).
-     */
-    public Matrix4f readMatrix4f(Matrix4f dest) {
-        dest.m00(readFloat()); dest.m01(readFloat()); dest.m02(readFloat()); dest.m03(readFloat());
-        dest.m10(readFloat()); dest.m11(readFloat()); dest.m12(readFloat()); dest.m13(readFloat());
-        dest.m20(readFloat()); dest.m21(readFloat()); dest.m22(readFloat()); dest.m23(readFloat());
-        dest.m30(readFloat()); dest.m31(readFloat()); dest.m32(readFloat()); dest.m33(readFloat());
-        return dest;
-    }
-
-    // === Lifecycle ===
-
-    public int size() {
-        return (int) (writePointer - basePointer);
-    }
-
-    public long address() {
-        return basePointer;
-    }
-
-    public ByteBuffer toBuffer() {
-        buffer.limit(size());
-        buffer.position(0);
-        return buffer;
-    }
-
-    public Object[] getComplexObjects() {
-        return complexObjects.toArray();
-    }
-
-    public Object getComplexObject(int index) {
-        return complexObjects.get(index);
-    }
-
-    public boolean isEmpty() {
-        return size() == 0 && complexObjects.isEmpty();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Clear the buffer for reuse. Does NOT free memory.
-     */
-    public void clear() {
-        writePointer = basePointer;
-        complexObjects.clear();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Free the underlying buffer. Must be called when done.
-     */
-    public void free() {
-        if (buffer != null) {
-            memFree(buffer);
-            buffer = null;
-            basePointer = 0;
-            writePointer = 0;
-        }
-    }
-}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/CommandBufferExecutor.java

@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
 
-import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.opengl.UniversalVAO;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFlags;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.DisplayListManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.DisplayListCommand;
 import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
-import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -14,7 +12,10 @@ import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
 
-import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.*;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAddress;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetDouble;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetFloat;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetInt;
 
 /**
  * Executes commands from a CommandBuffer
@@ -39,7 +40,13 @@ public final class CommandBufferExecutor {
      * @param complexObjects Array of complex objects (TexImage2DCmd, etc.)
      * @param ownedVbos Array of VBOs owned by the display list (indexed by DrawRange commands)
      */
-    public static void execute(ByteBuffer buffer, Object[] complexObjects, DisplayListVBO ownedVbos) {
+    public static void execute(
+        ByteBuffer buffer,
+        DisplayListCommand[] complexObjects,
+        DisplayListVBO ownedVbos,
+        int list,
+        CompiledDisplayList compiledDisplayList
+    ) {
         long ptr = memAddress(buffer);
         final long end = ptr + buffer.limit();
 
@@ -343,50 +350,6 @@ public final class CommandBufferExecutor {
                     GLStateManager.glTexParameterf(target, pname, param);
                 }
 
-                // === Double commands ===
-                case GLCommand.TRANSLATE -> {
-                    final double x = memGetDouble(ptr);
-                    final double y = memGetDouble(ptr + 8);
-                    final double z = memGetDouble(ptr + 16);
-                    ptr += 24;
-                    GLStateManager.glTranslated(x, y, z);
-                }
-                case GLCommand.ROTATE -> {
-                    final double angle = memGetDouble(ptr);
-                    final double x = memGetDouble(ptr + 8);
-                    final double y = memGetDouble(ptr + 16);
-                    final double z = memGetDouble(ptr + 24);
-                    ptr += 32;
-                    GLStateManager.glRotated(angle, x, y, z);
-                }
-                case GLCommand.SCALE -> {
-                    final double x = memGetDouble(ptr);
-                    final double y = memGetDouble(ptr + 8);
-                    final double z = memGetDouble(ptr + 16);
-                    ptr += 24;
-                    GLStateManager.glScaled(x, y, z);
-                }
-                case GLCommand.ORTHO -> {
-                    final double left = memGetDouble(ptr);
-                    final double right = memGetDouble(ptr + 8);
-                    final double bottom = memGetDouble(ptr + 16);
-                    final double top = memGetDouble(ptr + 24);
-                    final double zNear = memGetDouble(ptr + 32);
-                    final double zFar = memGetDouble(ptr + 40);
-                    ptr += 48;
-                    GLStateManager.glOrtho(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar);
-                }
-                case GLCommand.FRUSTUM -> {
-                    final double left = memGetDouble(ptr);
-                    final double right = memGetDouble(ptr + 8);
-                    final double bottom = memGetDouble(ptr + 16);
-                    final double top = memGetDouble(ptr + 24);
-                    final double zNear = memGetDouble(ptr + 32);
-                    final double zFar = memGetDouble(ptr + 40);
-                    ptr += 48;
-                    GLStateManager.glFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar);
-                }
-
                 // === Matrix commands ===
                 case GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX -> {
                     // Mode-agnostic: just multiply current matrix
@@ -398,6 +361,20 @@ public final class CommandBufferExecutor {
                     MATRIX_BUFFER.flip();
                     GLStateManager.glMultMatrix(MATRIX_BUFFER);
                 }
+                case GLCommand.TRANSLATE -> {
+                    final float x = memGetFloat(ptr);
+                    final float y = memGetFloat(ptr + 4);
+                    final float z = memGetFloat(ptr + 8);
+                    ptr += 12;
+                    GLStateManager.glTranslatef(x, y, z);
+                }
+                case GLCommand.SCALE -> {
+                    final float x = memGetFloat(ptr);
+                    final float y = memGetFloat(ptr + 4);
+                    final float z = memGetFloat(ptr + 8);
+                    ptr += 12;
+                    GLStateManager.glScalef(x, y, z);
+                }
                 case GLCommand.LOAD_MATRIX -> {
                     MATRIX_BUFFER.clear();
                     for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
@@ -530,14 +507,6 @@ public final class CommandBufferExecutor {
                     ptr += 4 * MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS;
                     GLStateManager.glDrawBuffers(DRAW_BUFFERS_BUFFER);
                 }
-                case GLCommand.DRAW_ARRAYS -> {
-                    GLStateManager.glDrawArrays(memGetInt(ptr), memGetInt(ptr + 4), memGetInt(ptr + 8));
-                    ptr += 12;
-                }
-                case GLCommand.DRAW_ELEMENTS -> {
-                    GLStateManager.glDrawElements(memGetInt(ptr), memGetInt(ptr + 4), memGetInt(ptr + 8), memGetLong(ptr + 12));
-                    ptr += 20;
-                }
                 case GLCommand.BIND_VBO -> {
                     GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, memGetInt(ptr));
                     ptr += 4;
@@ -551,10 +520,10 @@ public final class CommandBufferExecutor {
                 case GLCommand.COMPLEX_REF -> {
                     final int index = memGetInt(ptr);
                     ptr += 4;
-                    ((DisplayListCommand) complexObjects[index]).execute();
+                    complexObjects[index].execute();
                 }
 
-                default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown command opcode: " + cmd);
+                default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown command opcode: " + cmd + " in display list with ID " + list + "\n" + DisplayListManager.getCompiledDisplayListString(list, compiledDisplayList, null));
             }
         }
     }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/CommandBufferProcessor.java

@@ -1,168 +0,0 @@
-package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
-
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.DisplayListCommand;
-import org.joml.Matrix4f;
-
-import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
-
-public final class CommandBufferProcessor {
-    private static final Matrix4f tempMatrix = new Matrix4f();
-
-    private CommandBufferProcessor() {}
-
-    /**
-     * Copy a complete command (opcode already read) from raw to final buffer.
-     */
-    public static void copyCommand(CommandBuffer raw, CommandBuffer out) {
-        final int opcode = raw.readInt();
-        copyCommandData(opcode, raw, out);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Copy command data based on opcode (opcode already consumed from raw).
-     */
-    public static void copyCommandData(int opcode, CommandBuffer raw, CommandBuffer out) {
-        switch (opcode) {
-            // Single int commands
-            case GLCommand.ENABLE -> out.writeEnable(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.DISABLE -> out.writeDisable(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.CLEAR -> out.writeClear(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.CLEAR_STENCIL -> out.writeClearStencil(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.CULL_FACE -> out.writeCullFace(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.DEPTH_FUNC -> out.writeDepthFunc(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.SHADE_MODEL -> out.writeShadeModel(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.LOGIC_OP -> out.writeLogicOp(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.MATRIX_MODE -> out.writeMatrixMode(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.ACTIVE_TEXTURE -> out.writeActiveTexture(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.USE_PROGRAM -> out.writeUseProgram(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.PUSH_ATTRIB -> out.writePushAttrib(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.POP_ATTRIB -> { raw.readInt(); out.writePopAttrib(); }
-            case GLCommand.LOAD_IDENTITY -> out.writeLoadIdentity();
-            case GLCommand.PUSH_MATRIX -> out.writePushMatrix();
-            case GLCommand.POP_MATRIX -> out.writePopMatrix();
-            case GLCommand.STENCIL_MASK -> out.writeStencilMask(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.DEPTH_MASK -> out.writeDepthMask(raw.readInt() != 0);
-            case GLCommand.FRONT_FACE -> out.writeFrontFace(raw.readInt());
-
-            // Two int commands
-            case GLCommand.BIND_TEXTURE -> out.writeBindTexture(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.POLYGON_MODE -> out.writePolygonMode(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.COLOR_MATERIAL -> out.writeColorMaterial(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.LINE_STIPPLE -> out.writeLineStipple(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.STENCIL_MASK_SEPARATE -> out.writeStencilMaskSeparate(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.FOGI -> out.writeFogi(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.HINT -> out.writeHint(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-
-            // Three int commands
-            case GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC -> out.writeStencilFunc(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.STENCIL_OP -> out.writeStencilOp(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERI -> out.writeTexParameteri(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-
-            // Four int commands
-            case GLCommand.VIEWPORT -> out.writeViewport(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.SCISSOR -> out.writeScissor(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.BLEND_FUNC -> out.writeBlendFunc(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.COLOR_MASK -> out.writeColorMask(raw.readInt() != 0, raw.readInt() != 0, raw.readInt() != 0, raw.readInt() != 0);
-            case GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC_SEPARATE -> out.writeStencilFuncSeparate(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.STENCIL_OP_SEPARATE -> out.writeStencilOpSeparate(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-
-            // Float commands
-            case GLCommand.POINT_SIZE -> out.writePointSize(raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.LINE_WIDTH -> out.writeLineWidth(raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.POLYGON_OFFSET -> out.writePolygonOffset(raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.COLOR -> out.writeColor(raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.CLEAR_COLOR -> out.writeClearColor(raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat());
-
-            // Single double commands
-            case GLCommand.CLEAR_DEPTH -> out.writeClearDepth(raw.readDouble());
-
-            // Four float commands
-            case GLCommand.BLEND_COLOR -> out.writeBlendColor(raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat(), raw.readFloat());
-
-            // Mixed int+float commands
-            case GLCommand.ALPHA_FUNC -> out.writeAlphaFunc(raw.readInt(), raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.FOGF -> out.writeFogf(raw.readInt(), raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.LIGHTF -> out.writeLightf(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.LIGHT_MODELF -> out.writeLightModelf(raw.readInt(), raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.LIGHTI -> out.writeLighti(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.LIGHT_MODELI -> out.writeLightModeli(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.MATERIALF -> out.writeMaterialf(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readFloat());
-            case GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERF -> out.writeTexParameterf(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readFloat());
-
-            // Double commands
-            case GLCommand.TRANSLATE -> out.writeTranslate(raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble());
-            case GLCommand.ROTATE -> out.writeRotate(raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble());
-            case GLCommand.SCALE -> out.writeScale(raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble());
-            case GLCommand.ORTHO -> out.writeOrtho(raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble());
-            case GLCommand.FRUSTUM -> out.writeFrustum(raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble(), raw.readDouble());
-
-            // Matrix commands
-            case GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX -> { out.writeMultMatrix(raw.readMatrix4f(tempMatrix)); }
-            case GLCommand.LOAD_MATRIX -> { out.writeLoadMatrix(raw.readMatrix4f(tempMatrix)); }
-
-            // FloatBuffer commands (inline 4 floats max)
-            case GLCommand.FOG -> {
-                final int pname = raw.readInt();
-                final int count = raw.readInt();
-                final FloatBuffer fb = FloatBuffer.allocate(count);
-                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) fb.put(raw.readFloat());
-                fb.flip();
-                out.writeFog(pname, fb);
-            }
-            case GLCommand.LIGHT -> {
-                final int light = raw.readInt();
-                final int pname = raw.readInt();
-                final int count = raw.readInt();
-                final FloatBuffer fb = FloatBuffer.allocate(count);
-                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) fb.put(raw.readFloat());
-                fb.flip();
-                out.writeLight(light, pname, fb);
-            }
-            case GLCommand.LIGHT_MODEL -> {
-                final int pname = raw.readInt();
-                final int count = raw.readInt();
-                final FloatBuffer fb = FloatBuffer.allocate(count);
-                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) fb.put(raw.readFloat());
-                fb.flip();
-                out.writeLightModel(pname, fb);
-            }
-            case GLCommand.MATERIAL -> {
-                final int face = raw.readInt();
-                final int pname = raw.readInt();
-                final int count = raw.readInt();
-                final FloatBuffer fb = FloatBuffer.allocate(count);
-                for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) fb.put(raw.readFloat());
-                fb.flip();
-                out.writeMaterial(face, pname, fb);
-            }
-
-            // Clip plane command (4 doubles)
-            case GLCommand.CLIP_PLANE -> {
-                final int plane = raw.readInt();
-                final double a = raw.readDouble();
-                final double b = raw.readDouble();
-                final double c = raw.readDouble();
-                final double d = raw.readDouble();
-                out.writeClipPlane(plane, a, b, c, d);
-            }
-
-            // Draw/call commands
-            case GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE -> out.writeDrawRange(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.CALL_LIST -> out.writeCallList(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.DRAW_ARRAYS -> out.writeDrawArrays(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.DRAW_ELEMENTS -> out.writeDrawElements(raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readInt(), raw.readLong());
-            case GLCommand.BIND_VBO -> out.writeBindVBO(raw.readInt());
-            case GLCommand.BIND_VAO -> out.writeBindVAO(raw.readInt());
-
-            // Complex object reference - transfer the object to output buffer
-            case GLCommand.COMPLEX_REF -> {
-                final int index = raw.readInt();
-                final Object obj = raw.getComplexObject(index);
-                out.writeComplexRef((DisplayListCommand) obj);
-            }
-
-            default -> GLStateManager.LOGGER.warn("[CommandBufferProcessor] Unknown opcode in buffer copy: {}", opcode);
-        }
-    }
-}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/CommandRecorder.java

@@ -1,374 +1,701 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
 
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.DisplayListCommand;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawBatchBuilder;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawCapture;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
+import org.joml.Vector3f;
 
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.*;
 
-/**
- * Records GL commands to a CommandBuffer during display list compilation.
- */
 public final class CommandRecorder {
-    private final CommandBuffer buffer;
-    private int commandCount;
+    private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 2048; // Guess at typical display list size
+
+    private ByteBuffer buffer;
+    private long basePointer;
+    private long writePointer;
+    private final ArrayList<DisplayListCommand> complexObjects = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final IndexedDrawBatchBuilder indexedDraws = new IndexedDrawBatchBuilder();
 
     public CommandRecorder() {
-        this.buffer = new CommandBuffer();
-        this.commandCount = 0;
+        this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
     }
 
-    public CommandBuffer getBuffer() {
-        return buffer;
+    public CommandRecorder(int initialCapacity) {
+        this.buffer = memAlloc(initialCapacity);
+        this.basePointer = memAddress0(buffer);
+        this.writePointer = basePointer;
     }
 
-    public int getCommandCount() {
-        return commandCount;
+    // === Low-level write operations ===
+
+    private void writeInt(int value) {
+        memPutInt(writePointer, value);
+        writePointer += 4;
+    }
+
+    private void writeLong(long value) {
+        memPutLong(writePointer, value);
+        writePointer += 8;
+    }
+
+    private void writeFloat(float value) {
+        memPutFloat(writePointer, value);
+        writePointer += 4;
+    }
+
+    private void writeDouble(double value) {
+        memPutDouble(writePointer, value);
+        writePointer += 8;
+    }
+
+    private void ensureCapacity(int needed) {
+        final int size = size();
+        final int remaining = buffer.capacity() - size;
+        if (remaining < needed) {
+            final int newCapacity = Math.max(buffer.capacity() * 2, buffer.capacity() + needed);
+            buffer = memRealloc(buffer, newCapacity);
+            basePointer = memAddress0(buffer);
+            writePointer = basePointer + size;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public IndexedDrawBatchBuilder getIndexedDraws() {
+        return indexedDraws;
+    }
+
+    public void writeIndexedDrawCapture(IndexedDrawCapture capture) {
+        indexedDraws.add(capture);
+        writeComplexCommand(capture.placeholder);
     }
 
     public void free() {
-        buffer.free();
+        for (IndexedDrawCapture c : indexedDraws.getCaptures()) {
+            c.freeBuffers();
+        }
     }
 
-    // ==================== Recording Methods ====================
+    // === Single int commands ===
 
-    public void recordEnable(int cap) {
-        buffer.writeEnable(cap);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeEnable(int cap) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.ENABLE);
+        writeInt(cap);
     }
 
-    public void recordDisable(int cap) {
-        buffer.writeDisable(cap);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeDisable(int cap) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DISABLE);
+        writeInt(cap);
     }
 
-    public void recordClear(int mask) {
-        buffer.writeClear(mask);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeClear(int mask) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR);
+        writeInt(mask);
     }
 
-    public void recordClearColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
-        buffer.writeClearColor(r, g, b, a);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeClearStencil(int s) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR_STENCIL);
+        writeInt(s);
     }
 
-    public void recordClearDepth(double depth) {
-        buffer.writeClearDepth(depth);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeCullFace(int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.CULL_FACE);
+        writeInt(mode);
     }
 
-    public void recordBlendColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
-        buffer.writeBlendColor(r, g, b, a);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeDepthFunc(int func) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DEPTH_FUNC);
+        writeInt(func);
     }
 
-    public void recordClearStencil(int s) {
-        buffer.writeClearStencil(s);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeShadeModel(int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.SHADE_MODEL);
+        writeInt(mode);
     }
 
-    public void recordColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
-        buffer.writeColor(r, g, b, a);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLogicOp(int opcode) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LOGIC_OP);
+        writeInt(opcode);
     }
 
-    public void recordColorMask(boolean r, boolean g, boolean b, boolean a) {
-        buffer.writeColorMask(r, g, b, a);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeMatrixMode(int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.MATRIX_MODE);
+        writeInt(mode);
     }
 
-    public void recordDepthMask(boolean flag) {
-        buffer.writeDepthMask(flag);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeActiveTexture(int texture) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.ACTIVE_TEXTURE);
+        writeInt(texture);
     }
 
-    public void recordFrontFace(int mode) {
-        buffer.writeFrontFace(mode);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeUseProgram(int program) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.USE_PROGRAM);
+        writeInt(program);
     }
 
-    public void recordDepthFunc(int func) {
-        buffer.writeDepthFunc(func);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writePushAttrib(int mask) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.PUSH_ATTRIB);
+        writeInt(mask);
     }
 
-    public void recordBlendFunc(int srcRgb, int dstRgb, int srcAlpha, int dstAlpha) {
-        buffer.writeBlendFunc(srcRgb, dstRgb, srcAlpha, dstAlpha);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writePopAttrib() {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.POP_ATTRIB);
+        writeInt(0); // unused padding
     }
 
-    public void recordAlphaFunc(int func, float ref) {
-        buffer.writeAlphaFunc(func, ref);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLoadIdentity() {
+        ensureCapacity(4);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LOAD_IDENTITY);
     }
 
-    public void recordCullFace(int mode) {
-        buffer.writeCullFace(mode);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writePushMatrix() {
+        ensureCapacity(4);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.PUSH_MATRIX);
     }
 
-    public void recordShadeModel(int mode) {
-        buffer.writeShadeModel(mode);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writePopMatrix() {
+        ensureCapacity(4);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.POP_MATRIX);
     }
 
-    public void recordBindTexture(int target, int texture) {
-        buffer.writeBindTexture(target, texture);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeStencilMask(int mask) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_MASK);
+        writeInt(mask);
     }
 
-    public void recordTexParameteri(int target, int pname, int param) {
-        buffer.writeTexParameteri(target, pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeDepthMask(boolean flag) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DEPTH_MASK);
+        writeInt(flag ? 1 : 0);
     }
 
-    public void recordTexParameterf(int target, int pname, float param) {
-        buffer.writeTexParameterf(target, pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeFrontFace(int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.FRONT_FACE);
+        writeInt(mode);
     }
 
-    public void recordMatrixMode(int mode) {
-        buffer.writeMatrixMode(mode);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordLoadIdentity() {
-        buffer.writeLoadIdentity();
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordPushMatrix() {
-        buffer.writePushMatrix();
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordPopMatrix() {
-        buffer.writePopMatrix();
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordMultMatrix(Matrix4f matrix) {
-        buffer.writeMultMatrix(matrix);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordLoadMatrix(Matrix4f matrix) {
-        buffer.writeLoadMatrix(matrix);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
+    // === Two int commands ===
 
-    public void recordOrtho(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) {
-        buffer.writeOrtho(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeBindTexture(int target, int texture) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.BIND_TEXTURE);
+        writeInt(target);
+        writeInt(texture);
     }
 
-    public void recordFrustum(double left, double right, double bottom, double top, double zNear, double zFar) {
-        buffer.writeFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, zNear, zFar);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writePolygonMode(int face, int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.POLYGON_MODE);
+        writeInt(face);
+        writeInt(mode);
     }
 
-    public void recordViewport(int x, int y, int width, int height) {
-        buffer.writeViewport(x, y, width, height);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeColorMaterial(int face, int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.COLOR_MATERIAL);
+        writeInt(face);
+        writeInt(mode);
     }
 
-    public void recordScissor(int x, int y, int width, int height) {
-        buffer.writeScissor(x, y, width, height);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLineStipple(int factor, int pattern) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LINE_STIPPLE);
+        writeInt(factor);
+        writeInt(pattern);
     }
 
-    public void recordPointSize(float size) {
-        buffer.writePointSize(size);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeStencilMaskSeparate(int face, int mask) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_MASK_SEPARATE);
+        writeInt(face);
+        writeInt(mask);
     }
 
-    public void recordLineWidth(float width) {
-        buffer.writeLineWidth(width);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeFogi(int pname, int param) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.FOGI);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(param);
     }
 
-    public void recordLineStipple(int factor, int pattern) {
-        buffer.writeLineStipple(factor, pattern);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeHint(int target, int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.HINT);
+        writeInt(target);
+        writeInt(mode);
     }
 
-    public void recordPolygonOffset(float factor, float units) {
-        buffer.writePolygonOffset(factor, units);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordPolygonMode(int face, int mode) {
-        buffer.writePolygonMode(face, mode);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
+    // === Three int commands ===
 
-    public void recordColorMaterial(int face, int mode) {
-        buffer.writeColorMaterial(face, mode);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeStencilFunc(int func, int ref, int mask) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC);
+        writeInt(func);
+        writeInt(ref);
+        writeInt(mask);
     }
 
-    public void recordLogicOp(int opcode) {
-        buffer.writeLogicOp(opcode);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeStencilOp(int fail, int zfail, int zpass) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_OP);
+        writeInt(fail);
+        writeInt(zfail);
+        writeInt(zpass);
     }
 
-    public void recordActiveTexture(int texture) {
-        buffer.writeActiveTexture(texture);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeTexParameteri(int target, int pname, int param) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERI);
+        writeInt(target);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(param);
     }
 
-    public void recordUseProgram(int program) {
-        buffer.writeUseProgram(program);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
+    // === Four int commands ===
 
-    public void recordPushAttrib(int mask) {
-        buffer.writePushAttrib(mask);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeViewport(int x, int y, int width, int height) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.VIEWPORT);
+        writeInt(x);
+        writeInt(y);
+        writeInt(width);
+        writeInt(height);
     }
 
-    public void recordPopAttrib() {
-        buffer.writePopAttrib();
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeScissor(int x, int y, int width, int height) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.SCISSOR);
+        writeInt(x);
+        writeInt(y);
+        writeInt(width);
+        writeInt(height);
     }
 
-    public void recordFogf(int pname, float param) {
-        buffer.writeFogf(pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeBlendFunc(int srcRgb, int dstRgb, int srcAlpha, int dstAlpha) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.BLEND_FUNC);
+        writeInt(srcRgb);
+        writeInt(dstRgb);
+        writeInt(srcAlpha);
+        writeInt(dstAlpha);
     }
 
-    public void recordFogi(int pname, int param) {
-        buffer.writeFogi(pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeColorMask(boolean red, boolean green, boolean blue, boolean alpha) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.COLOR_MASK);
+        writeInt(red ? 1 : 0);
+        writeInt(green ? 1 : 0);
+        writeInt(blue ? 1 : 0);
+        writeInt(alpha ? 1 : 0);
     }
 
-    public void recordHint(int target, int mode) {
-        buffer.writeHint(target, mode);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeStencilFuncSeparate(int face, int func, int ref, int mask) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC_SEPARATE);
+        writeInt(face);
+        writeInt(func);
+        writeInt(ref);
+        writeInt(mask);
     }
 
-    public void recordFog(int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        buffer.writeFog(pname, params);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeStencilOpSeparate(int face, int sfail, int dpfail, int dppass) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.STENCIL_OP_SEPARATE);
+        writeInt(face);
+        writeInt(sfail);
+        writeInt(dpfail);
+        writeInt(dppass);
     }
 
-    public void recordLightf(int light, int pname, float param) {
-        buffer.writeLightf(light, pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
+    // === Float commands ===
 
-    public void recordLighti(int light, int pname, int param) {
-        buffer.writeLighti(light, pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writePointSize(float size) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.POINT_SIZE);
+        writeFloat(size);
     }
 
-    public void recordLight(int light, int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        buffer.writeLight(light, pname, params);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLineWidth(float width) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LINE_WIDTH);
+        writeFloat(width);
     }
 
-    public void recordLightModelf(int pname, float param) {
-        buffer.writeLightModelf(pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writePolygonOffset(float factor, float units) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.POLYGON_OFFSET);
+        writeFloat(factor);
+        writeFloat(units);
     }
 
-    public void recordLightModeli(int pname, int param) {
-        buffer.writeLightModeli(pname, param);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.COLOR);
+        writeFloat(r);
+        writeFloat(g);
+        writeFloat(b);
+        writeFloat(a);
     }
 
-    public void recordLightModel(int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        buffer.writeLightModel(pname, params);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeClearColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR_COLOR);
+        writeFloat(r);
+        writeFloat(g);
+        writeFloat(b);
+        writeFloat(a);
     }
 
-    public void recordMaterialf(int face, int pname, float val) {
-        buffer.writeMaterialf(face, pname, val);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeClearDepth(double depth) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR_DEPTH);
+        writeDouble(depth);
     }
 
-    public void recordMaterial(int face, int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
-        buffer.writeMaterial(face, pname, params);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeBlendColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
+        ensureCapacity(20);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.BLEND_COLOR);
+        writeFloat(r);
+        writeFloat(g);
+        writeFloat(b);
+        writeFloat(a);
     }
 
-    public void recordClipPlane(int plane, double a, double b, double c, double d) {
-        buffer.writeClipPlane(plane, a, b, c, d);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
+    // === Mixed int+float commands ===
 
-    public void recordStencilFunc(int func, int ref, int mask) {
-        buffer.writeStencilFunc(func, ref, mask);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeAlphaFunc(int func, float ref) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.ALPHA_FUNC);
+        writeInt(func);
+        writeFloat(ref);
     }
 
-    public void recordStencilFuncSeparate(int face, int func, int ref, int mask) {
-        buffer.writeStencilFuncSeparate(face, func, ref, mask);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeFogf(int pname, float param) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.FOGF);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeFloat(param);
     }
 
-    public void recordStencilOp(int fail, int zfail, int zpass) {
-        buffer.writeStencilOp(fail, zfail, zpass);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLightf(int light, int pname, float param) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHTF);
+        writeInt(light);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeFloat(param);
     }
 
-    public void recordStencilOpSeparate(int face, int sfail, int dpfail, int dppass) {
-        buffer.writeStencilOpSeparate(face, sfail, dpfail, dppass);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLightModelf(int pname, float param) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT_MODELF);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeFloat(param);
     }
 
-    public void recordStencilMask(int mask) {
-        buffer.writeStencilMask(mask);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLighti(int light, int pname, int param) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHTI);
+        writeInt(light);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(param);
     }
 
-    public void recordStencilMaskSeparate(int face, int mask) {
-        buffer.writeStencilMaskSeparate(face, mask);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeLightModeli(int pname, int param) {
+        ensureCapacity(12);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT_MODELI);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(param);
     }
 
-    public void recordCallList(int listId) {
-        buffer.writeCallList(listId);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void writeMaterialf(int face, int pname, float param) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.MATERIALF);
+        writeInt(face);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeFloat(param);
     }
-
-    public void recordDrawBuffer(int mode) {
-        buffer.writeDrawBuffer(mode);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordDrawBuffers(int count, int buf) {
-        buffer.writeDrawBuffers(count, buf);
-        commandCount++;
-    }
-
-    public void recordDrawBuffers(int count, IntBuffer bufs) {
-        buffer.writeDrawBuffers(count, bufs);
-        commandCount++;
+
+    public void writeTexParameterf(int target, int pname, float param) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERF);
+        writeInt(target);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeFloat(param);
+    }
+
+    // === Transformation commands ===
+
+    public void writeTranslate(Vector3f translationVector) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.TRANSLATE);
+        writeFloat(translationVector.x);
+        writeFloat(translationVector.y);
+        writeFloat(translationVector.z);
+    }
+
+    public void writeScale(Vector3f scaleVector) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.SCALE);
+        writeFloat(scaleVector.x);
+        writeFloat(scaleVector.y);
+        writeFloat(scaleVector.z);
+    }
+
+    // === Matrix commands ===
+
+    public void writeMultMatrix(Matrix4f matrix) {
+        ensureCapacity(68);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX);
+        writeMatrix4f(matrix);
+    }
+
+    public void writeLoadMatrix(Matrix4f matrix) {
+        ensureCapacity(68);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LOAD_MATRIX);
+        writeMatrix4f(matrix);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write a Matrix4f to the buffer in column-major order (OpenGL convention).
+     * Uses accessor methods instead of getToAddress() to avoid JOML MemUtil issues.
+     */
+    private void writeMatrix4f(Matrix4f m) {
+        // Column 0
+        writeFloat(m.m00()); writeFloat(m.m01()); writeFloat(m.m02()); writeFloat(m.m03());
+        // Column 1
+        writeFloat(m.m10()); writeFloat(m.m11()); writeFloat(m.m12()); writeFloat(m.m13());
+        // Column 2
+        writeFloat(m.m20()); writeFloat(m.m21()); writeFloat(m.m22()); writeFloat(m.m23());
+        // Column 3
+        writeFloat(m.m30()); writeFloat(m.m31()); writeFloat(m.m32()); writeFloat(m.m33());
+    }
+
+    // === Buffer commands (inline 4 floats) ===
+
+    public void writeFog(int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
+        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
+        ensureCapacity(12 + count * 4);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.FOG);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(count);
+        final int pos = params.position();
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void writeLight(int light, int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
+        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
+        ensureCapacity(16 + count * 4);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT);
+        writeInt(light);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(count);
+        final int pos = params.position();
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void writeLightModel(int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
+        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
+        ensureCapacity(12 + count * 4);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.LIGHT_MODEL);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(count);
+        final int pos = params.position();
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void writeMaterial(int face, int pname, FloatBuffer params) {
+        final int count = Math.min(params.remaining(), 4);
+        ensureCapacity(16 + count * 4);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.MATERIAL);
+        writeInt(face);
+        writeInt(pname);
+        writeInt(count);
+        final int pos = params.position();
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            writeFloat(params.get(pos + i));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void writeClipPlane(int plane, double a, double b, double c, double d) {
+        ensureCapacity(40);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.CLIP_PLANE);
+        writeInt(plane);
+        writeDouble(a);
+        writeDouble(b);
+        writeDouble(c);
+        writeDouble(d);
+    }
+
+    // === Draw commands ===
+
+    public void writeDrawRange(int vboIndex) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
+        writeInt(vboIndex);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write a DRAW_RANGE_RESTORE command that draws a VBO range and restores GL current state after.
+     * Used for immediate mode VBOs to restore GL_CURRENT_COLOR, GL_CURRENT_NORMAL, GL_CURRENT_TEXTURE_COORDS.
+     *
+     * @param vboIndex Index into ownedVbos array
+     */
+    public void writeDrawRangeRestore(
+        int vboIndex, AccumulatedDraw.RestoreData restoreData
+    ) {
+        ensureCapacity(28);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE_RESTORE);
+        writeInt(vboIndex);
+        writeInt(restoreData.flags);
+        // Last color (4 bytes)
+        writeInt(restoreData.lastColor);
+        // Last normal (4 bytes)
+        writeInt(restoreData.lastNormal);
+        // Last texcoord (2 floats = 8 bytes)
+        writeFloat(restoreData.lastTexCoordU);
+        writeFloat(restoreData.lastTexCoordV);
+    }
+
+
+    public void writeCallList(int listId) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.CALL_LIST);
+        writeInt(listId);
+    }
+
+    public void writeBindVBO(int vbo) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.BIND_VBO);
+        writeInt(vbo);
+    }
+
+    public void writeBindVAO(int vao) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.BIND_VAO);
+        writeInt(vao);
+    }
+
+    public void writeDrawBuffer(int mode) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_BUFFER);
+        writeInt(mode);
+    }
+
+    private static final int MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS = 8;
+    // cmd (4) + count (4) + buffers (4 * MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS)
+    private static final int DRAW_BUFFERS_SIZE = 4 + 4 + 4 * MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS;
+
+    public void writeDrawBuffers(int count, int buffer) {
+        ensureCapacity(DRAW_BUFFERS_SIZE);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_BUFFERS);
+        writeInt(count);
+        writeInt(buffer);
+        for (int i = 1; i < MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS; i++) {
+            writeInt(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void writeDrawBuffers(int count, IntBuffer bufs) {
+        ensureCapacity(DRAW_BUFFERS_SIZE);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.DRAW_BUFFERS);
+        writeInt(count);
+        final int pos = bufs.position();
+        for (int i = 0; i < count && i < MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS; i++) {
+            writeInt(bufs.get(pos + i));
+        }
+        for (int i = count; i < MAX_DRAW_BUFFERS; i++) {
+            writeInt(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // === Complex object reference ===
+
+    public void writeComplexCommand(DisplayListCommand cmd) {
+        ensureCapacity(8);
+        final int index = complexObjects.size();
+        complexObjects.add(cmd);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.COMPLEX_REF);
+        writeInt(index);
+    }
+
+    // === Lifecycle ===
+
+    public int size() {
+        return (int) (writePointer - basePointer);
     }
 
-    public void recordDrawArrays(int mode, int start, int count) {
-        buffer.writeDrawArrays(mode, start, count);
-        commandCount++;
+    public void delete() {
+        for (IndexedDrawCapture c : indexedDraws.getCaptures()) {
+            c.freeBuffers();
+        }
+        for (DisplayListCommand cmd : complexObjects) {
+            cmd.delete();
+        }
+        complexObjects.clear();
+        if (buffer != null) {
+            memFree(buffer);
+            buffer = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Deletes every allocated object & returns a ByteBuffer with the capacity equal to its limit.
+     * This CommandRecorder object cannot be used after calling this anymore
+     */
+    public ByteBuffer finish() {
+        for (IndexedDrawCapture c : indexedDraws.getCaptures()) {
+            c.freeBuffers();
+        }
+        final int size = size();
+        buffer.limit(size);
+        final ByteBuffer out = memRealloc(buffer, size);
+        buffer = null;
+        complexObjects.clear();
+        return out;
     }
 
-    public void recordDrawElements(int mode, int indices_count, int type, long indices_buffer_offset) {
-        buffer.writeDrawElements(mode, indices_count, type, indices_buffer_offset);
-        commandCount++;
+    public DisplayListCommand[] getComplexObjects() {
+        return complexObjects.toArray(new DisplayListCommand[complexObjects.size()]);
     }
 
-    public void recordBindVBO(int vbo) {
-        buffer.writeBindVBO(vbo);
-        commandCount++;
+    public DisplayListCommand getComplexObject(int index) {
+        return complexObjects.get(index);
     }
 
-    public void recordBindVAO(int vao) {
-        buffer.writeBindVAO(vao);
-        commandCount++;
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return size() == 0;
     }
 
-    public void recordComplexCommand(DisplayListCommand cmd) {
-        buffer.writeComplexRef(cmd);
-        commandCount++;
+    /**
+     * Clear the buffer for reuse. Does NOT free memory.
+     */
+    public void clear() {
+        writePointer = basePointer;
+        complexObjects.clear();
     }
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/CompiledDisplayList.java

@@ -2,12 +2,15 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
 
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.DisplayListManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.DisplayListCommand;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawBatch;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2IntMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2IntOpenHashMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntList;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
 
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAddress;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memFree;
@@ -26,24 +29,30 @@ public final class CompiledDisplayList {
      * Empty display list singleton. Per OpenGL spec, an empty list is still valid.
      * This instance does nothing when rendered and is never deleted (shared singleton).
      */
-    public static final CompiledDisplayList EMPTY = new CompiledDisplayList(null, null, null);
+    public static final CompiledDisplayList EMPTY = new CompiledDisplayList(null, null, null, Collections.emptyList());
 
     private final ByteBuffer commandBuffer;     // Off-heap command storage, must be freed
-    private final Object[] complexObjects;      // Complex commands (TexImage2D, etc.)
+    private final DisplayListCommand[] complexObjects;      // Complex commands (TexImage2D, etc.)
     private final DisplayListVBO ownedVbos;     // GPU resources referenced by index
+    private final List<IndexedDrawBatch> indexedBatches; // Shared VAO/VBO/EBO triples per layout group
 
-    public CompiledDisplayList(ByteBuffer commandBuffer, Object[] complexObjects, DisplayListVBO ownedVbos) {
+    public CompiledDisplayList(ByteBuffer commandBuffer, DisplayListCommand[] complexObjects, DisplayListVBO ownedVbos, List<IndexedDrawBatch> indexedBatches) {
         this.commandBuffer = commandBuffer;
         this.complexObjects = complexObjects;
         this.ownedVbos = ownedVbos;
+        this.indexedBatches = indexedBatches;
     }
 
     /**
      * Render this display list by executing all commands.
      */
     public void render() {
+        render(-1);
+    }
+
+    public void render(int list) {
         if (commandBuffer != null && commandBuffer.limit() > 0) {
-            CommandBufferExecutor.execute(commandBuffer, complexObjects, ownedVbos);
+            CommandBufferExecutor.execute(commandBuffer, complexObjects, ownedVbos, list, this);
         }
     }
 
@@ -51,20 +60,24 @@ public final class CompiledDisplayList {
      * Delete all resources held by this display list.
      */
     public void delete() {
-        // Delete complex objects that hold resources
         if (complexObjects != null) {
-            for (Object obj : complexObjects) {
-                if (obj instanceof DisplayListCommand cmd) {
-                    cmd.delete();
-                }
+            for (DisplayListCommand cmd : complexObjects) {
+                cmd.delete();
             }
         }
 
-        // Close VBOs
+        // Close VBOs from immediate-mode DisplayListVBOBuilder.
         if (ownedVbos != null) {
             ownedVbos.delete();
         }
 
+        // Release shared (VAO, VBO, EBO) triples from IndexedDrawBatchBuilder.
+        if (indexedBatches != null) {
+            for (IndexedDrawBatch batch : indexedBatches) {
+                batch.delete();
+            }
+        }
+
         // Free the command buffer (off-heap memory)
         if (commandBuffer != null) {
             memFree(commandBuffer);
@@ -81,7 +94,7 @@ public final class CompiledDisplayList {
     /**
      * Get complex objects for inlining into another display list (nested lists).
      */
-    public Object[] getComplexObjects() {
+    public DisplayListCommand[] getComplexObjects() {
         return complexObjects;
     }
 
@@ -89,6 +102,10 @@ public final class CompiledDisplayList {
         return ownedVbos;
     }
 
+    public List<IndexedDrawBatch> getIndexedBatches() {
+        return indexedBatches;
+    }
+
     // === Test inspection methods ===
 
     /**
@@ -129,8 +146,20 @@ public final class CompiledDisplayList {
         return opcodes;
     }
 
+    public String getCompiledDisplayListString(int listId, StackTraceElement[] stackTrace) {
+        return DisplayListManager.getCompiledDisplayListString(listId, this, stackTrace);
+    }
+
+    public String toString(int listId, StackTraceElement[] stackTrace) {
+        return getCompiledDisplayListString(listId, stackTrace);
+    }
+
+    public String toString(int listId) {
+        return toString(listId, null);
+    }
+
     @Override
     public String toString() {
-        return DisplayListManager.getCompiledDisplayListString(0, this, null);
+        return toString(0);
     }
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/DisplayListVBO.java

@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ public final class DisplayListVBO {
         return vbos;
     }
 
+    public SubVBO getVBO(int index) {
+        return vbos[index];
+    }
+
     public void render(int index) {
         vbos[index].render();
     }
@@ -41,6 +45,18 @@ public final class DisplayListVBO {
             this.count = count;
         }
 
+        public int getStart() {
+            return start;
+        }
+
+        public int getCount() {
+            return count;
+        }
+
+        public int getDrawMode() {
+            return drawMode;
+        }
+
         public void delete() {
             vao.delete();
         }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/DisplayListVBOBuilder.java

@@ -68,13 +68,19 @@ public final class DisplayListVBOBuilder {
                     allBuffers.addAll(drawBuffers);
                     int size = 0;
                     for (ByteBuffer buffer : drawBuffers) {
-                        size += buffer.remaining();
+                        size += buffer.limit();
                     }
                     vertexCount = format.getVertexCount(size);
                 }
                 if (data.drawMode == GL11.GL_QUADS) {
                     final IVertexArrayObject indexedVAO = new IndexedVAO(vbo, IndexBuffer.convertQuadsToTrigs(start, start + vertexCount));
                     vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(indexedVAO, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertexCount / 4 * 6);
+                } else if (data.drawMode == GL11.GL_QUAD_STRIP) {
+                    // GL_QUAD_STRIP is removed in core profile; an even-length GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP produces the same quads
+                    vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(vao, GL11.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, start, vertexCount & ~1);
+                } else if (data.drawMode == GL11.GL_POLYGON) {
+                    // GL_POLYGON is removed in core profile; convert to GL_TRIANGLE_FAN which is equivalent for convex polygons
+                    vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(vao, GL11.GL_TRIANGLE_FAN, start, vertexCount);
                 } else {
                     vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(vao, data.drawMode, start, vertexCount);
                 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/GLCommand.java

@@ -74,10 +74,7 @@ public final class GLCommand {
 
     // === Double commands ===
     public static final int TRANSLATE = 70;          // [cmd:4][mode:4][x:8d][y:8d][z:8d] = 32 bytes
-    public static final int ROTATE = 71;             // [cmd:4][mode:4][angle:8d][x:8d][y:8d][z:8d] = 40 bytes
     public static final int SCALE = 72;              // [cmd:4][mode:4][x:8d][y:8d][z:8d] = 32 bytes
-    public static final int ORTHO = 73;              // [cmd:4][left:8d][right:8d][bottom:8d][top:8d][zNear:8d][zFar:8d] = 52 bytes
-    public static final int FRUSTUM = 74;            // [cmd:4][left:8d][right:8d][bottom:8d][top:8d][zNear:8d][zFar:8d] = 52 bytes
     public static final int CLEAR_DEPTH = 75;        // [cmd:4][depth:8d] = 12 bytes
 
     // === Matrix commands (72 bytes) ===
@@ -97,8 +94,6 @@ public final class GLCommand {
     public static final int CALL_LIST = 102;         // [cmd:4][listId:4] = 8 bytes
 
 
-    public static final int DRAW_ARRAYS = 110;       // [cmd:4][drawMode:4][start:4][count:4] = 20 bytes
-    public static final int DRAW_ELEMENTS = 111;     // [cmd:4][mode:4][indices_count:4][type:4][indices_buffer_offset:8] = 28 bytes
     public static final int DRAW_BUFFER = 112;       // [cmd:4][mode:4] = 8 bytes
     public static final int DRAW_BUFFERS = 113;      // [cmd:4][count:4][bufs:4*8] = 40 bytes (up to 8 buffers)
     /**
@@ -169,10 +164,7 @@ public final class GLCommand {
             case MATERIALF -> "MATERIALF";
             case TEX_PARAMETERF -> "TEX_PARAMETERF";
             case TRANSLATE -> "TRANSLATE";
-            case ROTATE -> "ROTATE";
             case SCALE -> "SCALE";
-            case ORTHO -> "ORTHO";
-            case FRUSTUM -> "FRUSTUM";
             case CLEAR_DEPTH -> "CLEAR_DEPTH";
             case MULT_MATRIX -> "MULT_MATRIX";
             case LOAD_MATRIX -> "LOAD_MATRIX";
@@ -219,7 +211,7 @@ public final class GLCommand {
             // Three int commands (16 bytes)
             case GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC, GLCommand.STENCIL_OP, GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERI,
                  GLCommand.LIGHTF, GLCommand.LIGHTI,
-                 GLCommand.MATERIALF, GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERF, GLCommand.DRAW_ARRAYS -> 16;
+                 GLCommand.MATERIALF, GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERF -> 16;
 
             // Four int commands (20 bytes)
             case GLCommand.VIEWPORT, GLCommand.BLEND_FUNC, GLCommand.COLOR_MASK,
@@ -227,8 +219,6 @@ public final class GLCommand {
                  GLCommand.SCISSOR,
                  GLCommand.COLOR, GLCommand.CLEAR_COLOR, GLCommand.BLEND_COLOR -> 20;
 
-            case GLCommand.DRAW_ELEMENTS -> 24;
-
             // DRAW_RANGE_RESTORE: 28 bytes
             case GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE_RESTORE -> 28;
 
@@ -239,10 +229,8 @@ public final class GLCommand {
             case GLCommand.DRAW_BUFFERS -> 40;
 
             // Double commands
-            case GLCommand.TRANSLATE, GLCommand.SCALE -> 28;  // cmd + 3 doubles
+            case GLCommand.TRANSLATE, GLCommand.SCALE -> 16;  // cmd + 3 floats
             case GLCommand.CLEAR_DEPTH -> 12;  // cmd + 1 double
-            case GLCommand.ROTATE -> 36;  // cmd + 4 doubles
-            case GLCommand.ORTHO, GLCommand.FRUSTUM -> 52;  // cmd + 6 doubles
 
             // Matrix commands
             case GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX, GLCommand.LOAD_MATRIX -> 68;  // cmd + 16 floats

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/ImmediateModeRecorder.java

@@ -1,25 +1,22 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
 
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.CallbackTessellator;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.DirectTessellator;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.TessellatorManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormatElement.Usage;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.VertexAttribState;
-import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
-import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
-import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND;
-
 /**
  * Records immediate mode GL calls (glBegin/glEnd/glVertex) via {@link DirectTessellator}.
  * Used both during display list compilation and for live immediate mode emulation in core profile.
  */
 public final class ImmediateModeRecorder {
-    private static final DirectTessellator tessellator = new DirectTessellator(TessellatorManager.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    private static final CallbackTessellator tessellator = new CallbackTessellator(TessellatorManager.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE);
 
     /** Separate tessellator for the splash thread. Nulled after splash completes. */
     private static DirectTessellator splashTessellator;
@@ -33,6 +30,7 @@ public final class ImmediateModeRecorder {
     }
 
     public static void destroySplashTessellator() {
+        splashTessellator.delete();
         splashTessellator = null;
     }
 
@@ -167,19 +165,14 @@ public final class ImmediateModeRecorder {
         .mapToInt(Usage::getAttributeLocation)
             .max().orElse(0);
 
-    private static final ByteBuffer[] scratchAttribBuffers = new ByteBuffer[NUM_ATTRIBS];
-    private static final long[] scratchAttribBaseOffsets = new long[NUM_ATTRIBS];
-    private static final int[] scratchVBOIds = new int[NUM_ATTRIBS];
-    private static final ByteBuffer[] scratchVBOBuffers = new ByteBuffer[NUM_ATTRIBS];
-    private static final long[] scratchVBOReadOffsets = new long[NUM_ATTRIBS];
-
     private static final class AttribReader {
         ByteBuffer data;
         int stride;
         int baseOffset;
         int size;
         int loc;
-        VertexAttribState.Attrib attrib;
+        int type;
+        boolean normalized;
     }
 
     private static final AttribReader[] readers = new AttribReader[NUM_ATTRIBS];
@@ -198,167 +191,32 @@ public final class ImmediateModeRecorder {
      * Reads vertex data from VBOs or client memory referenced by VertexAttribState and converts to immediate mode geometry.
      */
     public static DirectTessellator processDrawArraysFromAttribs(int mode, int first, int count) {
-        final int readVBOCount = readbackAttribVBOs(first, count);
-
+        final AttribSnapshot snap = AttribSnapshot.snapshot(first, count);
         try {
-            prepareReaders();
+            prepareReaders(snap);
             if (positionReaderIndex < 0) return null;
             return readVerticesFromBuffer(mode, first, count);
         } finally {
-            freeReadbackBuffers(readVBOCount);
+            snap.free();
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Process a glDrawElements call during display list recording when a VBO is bound.
-     */
-    public static DirectTessellator processDrawElementsFromVBO(int mode, int indicesCount, int indexType, long indicesOffset, int eboId) {
-        if (eboId == 0) return null;
-
-        final int readVBOCount = readbackAttribVBOs(-1, 0);
-
-        try {
-            prepareReaders();
-            if (positionReaderIndex < 0) return null;
-
-            final int prevEBO = GLStateManager.getBoundEBO();
-            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, eboId);
-            final int eboSize = RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferParameteri(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, GL15.GL_BUFFER_SIZE);
-            if (eboSize <= 0) {
-                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevEBO);
-                return null;
-            }
-
-            final int indexSize = VertexAttribState.Attrib.glTypeSizeBytes(indexType);
-            final int eboReadOffset = (int) indicesOffset;
-            final int eboReadSize = indicesCount * indexSize;
-            if (eboReadOffset + eboReadSize > eboSize) {
-                GLStateManager.LOGGER.warn("[EBO] Read range {}+{} exceeds buffer size {}", eboReadOffset, eboReadSize, eboSize);
-                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevEBO);
-                return null;
-            }
-            final ByteBuffer eboData = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(eboReadSize);
-            RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, eboReadOffset, eboData);
-            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevEBO);
-
-            try {
-                return readVerticesFromBufferIndexed(mode, eboData, indexType, 0, indicesCount);
-            } finally {
-                MemoryUtilities.memFree(eboData);
-            }
-        } finally {
-            freeReadbackBuffers(readVBOCount);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Read data for all enabled attribs into scratchAttribBuffers.
-     * For VBO-backed attribs, reads VBO data. For client-memory attribs, uses the client pointer directly.
-     */
-    private static int readbackAttribVBOs(int firstVertex, int vertexCount) {
-        int readVBOCount = 0;
-        final int prevVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
-        final boolean partialRead = firstVertex >= 0;
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ATTRIBS; i++) {
-            scratchAttribBuffers[i] = null;
-            scratchAttribBaseOffsets[i] = 0;
-            final VertexAttribState.Attrib a = VertexAttribState.get(i);
-            if (!a.enabled) continue;
-
-            if (a.vboId != 0) {
-                // VBO-backed attrib — read from GPU
-                ByteBuffer existing = null;
-                int existingIdx = -1;
-                for (int j = 0; j < readVBOCount; j++) {
-                    if (scratchVBOIds[j] == a.vboId) {
-                        existing = scratchVBOBuffers[j];
-                        existingIdx = j;
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (existing != null) {
-                    scratchAttribBuffers[i] = existing;
-                    scratchAttribBaseOffsets[i] = scratchVBOReadOffsets[existingIdx];
-                } else {
-                    GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, a.vboId);
-                    final int bufferSize = RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferParameteri(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, GL15.GL_BUFFER_SIZE);
-                    if (bufferSize <= 0) {
-                        GLStateManager.LOGGER.warn("[VBO Readback] GL_BUFFER_SIZE={} for VBO {}", bufferSize, a.vboId);
-                        continue;
-                    }
-
-                    final long readOffset;
-                    final int readSize;
-                    if (partialRead) {
-                        final int stride = a.effectiveStride();
-                        long rangeStart = a.offset + (long) firstVertex * stride;
-                        long rangeEnd = a.offset + (long) (firstVertex + vertexCount - 1) * stride + (long) a.size * a.typeSizeBytes();
-
-                        for (int k = 0; k < NUM_ATTRIBS; k++) {
-                            if (k == i) continue;
-                            final VertexAttribState.Attrib ak = VertexAttribState.get(k);
-                            if (!ak.enabled || ak.vboId != a.vboId) continue;
-                            final int ks = ak.effectiveStride();
-                            rangeStart = Math.min(rangeStart, ak.offset + (long) firstVertex * ks);
-                            rangeEnd = Math.max(rangeEnd, ak.offset + (long) (firstVertex + vertexCount - 1) * ks
-                                + (long) ak.size * ak.typeSizeBytes());
-                        }
-                        rangeStart = Math.max(0, rangeStart);
-                        rangeEnd = Math.min(bufferSize, rangeEnd);
-                        readOffset = rangeStart;
-                        readSize = (int) (rangeEnd - rangeStart);
-                    } else {
-                        readOffset = 0;
-                        readSize = bufferSize;
-                    }
-
-                    if (readSize <= 0) continue;
-
-                    final ByteBuffer buf = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(readSize);
-                    RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, readOffset, buf);
-                    scratchAttribBuffers[i] = buf;
-                    scratchAttribBaseOffsets[i] = readOffset;
-                    scratchVBOIds[readVBOCount] = a.vboId;
-                    scratchVBOReadOffsets[readVBOCount] = readOffset;
-                    scratchVBOBuffers[readVBOCount] = buf;
-                    readVBOCount++;
-                }
-            } else if (a.clientPointer != null) {
-                // Client-memory attrib — use pointer directly (no allocation needed)
-                scratchAttribBuffers[i] = a.clientPointer;
-            }
-        }
-
-        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevVBO);
-
-        return readVBOCount;
-    }
-
-    private static void freeReadbackBuffers(int readVBOCount) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < readVBOCount; i++) {
-            MemoryUtilities.memFree(scratchVBOBuffers[i]);
-            scratchVBOBuffers[i] = null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private static void prepareReaders() {
+    private static void prepareReaders(AttribSnapshot snap) {
         nonPositionCount = 0;
         positionReaderIndex = -1;
 
         for (int i = 0; i < NUM_ATTRIBS; i++) {
-            final ByteBuffer buf = scratchAttribBuffers[i];
-            if (buf == null) continue;
-            final VertexAttribState.Attrib a = VertexAttribState.get(i);
+            final AttribSnapshot.AttribDesc d = snap.get(i);
+            if (d == null) continue;
 
             final AttribReader r = readers[i];
-            r.data = buf;
-            r.stride = a.effectiveStride();
-            r.baseOffset = (int) (a.offset - scratchAttribBaseOffsets[i]);
-            r.size = a.size;
+            r.data = d.readBuffer();
+            r.stride = d.effectiveStride();
+            r.baseOffset = (int) (d.offset() - d.readBufferBaseOffset());
+            r.size = d.size();
             r.loc = i;
-            r.attrib = a;
+            r.type = d.type();
+            r.normalized = d.normalized();
 
             if (i == LOC_POSITION) {
                 positionReaderIndex = i;
@@ -379,18 +237,6 @@ public final class ImmediateModeRecorder {
         return end();
     }
 
-    private static DirectTessellator readVerticesFromBufferIndexed(int mode, ByteBuffer eboData, int indexType, int eboOffset, int indicesCount) {
-        begin(mode);
-        final DirectTessellator t = tessellator();
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < indicesCount; i++) {
-            final int index = readIndex(eboData, indexType, eboOffset, i);
-            readVertexFromBuffer(t, index);
-        }
-
-        return end();
-    }
-
     public static int readIndex(ByteBuffer ebo, int indexType, int eboOffset, int i) {
         return switch (indexType) {
             case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE -> ebo.get(eboOffset + i) & 0xFF;
@@ -411,39 +257,43 @@ public final class ImmediateModeRecorder {
             final AttribReader r = readers[positionReaderIndex];
             final int base = r.baseOffset + vertexIndex * r.stride;
             t.addVertex(
-                r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 0),
-                r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 1),
-                (r.size >= 3) ? r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 2) : 0.0f);
+                readComponent(r, base, 0),
+                readComponent(r, base, 1),
+                (r.size >= 3) ? readComponent(r, base, 2) : 0.0f);
         }
     }
 
     private static void emitAttrib(DirectTessellator t, AttribReader r, int base) {
         if (r.loc == LOC_NORMAL) {
             t.setNormal(
-                r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 0),
-                r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 1),
-                r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 2));
+                readComponent(r, base, 0),
+                readComponent(r, base, 1),
+                readComponent(r, base, 2));
         } else if (r.loc == LOC_UV0) {
             t.setTextureUV(
-                r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 0),
-                (r.size >= 2) ? r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 1) : 0.0f);
+                readComponent(r, base, 0),
+                (r.size >= 2) ? readComponent(r, base, 1) : 0.0f);
         } else if (r.loc == LOC_UV1) {
-            if (r.attrib.type == GL11.GL_SHORT) {
+            if (r.type == GL11.GL_SHORT) {
                 final int s = r.data.getShort(base) & 0xFFFF;
                 final int u = (r.size >= 2) ? (r.data.getShort(base + 2) & 0xFFFF) : 0;
                 t.setBrightness((u << 16) | s);
-            } else if (r.attrib.type == GL11.GL_FLOAT) {
+            } else if (r.type == GL11.GL_FLOAT) {
                 final int s = (int) r.data.getFloat(base);
                 final int u = (r.size >= 2) ? (int) r.data.getFloat(base + 4) : 0;
                 t.setBrightness((u << 16) | (s & 0xFFFF));
             }
         } else if (r.loc == LOC_COLOR) {
-            final float cr = r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 0);
-            final float cg = r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 1);
-            final float cb = r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 2);
-            final float ca = (r.size >= 4) ? r.attrib.readComponent(r.data, base, 3) : 1.0f;
+            final float cr = readComponent(r, base, 0);
+            final float cg = readComponent(r, base, 1);
+            final float cb = readComponent(r, base, 2);
+            final float ca = (r.size >= 4) ? readComponent(r, base, 3) : 1.0f;
             t.setColorRGBA((int) (cr * 255.0f), (int) (cg * 255.0f), (int) (cb * 255.0f), (int) (ca * 255.0f));
         }
     }
 
+    private static float readComponent(AttribReader r, int base, int component) {
+        return VertexAttribState.Attrib.readComponent(r.type, r.normalized, r.data, base, component);
+    }
+
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/AttribLayoutKey.java

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.VertexAttribState;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public final class AttribLayoutKey {
+    final int[] locations;
+    final int[] sizes;
+    final int[] types;
+    final boolean[] normalized;
+    private final int[] offsets;
+    private final int stride;
+    private final int hash;
+
+    public AttribLayoutKey(int[] locations, int[] sizes, int[] types, boolean[] normalized) {
+        this.locations = locations;
+        this.sizes = sizes;
+        this.types = types;
+        this.normalized = normalized;
+
+        final int n = locations.length;
+        final int[] off = new int[n];
+        int base = 0;
+        int maxAlign = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            final int typeSize = VertexAttribState.Attrib.glTypeSizeBytes(types[i]);
+            if (typeSize > maxAlign) maxAlign = typeSize;
+            base = (base + typeSize - 1) & -typeSize;
+            off[i] = base;
+            base += sizes[i] * typeSize;
+        }
+        this.offsets = off;
+        this.stride = (base + maxAlign - 1) & -maxAlign;
+
+        int h = Arrays.hashCode(locations);
+        h = 31 * h + Arrays.hashCode(sizes);
+        h = 31 * h + Arrays.hashCode(types);
+        h = 31 * h + Arrays.hashCode(normalized);
+        this.hash = h;
+    }
+
+    public int offset(int i) {
+        return offsets[i];
+    }
+
+    public int stride() {
+        return stride;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean equals(Object o) {
+        if (!(o instanceof AttribLayoutKey k)) return false;
+        return Arrays.equals(locations, k.locations)
+            && Arrays.equals(sizes, k.sizes)
+            && Arrays.equals(types, k.types)
+            && Arrays.equals(normalized, k.normalized);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int hashCode() {
+        return hash;
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/BatchedIndexedDrawCmd.java

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+
+public final class BatchedIndexedDrawCmd implements DisplayListCommand {
+    private int sharedVAO;
+    private int drawMode;
+    private int indexCount;
+    private int indexType;
+    private long indexByteOffset;
+
+    public void fill(int sharedVAO, int drawMode, int indexCount, int indexType, long indexByteOffset) {
+        this.sharedVAO = sharedVAO;
+        this.drawMode = drawMode;
+        this.indexCount = indexCount;
+        this.indexType = indexType;
+        this.indexByteOffset = indexByteOffset;
+    }
+
+    public int getSharedVAO() { return sharedVAO; }
+    public int getDrawMode() { return drawMode; }
+    public int getIndexCount() { return indexCount; }
+    public int getIndexType() { return indexType; }
+    public long getIndexByteOffset() { return indexByteOffset; }
+
+    @Override
+    public void execute() {
+        if (sharedVAO == 0) return;
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(sharedVAO);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(drawMode, indexCount, indexType, indexByteOffset);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "BatchedIndexedDrawCmd(vao=" + sharedVAO + ", mode=" + drawMode + ", count=" + indexCount + ", type=" + indexType + ", offset=" + indexByteOffset + ")";
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/IndexedDrawBatch.java

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+
+public final class IndexedDrawBatch {
+    private int sharedVAO;
+    private int sharedVBO;
+    private int sharedEBO;
+    private boolean deleted;
+
+    public IndexedDrawBatch(int sharedVAO, int sharedVBO, int sharedEBO) {
+        this.sharedVAO = sharedVAO;
+        this.sharedVBO = sharedVBO;
+        this.sharedEBO = sharedEBO;
+    }
+
+    public int getSharedVAO() { return sharedVAO; }
+    public int getSharedVBO() { return sharedVBO; }
+    public int getSharedEBO() { return sharedEBO; }
+
+    public void delete() {
+        if (deleted) return;
+        deleted = true;
+        if (sharedVAO != 0) GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(sharedVAO);
+        if (sharedVBO != 0) GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(sharedVBO);
+        if (sharedEBO != 0) GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(sharedEBO);
+        sharedVAO = sharedVBO = sharedEBO = 0;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+        return "IndexedDrawBatch(vao=" + sharedVAO + ", vbo=" + sharedVBO + ", ebo=" + sharedEBO + ")";
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/IndexedDrawBatchBuilder.java

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.Object2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAddress0;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memCopy;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetInt;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memPutInt;
+
+public final class IndexedDrawBatchBuilder {
+
+    private final List<IndexedDrawCapture> captures = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    public boolean isEmpty() {
+        return captures.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    public void add(IndexedDrawCapture capture) {
+        captures.add(capture);
+    }
+
+    public List<IndexedDrawCapture> getCaptures() {
+        return captures;
+    }
+
+    public List<IndexedDrawBatch> build() {
+        final List<IndexedDrawBatch> out = new ArrayList<>();
+        if (captures.isEmpty()) return out;
+
+        final int prevVAO = GLStateManager.getBoundVAO();
+        final int prevVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+        final int prevEBO = GLStateManager.getBoundEBO();
+
+        final List<GroupResult> results = new ArrayList<>();
+        boolean success = false;
+        try {
+            final Object2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap<AttribLayoutKey, List<IndexedDrawCapture>> groups = new Object2ObjectLinkedOpenHashMap<>();
+            for (IndexedDrawCapture c : captures) {
+                groups.computeIfAbsent(c.layoutKey, k -> new ArrayList<>()).add(c);
+            }
+
+            for (List<IndexedDrawCapture> group : groups.values()) {
+                results.add(buildGroup(group));
+            }
+            // Placeholder fill is deferred until every group's GL work has succeeded.
+            for (GroupResult r : results) r.commit();
+            for (GroupResult r : results) out.add(r.batch);
+            success = true;
+        } finally {
+            if (!success) {
+                for (GroupResult r : results) r.batch.delete();
+            }
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(prevVAO);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevEBO);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevVBO);
+        }
+
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private record GroupResult(IndexedDrawBatch batch, List<IndexedDrawCapture> captures,
+                               int[] drawModes, int[] indexCounts, long[] indexOffsets) {
+        void commit() {
+            final int sharedVAO = batch.getSharedVAO();
+            for (int i = 0; i < captures.size(); i++) {
+                captures.get(i).placeholder.fill(sharedVAO, drawModes[i], indexCounts[i], GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, indexOffsets[i]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static GroupResult buildGroup(List<IndexedDrawCapture> group) {
+        long totalVertexBytes = 0;
+        long totalIndexBytes = 0;
+        for (IndexedDrawCapture c : group) {
+            totalVertexBytes += (long) c.vertexCount * c.layoutKey.stride();
+            totalIndexBytes += (long) c.indexCount * 4;   // always GL_UNSIGNED_INT
+        }
+        if (totalVertexBytes > Integer.MAX_VALUE || totalIndexBytes > Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("batch exceeds 2GiB — split needed");
+        }
+
+        int sharedVAO = 0;
+        int sharedVBO = 0;
+        int sharedEBO = 0;
+        ByteBuffer eboData = null;
+        boolean success = false;
+
+        final int n = group.size();
+        final int[] drawModes = new int[n];
+        final int[] indexCounts = new int[n];
+        final long[] indexOffsets = new long[n];
+
+        try {
+            sharedVAO = GLStateManager.glGenVertexArrays();
+            sharedVBO = GLStateManager.glGenBuffers();
+            sharedEBO = GLStateManager.glGenBuffers();
+            eboData = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc((int) totalIndexBytes);
+
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(sharedVAO);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sharedVBO);
+            GLStateManager.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, totalVertexBytes, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+            int vboBytePos = 0;
+            int eboBytePos = 0;
+            int vertexBase = 0;
+            final long eboAddr = memAddress0(eboData);
+
+            for (int g = 0; g < n; g++) {
+                final IndexedDrawCapture c = group.get(g);
+                final int vBytes = c.vertexCount * c.layoutKey.stride();
+                GLStateManager.glBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboBytePos, c.vertexData);
+
+                final long srcIdxAddr = memAddress0(c.indexData);
+                final int idxBytes = c.indexCount * 4;
+                if (vertexBase == 0) {
+                    // First capture (or a group that starts at 0) — indices are already
+                    // rebased to [0..vertexCount) in IndexedDrawCapture, so a raw bulk copy
+                    // is correct and strictly faster than the per-index loop.
+                    memCopy(srcIdxAddr, eboAddr + eboBytePos, idxBytes);
+                } else {
+                    final long dstBase = eboAddr + eboBytePos;
+                    for (int i = 0; i < c.indexCount; i++) {
+                        memPutInt(dstBase + i * 4L, memGetInt(srcIdxAddr + i * 4L) + vertexBase);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                drawModes[g] = c.drawMode;
+                indexCounts[g] = c.indexCount;
+                indexOffsets[g] = eboBytePos;
+
+                vboBytePos += vBytes;
+                eboBytePos += idxBytes;
+                vertexBase += c.vertexCount;
+            }
+
+            eboData.position(0).limit((int) totalIndexBytes);
+
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sharedEBO);
+            GLStateManager.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, eboData, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+
+            final AttribLayoutKey layout = group.get(0).layoutKey;
+            final int stride = layout.stride();
+            for (int i = 0; i < layout.locations.length; i++) {
+                final int loc = layout.locations[i];
+                final int size = layout.sizes[i];
+                final int type = layout.types[i];
+                GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(loc, size, type, layout.normalized[i], stride, layout.offset(i));
+                GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(loc);
+            }
+
+            success = true;
+            return new GroupResult(new IndexedDrawBatch(sharedVAO, sharedVBO, sharedEBO),
+                group, drawModes, indexCounts, indexOffsets);
+        } finally {
+            if (eboData != null) MemoryUtilities.memFree(eboData);
+            if (!success) {
+                if (sharedVAO != 0) GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(sharedVAO);
+                if (sharedVBO != 0) GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(sharedVBO);
+                if (sharedEBO != 0) GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(sharedEBO);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/IndexedDrawCapture.java

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.QuadConverter;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.AttribSnapshot;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.VertexAttribState;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetInt;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetLong;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memPutInt;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memPutLong;
+
+
+/** {@link #create} returns null on any recoverable validation failure; callers must not record the placeholder. */
+public final class IndexedDrawCapture {
+    public final AttribLayoutKey layoutKey;
+    public final int drawMode;
+    public final int vertexCount;
+    public final int indexCount;
+    public final ByteBuffer vertexData;
+    public final ByteBuffer indexData;
+    public final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd placeholder;
+    private boolean freed;
+
+    public IndexedDrawCapture(AttribLayoutKey layoutKey, int drawMode, int vertexCount, int indexCount,
+                              ByteBuffer vertexData, ByteBuffer indexData,
+                              BatchedIndexedDrawCmd placeholder) {
+        this.layoutKey = layoutKey;
+        this.drawMode = drawMode;
+        this.vertexCount = vertexCount;
+        this.indexCount = indexCount;
+        this.vertexData = vertexData;
+        this.indexData = indexData;
+        this.placeholder = placeholder;
+    }
+
+    public void freeBuffers() {
+        if (freed) return;
+        freed = true;
+        if (vertexData != null) MemoryUtilities.memFree(vertexData);
+        if (indexData != null) MemoryUtilities.memFree(indexData);
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFreed() {
+        return freed;
+    }
+
+    private static final Set<String> WARN_ONCE = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+
+    private static void warnOnce(String key, String fmt, Object... args) {
+        if (WARN_ONCE.add(key)) GLStateManager.LOGGER.warn(fmt, args);
+    }
+
+    public static IndexedDrawCapture create(int mode, int indicesCount, int srcIndexType, long indicesOffset, int eboId) {
+        if (indicesCount == 0) return null;
+        if (eboId == 0) {
+            warnOnce("no-ebo", "[IndexedDrawCapture] glDrawElements in display list with no EBO bound — skipping (mode={} count={} offset={})", mode, indicesCount, indicesOffset);
+            return null;
+        }
+        if (mode == GL11.GL_QUADS && (indicesCount % 4) != 0) {
+            warnOnce("quads-misaligned", "[IndexedDrawCapture] GL_QUADS with indicesCount={} not a multiple of 4 — skipping", indicesCount);
+            return null;
+        }
+        final int srcIndexSize = VertexAttribState.Attrib.glTypeSizeBytes(srcIndexType);
+        if (srcIndexSize <= 0) return null;
+
+        final int prevEBO = GLStateManager.getBoundEBO();
+        final int prevVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+        ByteBuffer eboSrc = null;
+        AttribSnapshot snap = null;
+        ByteBuffer vertexData = null;
+        ByteBuffer indexData = null;
+        boolean success = false;
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, eboId);
+            final int eboBufferSize = GLStateManager.glGetBufferParameteri(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, GL15.GL_BUFFER_SIZE);
+            if (eboBufferSize <= 0) {
+                warnOnce("ebo-size", "[IndexedDrawCapture] GL_BUFFER_SIZE={} for EBO {}", eboBufferSize, eboId);
+                return null;
+            }
+            final long eboReadSize = (long) indicesCount * srcIndexSize;
+            if (indicesOffset < 0 || indicesOffset + eboReadSize > eboBufferSize) {
+                warnOnce("ebo-range", "[IndexedDrawCapture] EBO range {}+{} exceeds buffer size {} — skipping", indicesOffset, eboReadSize, eboBufferSize);
+                return null;
+            }
+            eboSrc = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc((int) eboReadSize);
+            GLStateManager.glGetBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesOffset, eboSrc);
+            final long eboSrcAddr = MemoryUtilities.memAddress0(eboSrc);
+
+            final long minMax = QuadConverter.scanMinMaxIndex(eboSrcAddr, srcIndexType, indicesCount);
+            if (minMax == -1L) {
+                warnOnce("min-max", "[IndexedDrawCapture] failed to determine min/max vertex for indexType={}", srcIndexType);
+                return null;
+            }
+            final int minVtx = (int) (minMax & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
+            final int maxVtx = (int) (minMax >>> 32);
+            final int vertexCount = maxVtx - minVtx + 1;
+
+            snap = AttribSnapshot.snapshot(minVtx, vertexCount);
+
+            int enabledCount = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < VertexAttribState.MAX_ATTRIBS; i++) {
+                if (snap.get(i) != null) enabledCount++;
+            }
+            if (enabledCount == 0) {
+                warnOnce("no-attribs", "[IndexedDrawCapture] no enabled attributes — skipping");
+                return null;
+            }
+            final int[] locations = new int[enabledCount];
+            final int[] sizes = new int[enabledCount];
+            final int[] types = new int[enabledCount];
+            final boolean[] normalized = new boolean[enabledCount];
+            int k = 0;
+            for (int i = 0; i < VertexAttribState.MAX_ATTRIBS; i++) {
+                final AttribSnapshot.AttribDesc d = snap.get(i);
+                if (d == null) continue;
+                locations[k] = i;
+                sizes[k] = d.size();
+                types[k] = d.type();
+                normalized[k] = d.normalized();
+                k++;
+            }
+            final AttribLayoutKey layoutKey = new AttribLayoutKey(locations, sizes, types, normalized);
+            final int tightStride = layoutKey.stride();
+
+            ByteBuffer sharedSrcBuffer = null;
+            long sharedSrcBase = 0;
+            int sharedSrcStride = -1;
+            boolean tightSrc = true;
+            for (int a = 0; a < enabledCount; a++) {
+                final AttribSnapshot.AttribDesc d = snap.get(locations[a]);
+                final int relOffset = (int) (d.offset() - d.readBufferBaseOffset());
+                if (a == 0) {
+                    sharedSrcBuffer = d.readBuffer();
+                    sharedSrcStride = d.effectiveStride();
+                    sharedSrcBase = MemoryUtilities.memAddress0(sharedSrcBuffer) + relOffset + (long) minVtx * sharedSrcStride;
+                    if (relOffset != layoutKey.offset(0)) tightSrc = false;
+                } else if (d.readBuffer() != sharedSrcBuffer || d.effectiveStride() != sharedSrcStride || relOffset != layoutKey.offset(a)) {
+                    tightSrc = false;
+                }
+            }
+            if (tightSrc && sharedSrcStride != tightStride) tightSrc = false;
+
+            vertexData = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(vertexCount * tightStride);
+            final long dstAddr = MemoryUtilities.memAddress0(vertexData);
+            if (tightSrc) {
+                MemoryUtilities.memCopy(sharedSrcBase, dstAddr, (long) vertexCount * tightStride);
+            } else {
+                for (int a = 0; a < enabledCount; a++) {
+                    final AttribSnapshot.AttribDesc d = snap.get(locations[a]);
+                    final int attribBytes = d.size() * d.typeSizeBytes();
+                    final int srcStride = d.effectiveStride();
+                    final long srcStart = MemoryUtilities.memAddress0(d.readBuffer()) + (d.offset() - d.readBufferBaseOffset()) + (long) minVtx * srcStride;
+                    final long dstStart = dstAddr + layoutKey.offset(a);
+                    copyStrided(srcStart, srcStride, dstStart, tightStride, attribBytes, vertexCount);
+                }
+            }
+
+            final int bakedDrawMode;
+            final int bakedIndexCount;
+            if (mode == GL11.GL_QUADS) {
+                final int quadCount = indicesCount / 4;
+                bakedIndexCount = quadCount * 6;
+                indexData = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(bakedIndexCount * 4);
+                QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(eboSrcAddr, srcIndexType, MemoryUtilities.memAddress0(indexData), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, quadCount, minVtx);
+                bakedDrawMode = GL11.GL_TRIANGLES;
+            } else {
+                bakedIndexCount = indicesCount;
+                indexData = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(bakedIndexCount * 4);
+                QuadConverter.widenIndices(eboSrcAddr, srcIndexType, MemoryUtilities.memAddress0(indexData), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, indicesCount, minVtx);
+                bakedDrawMode = mode;
+            }
+
+            final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd placeholder = new BatchedIndexedDrawCmd();
+
+            final IndexedDrawCapture out = new IndexedDrawCapture(layoutKey, bakedDrawMode, vertexCount, bakedIndexCount, vertexData, indexData, placeholder);
+            success = true;
+            return out;
+        } finally {
+            if (eboSrc != null) MemoryUtilities.memFree(eboSrc);
+            if (snap != null) snap.free();
+            if (!success) {
+                if (vertexData != null) MemoryUtilities.memFree(vertexData);
+                if (indexData != null) MemoryUtilities.memFree(indexData);
+            }
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevEBO);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevVBO);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Copy {@code attribBytes} per vertex from {@code src} (stride {@code srcStride}) to
+     * {@code dst} (stride {@code dstStride}) for {@code vertexCount} vertices.
+     *
+     * <p>Specializes on the common attribute sizes (4 / 8 / 12 / 16) so the hot path is
+     * one or two {@code memPut} calls per vertex instead of a JNI-ish {@code memCopy}
+     * dispatch. Falls through to {@code memCopy} for exotic sizes.
+     */
+    private static void copyStrided(long src, int srcStride, long dst, int dstStride, int attribBytes, int vertexCount) {
+        switch (attribBytes) {
+            case 4 -> {
+                for (int v = 0; v < vertexCount; v++) {
+                    memPutInt(dst, memGetInt(src));
+                    src += srcStride; dst += dstStride;
+                }
+            }
+            case 8 -> {
+                for (int v = 0; v < vertexCount; v++) {
+                    memPutLong(dst, memGetLong(src));
+                    src += srcStride; dst += dstStride;
+                }
+            }
+            case 12 -> {
+                for (int v = 0; v < vertexCount; v++) {
+                    memPutLong(dst, memGetLong(src));
+                    memPutInt(dst + 8, memGetInt(src + 8));
+                    src += srcStride; dst += dstStride;
+                }
+            }
+            case 16 -> {
+                for (int v = 0; v < vertexCount; v++) {
+                    memPutLong(dst, memGetLong(src));
+                    memPutLong(dst + 8, memGetLong(src + 8));
+                    src += srcStride; dst += dstStride;
+                }
+            }
+            default -> {
+                for (int v = 0; v < vertexCount; v++) {
+                    MemoryUtilities.memCopy(src, dst, attribBytes);
+                    src += srcStride; dst += dstStride;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/PixelDataSnapshot.java

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
+
+import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
+import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
+import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAlloc;
+
+final class PixelDataSnapshot {
+    private PixelDataSnapshot() {}
+
+    static @Nullable ByteBuffer copy(@Nullable ByteBuffer pixels) {
+        if (pixels == null) return null;
+        final int pos = pixels.position();
+        final ByteBuffer out = memAlloc(pixels.remaining()).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        out.put(pixels);
+        out.flip();
+        pixels.position(pos);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    static @Nullable ByteBuffer copy(@Nullable IntBuffer pixels) {
+        if (pixels == null) return null;
+        final int pos = pixels.position();
+        final ByteBuffer out = memAlloc(pixels.remaining() * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        out.asIntBuffer().put(pixels);
+        pixels.position(pos);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    static @Nullable ByteBuffer copy(@Nullable FloatBuffer pixels) {
+        if (pixels == null) return null;
+        final int pos = pixels.position();
+        final ByteBuffer out = memAlloc(pixels.remaining() * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        out.asFloatBuffer().put(pixels);
+        pixels.position(pos);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    static @Nullable ByteBuffer copy(@Nullable DoubleBuffer pixels) {
+        if (pixels == null) return null;
+        final int pos = pixels.position();
+        final ByteBuffer out = memAlloc(pixels.remaining() * 8).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        out.asDoubleBuffer().put(pixels);
+        pixels.position(pos);
+        return out;
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/TexImage2DCmd.java

@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
 
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLDebug;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.PixelUnpackState;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
 
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memFree;
+
 /**
  * Command: glTexImage2D(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, pixels)
  * Specifies a two-dimensional texture image during display list playback.
@@ -24,92 +26,58 @@ public record TexImage2DCmd(
     int border,
     int format,
     int type,
-    @Nullable byte[] pixelData
+    @Nullable ByteBuffer pixels,
+    @Nullable PixelUnpackState unpack
 ) implements DisplayListCommand {
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from IntBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexImage2DCmd fromIntBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable IntBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = (limit - pos) * 4; // 4 bytes per int
-            data = new byte[size];
-            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(data).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            bb.asIntBuffer().put(pixels);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
+    public TexImage2DCmd {
+        if (pixels == null) {
+            unpack = null;
         }
-        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, data);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from FloatBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexImage2DCmd fromFloatBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable FloatBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = (limit - pos) * 4; // 4 bytes per float
-            data = new byte[size];
-            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(data).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            bb.asFloatBuffer().put(pixels);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
-        }
-        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, data);
+    public static TexImage2DCmd fromIntBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable IntBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from DoubleBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexImage2DCmd fromDoubleBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable DoubleBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = (limit - pos) * 8; // 8 bytes per double
-            data = new byte[size];
-            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(data).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            bb.asDoubleBuffer().put(pixels);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
-        }
-        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, data);
+    public static TexImage2DCmd fromFloatBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable FloatBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from ByteBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexImage2DCmd fromByteBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable ByteBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = limit - pos;
-            data = new byte[size];
-            pixels.get(data);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
-        }
-        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, data);
+    public static TexImage2DCmd fromDoubleBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable DoubleBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
+    }
+
+    public static TexImage2DCmd fromByteBuffer(int target, int level, int internalformat, int width, int height, int border, int format, int type, @Nullable ByteBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexImage2DCmd(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void execute() {
-        ByteBuffer buffer = null;
-        if (pixelData != null) {
-            buffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(pixelData.length).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            buffer.put(pixelData);
-            buffer.flip();
+        if (pixels == null) {
+            GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, (ByteBuffer) null);
+            return;
+        }
+        GLStateManager.forcePixelUnpackState(unpack);
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, pixels);
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackState(unpack);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void delete() {
+        if (pixels != null) {
+            memFree(pixels);
         }
-        GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(target, level, internalformat, width, height, border, format, type, buffer);
     }
 
     @Override
     public @NotNull String toString() {
-        String dataStr = pixelData != null ? (pixelData.length + " bytes") : "null";
-        return String.format("TexImage2D(target=%s, level=%d, internalformat=%s, %dx%d, border=%d, format=%s, type=%s, data=%s)",
+        String dataStr = pixels != null ? (pixels.remaining() + " bytes") : "null";
+        return String.format("TexImage2D(target=%s, level=%d, internalformat=%s, %dx%d, border=%d, format=%s, type=%s, data=%s, unpack=%s)",
             GLDebug.getTextureTargetName(target), level, GLDebug.getTextureFormatName(internalformat),
-            width, height, border, GLDebug.getTextureFormatName(format), GLDebug.getDataTypeName(type), dataStr);
+            width, height, border, GLDebug.getTextureFormatName(format), GLDebug.getDataTypeName(type), dataStr, unpack);
     }
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/TexSubImage2DCmd.java

@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
 
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLDebug;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.PixelUnpackState;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.NotNull;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.ByteOrder;
 import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
 
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memFree;
+
 /**
  * Command: glTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, pixels)
  * Updates a portion of an existing two-dimensional texture image during display list playback.
@@ -24,92 +26,58 @@ public record TexSubImage2DCmd(
     int height,
     int format,
     int type,
-    @Nullable byte[] pixelData
+    @Nullable ByteBuffer pixels,
+    @Nullable PixelUnpackState unpack
 ) implements DisplayListCommand {
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from IntBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromIntBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable IntBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = (limit - pos) * 4; // 4 bytes per int
-            data = new byte[size];
-            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(data).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            bb.asIntBuffer().put(pixels);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
+    public TexSubImage2DCmd {
+        if (pixels == null) {
+            unpack = null;
         }
-        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, data);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from FloatBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromFloatBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable FloatBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = (limit - pos) * 4; // 4 bytes per float
-            data = new byte[size];
-            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(data).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            bb.asFloatBuffer().put(pixels);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
-        }
-        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, data);
+    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromIntBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable IntBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from DoubleBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromDoubleBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable DoubleBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = (limit - pos) * 8; // 8 bytes per double
-            data = new byte[size];
-            ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(data).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            bb.asDoubleBuffer().put(pixels);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
-        }
-        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, data);
+    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromFloatBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable FloatBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create command from ByteBuffer
-     */
-    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromByteBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable ByteBuffer pixels) {
-        byte[] data = null;
-        if (pixels != null) {
-            int pos = pixels.position();
-            int limit = pixels.limit();
-            int size = limit - pos;
-            data = new byte[size];
-            pixels.get(data);
-            pixels.position(pos); // Restore position
-        }
-        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, data);
+    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromDoubleBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable DoubleBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
+    }
+
+    public static TexSubImage2DCmd fromByteBuffer(int target, int level, int xoffset, int yoffset, int width, int height, int format, int type, @Nullable ByteBuffer pixels, PixelUnpackState unpack) {
+        return new TexSubImage2DCmd(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, PixelDataSnapshot.copy(pixels), unpack);
     }
 
     @Override
     public void execute() {
-        ByteBuffer buffer = null;
-        if (pixelData != null) {
-            buffer = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(pixelData.length).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
-            buffer.put(pixelData);
-            buffer.flip();
+        if (pixels == null) {
+            GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, (ByteBuffer) null);
+            return;
+        }
+        GLStateManager.forcePixelUnpackState(unpack);
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, pixels);
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackState(unpack);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void delete() {
+        if (pixels != null) {
+            memFree(pixels);
         }
-        GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(target, level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, buffer);
     }
 
     @Override
     public @NotNull String toString() {
-        String dataStr = pixelData != null ? (pixelData.length + " bytes") : "null";
-        return String.format("TexSubImage2D(target=%s, level=%d, offset=(%d,%d), %dx%d, format=%s, type=%s, data=%s)",
+        String dataStr = pixels != null ? (pixels.remaining() + " bytes") : "null";
+        return String.format("TexSubImage2D(target=%s, level=%d, offset=(%d,%d), %dx%d, format=%s, type=%s, data=%s, unpack=%s)",
             GLDebug.getTextureTargetName(target), level, xoffset, yoffset, width, height,
-            GLDebug.getTextureFormatName(format), GLDebug.getDataTypeName(type), dataStr);
+            GLDebug.getTextureFormatName(format), GLDebug.getDataTypeName(type), dataStr, unpack);
     }
 }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/redirect/GLSMRedirector.java

@@ -4,16 +4,19 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.asm.ClassConstantPoolParser;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.objectweb.asm.Handle;
 import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
 import org.objectweb.asm.tree.AbstractInsnNode;
 import org.objectweb.asm.tree.ClassNode;
 import org.objectweb.asm.tree.IntInsnNode;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.InvokeDynamicInsnNode;
 import org.objectweb.asm.tree.LdcInsnNode;
 import org.objectweb.asm.tree.MethodInsnNode;
 import org.objectweb.asm.tree.MethodNode;
 import org.objectweb.asm.tree.TypeInsnNode;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -79,6 +82,9 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
         glCapRedirects.put(org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.GL_SCISSOR_TEST, "ScissorTest");
 
         final var gl11 = RedirectMap.newMap()
+            // glEnable/Disable - Special cased in GLSMRedirector, but included here for the external API
+            .add("glEnable")
+            .add("glDisable")
             .add("glAlphaFunc")
             .add("glBegin")
             .add("glBindTexture")
@@ -495,6 +501,22 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
         return CORE_EXCLUSIONS.clone();
     }
 
+    /** The internal-name prefix used to match GL version classes (e.g., {@code "org/lwjgl/opengl/GL"}). */
+    public static String getGLPrefix() { return GL_PREFIX; }
+
+    /** The internal name of the redirect target class. */
+    public static String getTargetClassName() { return GLStateManager; }
+
+    /** Method redirects for GL-prefix classes. Key: original method name, Value: GLStateManager method name. */
+    public static Map<String, String> getGLPrefixMethodRedirects() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(glMethodRedirects);
+    }
+
+    /** Method redirects for named (non-GL-prefix) classes. Key: internal class name, Value: per-method redirect map. */
+    public static Map<String, Map<String, String>> getNamedClassMethodRedirects() {
+        return Collections.unmodifiableMap(methodRedirects);
+    }
+
     public boolean shouldTransform(byte[] basicClass) {
         return cstPoolParser.find(basicClass, true);
     }
@@ -504,7 +526,7 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
         boolean changed = false;
         final boolean isOpenGlHelper = transformedName.equals("net.minecraft.client.renderer.OpenGlHelper");
 
-        for (MethodNode mn : cn.methods) {
+        for (MethodNode mn : (List<MethodNode>) cn.methods) {
             if (isOpenGlHelper && (mn.name.equals("glBlendFunc") || mn.name.equals("func_148821_a"))) {
                 continue;
             }
@@ -590,6 +612,22 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
                             changed = true;
                         }
                     }
+                } else if (node instanceof InvokeDynamicInsnNode dynNode) {
+                    // Redirect method handles in invokedynamic bootstrap arguments
+                    for (int i = 0; i < dynNode.bsmArgs.length; i++) {
+                        if (!(dynNode.bsmArgs[i] instanceof Handle handle)) continue;
+                        final Map<String, String> redirects = handle.getOwner().startsWith(GL_PREFIX) ? glMethodRedirects : methodRedirects.get(handle.getOwner());
+                        if (redirects == null) continue;
+                        final String glsmName = redirects.get(handle.getName());
+                        if (glsmName == null) continue;
+                        if (LOG_SPAM) {
+                            final String shortOwner = handle.getOwner().substring(handle.getOwner().lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
+                            LOGGER.info("Redirecting invokedynamic handle in {} from {}.{}{} to GLStateManager.{}{}", transformedName, shortOwner, handle.getName(), handle.getDesc(), glsmName, handle.getDesc());
+                        }
+                        dynNode.bsmArgs[i] = new Handle(handle.getTag(), GLStateManager, glsmName, handle.getDesc());
+                        changed = true;
+                        redirectInMethod = true;
+                    }
                 }
             }
             if (ASSERT_MAIN_THREAD && redirectInMethod && !transformedName.startsWith(SplashProgress) && !(transformedName.startsWith(MinecraftClient) && ExcludedMinecraftMainThreadChecks.contains(mn.name))) {

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/states/LightModelState.java

@@ -27,65 +27,75 @@ public class LightModelState implements ISettableState<LightModelState> {
         twoSide = 0.0F;
     }
 
-    public void setAmbient(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setAmbient(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.ambient.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.ambient.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setAmbient(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setAmbient(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.ambient.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.ambient.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setColorControl(int val) {
+    public boolean setColorControl(int val) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || this.colorControl != val) {
             this.colorControl = val;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setColorControl(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setColorControl(newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setColorControl(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setColorControl(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setLocalViewer(float val) {
+    public boolean setLocalViewer(float val) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(this.localViewer, val) != 0) {
             this.localViewer = val;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setLocalViewer(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setLocalViewer(newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setLocalViewer(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setLocalViewer(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setLocalViewer(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setLocalViewer((float) newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setLocalViewer(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setLocalViewer((float) newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setLocalViewer(int val) {
-        setLocalViewer((float) val);
+    public boolean setLocalViewer(int val) {
+        return setLocalViewer((float) val);
     }
 
-    public void setTwoSide(float val) {
+    public boolean setTwoSide(float val) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(this.twoSide, val) != 0) {
             this.twoSide = val;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setTwoSide(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setTwoSide(newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setTwoSide(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setTwoSide(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setTwoSide(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setTwoSide((float) newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setTwoSide(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setTwoSide((float) newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setTwoSide(int val) {
-        setTwoSide((float) val);
+    public boolean setTwoSide(int val) {
+        return setTwoSide((float) val);
     }
 
     @Override

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/states/LightState.java

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ public class LightState implements ISettableState<LightState> {
 
     private static final Vector4i vector4i = new Vector4i();
     private static final Vector4f vector4f = new Vector4f();
+    private static final Vector3f vector3f = new Vector3f();
     private static final Vector3i vector3i = new Vector3i();
     private static final Matrix3f matrix3f = new Matrix3f();
 
@@ -27,6 +28,10 @@ public class LightState implements ISettableState<LightState> {
     public final Vector4f specular;
     public final Vector4f position;
     public final Vector3f spotDirection;
+    private final Vector4f rawPosition;
+    private int posMvGeneration = -1;
+    private final Vector3f rawSpotDirection;
+    private int spotDirLinearGeneration = -1;
     public float spotExponent;
     public float spotCutoff;
     public float spotCosCutoff;
@@ -66,178 +71,221 @@ public class LightState implements ISettableState<LightState> {
         this.linearAttenuation = linearAttenuation;
         this.quadraticAttenuation = quadraticAttenuation;
 
+        this.rawPosition = new Vector4f(position);
         this.position = position;
         this.position.mul(GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix());
+        this.posMvGeneration = GLStateManager.mvGeneration;
 
+        this.rawSpotDirection = new Vector3f(spotDirection);
         this.spotDirection = spotDirection;
         GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().get3x3(matrix3f);
         this.spotDirection.mul(matrix3f);
+        this.spotDirLinearGeneration = GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration;
     }
 
-    public void setAmbient(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setAmbient(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.ambient.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.ambient.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setAmbient(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setAmbient(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.ambient.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.ambient.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setDiffuse(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setDiffuse(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.diffuse.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.diffuse.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setDiffuse(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setDiffuse(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.diffuse.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.diffuse.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setSpecular(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setSpecular(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.specular.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.specular.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setSpecular(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setSpecular(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.specular.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.specular.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setPosition(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        // We are bypassing cache everytime for position, because the necessary components to enable tracking the cache
-        // are big and probably more than just bypassing. We would need to track the modelview matrix it was transformed
-        // with and the untransformed coordinates in addition to the final transformation.
-        this.position.set(newBuffer);
-        this.position.mul(GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix());
+    public boolean setPosition(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        vector4f.set(newBuffer);
+        return applyPosition(vector4f);
     }
 
-    public void setPosition(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setPosition(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
-        this.position.set((float) vector4i.x, (float) vector4i.y, (float) vector4i.z, (float) vector4i.w);
-        this.position.mul(GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix());
+        vector4f.set((float) vector4i.x, (float) vector4i.y, (float) vector4i.z, (float) vector4i.w);
+        return applyPosition(vector4f);
     }
 
-    public void setSpotDirection(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        // We are bypassing cache everytime for spot direction, because the necessary components to enable tracking the cache
-        // are big and probably more than just bypassing. We would need to track the modelview matrix it was transformed
-        // with and the untransformed coordinates in addition to the final transformation.
-        GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().get3x3(matrix3f);
-        this.spotDirection.set(newBuffer);
-        this.spotDirection.mul(matrix3f);
+    private boolean applyPosition(Vector4f raw) {
+        final int mvGen = GLStateManager.mvGeneration;
+        if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || this.posMvGeneration != mvGen || !this.rawPosition.equals(raw)) {
+            this.rawPosition.set(raw);
+            this.posMvGeneration = mvGen;
+            this.position.set(raw);
+            this.position.mul(GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix());
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setSpotDirection(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setSpotDirection(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        vector3f.set(newBuffer);
+        return applySpotDirection(vector3f);
+    }
+
+    public boolean setSpotDirection(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector3i.set(newBuffer);
-        GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().get3x3(matrix3f);
-        this.spotDirection.set((float) vector3i.x, (float) vector3i.y, (float) vector3i.z);
-        this.spotDirection.mul(matrix3f);
+        vector3f.set((float) vector3i.x, (float) vector3i.y, (float) vector3i.z);
+        return applySpotDirection(vector3f);
     }
 
-    public void setSpotExponent(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setSpotExponent(newBuffer.get());
+    private boolean applySpotDirection(Vector3f raw) {
+        final int mvLinearGen = GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration;
+        if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || this.spotDirLinearGeneration != mvLinearGen || !this.rawSpotDirection.equals(raw)) {
+            this.rawSpotDirection.set(raw);
+            this.spotDirLinearGeneration = mvLinearGen;
+            GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().get3x3(matrix3f);
+            this.spotDirection.set(raw);
+            this.spotDirection.mul(matrix3f);
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setSpotExponent(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setSpotExponent((float) newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setSpotExponent(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setSpotExponent(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setSpotExponent(int i) {
-        setSpotExponent((float) i);
+    public boolean setSpotExponent(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setSpotExponent((float) newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setSpotExponent(float f) {
+    public boolean setSpotExponent(int i) {
+        return setSpotExponent((float) i);
+    }
+
+    public boolean setSpotExponent(float f) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(f, this.spotExponent) != 0) {
             this.spotExponent = f;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setSpotCutoff(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setSpotCutoff(newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setSpotCutoff(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setSpotCutoff(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setSpotCutoff(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setSpotCutoff((float) newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setSpotCutoff(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setSpotCutoff((float) newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setSpotCutoff(int i) {
-        setSpotCutoff((float) i);
+    public boolean setSpotCutoff(int i) {
+        return setSpotCutoff((float) i);
     }
 
-    public void setSpotCutoff(float f) {
+    public boolean setSpotCutoff(float f) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(f, this.spotCutoff) != 0) {
             this.spotCutoff = f;
             this.spotCosCutoff = (float) Math.cos(Math.toRadians(f));
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setConstantAttenuation(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setConstantAttenuation(newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setConstantAttenuation(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setConstantAttenuation(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setConstantAttenuation(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setConstantAttenuation((float) newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setConstantAttenuation(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setConstantAttenuation((float) newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setConstantAttenuation(int i) {
-        setConstantAttenuation((float) i);
+    public boolean setConstantAttenuation(int i) {
+        return setConstantAttenuation((float) i);
     }
 
-    public void setConstantAttenuation(float f) {
+    public boolean setConstantAttenuation(float f) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(f, this.constantAttenuation) != 0) {
             this.constantAttenuation = f;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setLinearAttenuation(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setLinearAttenuation(newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setLinearAttenuation(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setLinearAttenuation(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setLinearAttenuation(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setLinearAttenuation((float) newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setLinearAttenuation(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setLinearAttenuation((float) newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setLinearAttenuation(int i) {
-        setLinearAttenuation((float) i);
+    public boolean setLinearAttenuation(int i) {
+        return setLinearAttenuation((float) i);
     }
 
-    public void setLinearAttenuation(float f) {
+    public boolean setLinearAttenuation(float f) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(f, this.linearAttenuation) != 0) {
             this.linearAttenuation = f;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setQuadraticAttenuation(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setQuadraticAttenuation(newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setQuadraticAttenuation(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setQuadraticAttenuation(newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setQuadraticAttenuation(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
-        setQuadraticAttenuation((float) newBuffer.get());
+    public boolean setQuadraticAttenuation(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+        return setQuadraticAttenuation((float) newBuffer.get());
     }
 
-    public void setQuadraticAttenuation(int i) {
-        setQuadraticAttenuation((float) i);
+    public boolean setQuadraticAttenuation(int i) {
+        return setQuadraticAttenuation((float) i);
     }
 
-    public void setQuadraticAttenuation(float f) {
+    public boolean setQuadraticAttenuation(float f) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(f, this.quadraticAttenuation) != 0) {
             this.quadraticAttenuation = f;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -246,7 +294,11 @@ public class LightState implements ISettableState<LightState> {
         this.diffuse.set(state.diffuse);
         this.specular.set(state.specular);
         this.position.set(state.position);
+        this.rawPosition.set(state.rawPosition);
+        this.posMvGeneration = state.posMvGeneration;
         this.spotDirection.set(state.spotDirection);
+        this.rawSpotDirection.set(state.rawSpotDirection);
+        this.spotDirLinearGeneration = state.spotDirLinearGeneration;
         this.spotExponent = state.spotExponent;
         this.spotCutoff = state.spotCutoff;
         this.spotCosCutoff = state.spotCosCutoff;

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/states/MaterialState.java

@@ -37,79 +37,100 @@ public class MaterialState implements ISettableState<MaterialState> {
         colorIndexes = new Vector3f(0.0F, 1.0F, 1.0F);
     }
 
-    public void setAmbient(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setAmbient(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.ambient.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.ambient.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setAmbient(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setAmbient(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.ambient.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.ambient.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setDiffuse(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setDiffuse(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.diffuse.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.diffuse.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setDiffuse(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setDiffuse(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.diffuse.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.diffuse.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setSpecular(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setSpecular(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.specular.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.specular.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setSpecular(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setSpecular(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.specular.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.specular.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setEmission(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setEmission(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4f.set(newBuffer);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.emission.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.emission.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setEmission(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setEmission(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector4i.set(newBuffer);
         vector4f.set(i2f(vector4i.x), i2f(vector4i.y), i2f(vector4i.z), i2f(vector4i.w));
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.emission.equals(vector4f)) {
             this.emission.set(vector4f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setShininess(float val) {
+    public boolean setShininess(float val) {
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || Float.compare(this.shininess, val) != 0) {
             this.shininess = val;
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setShininess(FloatBuffer newBuffer) { setShininess(newBuffer.get()); }
+    // On the buffer versions of shininess, we need to call `get(0)` explicitly specifying the index
+    // otherwise calling `get()` advances the buffer position, and some mods may re-use the same buffer
+    // in subsequent calls, resulting in a BufferUnderflowException.
+    public boolean setShininess(FloatBuffer newBuffer) { return setShininess(newBuffer.get(0)); }
 
-    public void setShininess(IntBuffer newBuffer) { setShininess((float) newBuffer.get());}
+    public boolean setShininess(IntBuffer newBuffer) { return setShininess((float) newBuffer.get(0)); }
 
-    public void setShininess(int val) { setShininess((float) val);}
+    public boolean setShininess(int val) { return setShininess((float) val);}
 
-    public void setColorIndexes(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setColorIndexes(FloatBuffer newBuffer) {
         // You are reading this correctly, nvidia drivers flip the y and z values in
         // glMaterial specifically for GL_COLOR_INDEXES. Other drivers do not do this.
         // This probably breaks things but who knows, GLSM is setup to track to what the
@@ -122,15 +143,19 @@ public class MaterialState implements ISettableState<MaterialState> {
 
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.colorIndexes.equals(vector3f)) {
             this.colorIndexes.set(vector3f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
-    public void setColorIndexes(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
+    public boolean setColorIndexes(IntBuffer newBuffer) {
         vector3i.set(newBuffer.get(0), newBuffer.get(2), newBuffer.get(1));
         vector3f.set((float) vector3i.x, (float) vector3i.y, (float) vector3i.z);
         if (GLStateManager.shouldBypassCache() || !this.colorIndexes.equals(vector3f)) {
             this.colorIndexes.set(vector3f);
+            return true;
         }
+        return false;
     }
 
     @Override

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/states/PixelUnpackState.java

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states;
+
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable client-side pixel unpack state (glPixelStore UNPACK_* params)
+ */
+public record PixelUnpackState(
+    int alignment,
+    int rowLength,
+    int skipRows,
+    int skipPixels,
+    int imageHeight,
+    int skipImages,
+    boolean swapBytes,
+    boolean lsbFirst
+) {
+    public static final PixelUnpackState DEFAULT = new PixelUnpackState(4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, false, false);
+
+    public boolean isDefault() {
+        return this.equals(DEFAULT);
+    }
+
+    public PixelUnpackState with(int pname, int param) {
+        return switch (pname) {
+            case GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT -> (param == 1 || param == 2 || param == 4 || param == 8) ? new PixelUnpackState(param, rowLength, skipRows, skipPixels, imageHeight, skipImages, swapBytes, lsbFirst) : this;
+            case GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH -> param >= 0 ? new PixelUnpackState(alignment, param, skipRows, skipPixels, imageHeight, skipImages, swapBytes, lsbFirst) : this;
+            case GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS -> param >= 0 ? new PixelUnpackState(alignment, rowLength, param, skipPixels, imageHeight, skipImages, swapBytes, lsbFirst) : this;
+            case GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_PIXELS -> param >= 0 ? new PixelUnpackState(alignment, rowLength, skipRows, param, imageHeight, skipImages, swapBytes, lsbFirst) : this;
+            case GL12.GL_UNPACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT -> param >= 0 ? new PixelUnpackState(alignment, rowLength, skipRows, skipPixels, param, skipImages, swapBytes, lsbFirst) : this;
+            case GL12.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_IMAGES -> param >= 0 ? new PixelUnpackState(alignment, rowLength, skipRows, skipPixels, imageHeight, param, swapBytes, lsbFirst) : this;
+            case GL11.GL_UNPACK_SWAP_BYTES -> new PixelUnpackState(alignment, rowLength, skipRows, skipPixels, imageHeight, skipImages, param != 0, lsbFirst);
+            case GL11.GL_UNPACK_LSB_FIRST -> new PixelUnpackState(alignment, rowLength, skipRows, skipPixels, imageHeight, skipImages, swapBytes, param != 0);
+            default -> this;
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static void applyDiff(PixelUnpackState from, PixelUnpackState to) {
+        if (from.alignment != to.alignment) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, to.alignment);
+        if (from.rowLength != to.rowLength) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, to.rowLength);
+        if (from.skipRows != to.skipRows) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS, to.skipRows);
+        if (from.skipPixels != to.skipPixels) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_PIXELS, to.skipPixels);
+        if (from.imageHeight != to.imageHeight) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL12.GL_UNPACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT, to.imageHeight);
+        if (from.skipImages != to.skipImages) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL12.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_IMAGES, to.skipImages);
+        if (from.swapBytes != to.swapBytes) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SWAP_BYTES, to.swapBytes ? 1 : 0);
+        if (from.lsbFirst != to.lsbFirst) RENDER_BACKEND.pixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_LSB_FIRST, to.lsbFirst ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+}

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/states/VertexAttribState.java

@@ -16,16 +16,19 @@ public class VertexAttribState {
     private static final Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<Attrib[]> vaoAttribs = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
     private static Attrib[] current;
     private static final ArrayDeque<Attrib[]> pool = new ArrayDeque<>();
+    private static int clientSideEnabledCount;
 
     public static void init(int defaultVAO) {
         vaoAttribs.clear();
         pool.clear();
         current = allocAttribArray();
         vaoAttribs.put(defaultVAO, current);
+        clientSideEnabledCount = 0;
     }
 
     public static void onBindVertexArray(int newVAO) {
         current = vaoAttribs.computeIfAbsent(newVAO, k -> allocAttribArray());
+        recomputeClientSideCount();
     }
 
     public static void onDeleteVertexArray(int vaoId) {
@@ -39,6 +42,7 @@ public class VertexAttribState {
         vaoAttribs.clear();
         pool.clear();
         current = null;
+        clientSideEnabledCount = 0;
     }
 
     private static Attrib[] allocAttribArray() {
@@ -55,6 +59,7 @@ public class VertexAttribState {
     public static void set(int index, int size, int type, boolean normalized, int stride, long offset, int vboId) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= MAX_ATTRIBS) return;
         final Attrib a = current[index];
+        final boolean was = a.isClientSide();
         a.size = size;
         a.type = type;
         a.normalized = normalized;
@@ -62,11 +67,13 @@ public class VertexAttribState {
         a.offset = offset;
         a.vboId = vboId;
         a.clientPointer = null;
+        if (was) clientSideEnabledCount--;
     }
 
     public static void set(int index, int size, int type, boolean normalized, int stride, ByteBuffer pointer, int vboId) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= MAX_ATTRIBS) return;
         final Attrib a = current[index];
+        final boolean was = a.isClientSide();
         a.size = size;
         a.type = type;
         a.normalized = normalized;
@@ -74,24 +81,41 @@ public class VertexAttribState {
         a.offset = 0;
         a.vboId = vboId;
         a.clientPointer = (vboId == 0) ? pointer : null;
+        final boolean now = a.isClientSide();
+        if (was != now) clientSideEnabledCount += now ? 1 : -1;
     }
 
     public static void setEnabled(int index, boolean enabled) {
         if (index < 0 || index >= MAX_ATTRIBS) return;
-        current[index].enabled = enabled;
+        final Attrib a = current[index];
+        if (a.clientPointer != null && a.enabled != enabled) {
+            clientSideEnabledCount += enabled ? 1 : -1;
+        }
+        a.enabled = enabled;
     }
 
     public static Attrib get(int index) {
         return current[index];
     }
 
-    public static boolean hasVBOBoundAttrib() {
+
+
+    private static void recomputeClientSideCount() {
+        int count = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < MAX_ATTRIBS; i++) {
-            if (current[i].enabled && current[i].vboId != 0) return true;
+            if (current[i].isClientSide()) count++;
         }
-        return false;
+        clientSideEnabledCount = count;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Returns true if any currently enabled vertex attribute was registered without a VBO
+     * (i.e. as a client-side pointer). In core profile, such attribs are treated as null
+     * offsets into a non-existent buffer, causing a native crash at draw time.
+     */
+    public static boolean hasAnyClientSideEnabledAttrib() {
+        return clientSideEnabledCount > 0;
+    }
     public static class Attrib {
         public boolean enabled;
         public int size;
@@ -102,6 +126,10 @@ public class VertexAttribState {
         public int vboId;
         public ByteBuffer clientPointer;
 
+        public boolean isClientSide() {
+            return enabled && clientPointer != null;
+        }
+
         public void reset() {
             enabled = false;
             size = 0;
@@ -132,6 +160,10 @@ public class VertexAttribState {
         }
 
         public float readComponent(ByteBuffer buf, int base, int component) {
+            return readComponent(type, normalized, buf, base, component);
+        }
+
+        public static float readComponent(int type, boolean normalized, ByteBuffer buf, int base, int component) {
             return switch (type) {
                 case GL11.GL_FLOAT -> buf.getFloat(base + component * 4);
                 case GL11.GL_DOUBLE -> (float) buf.getDouble(base + component * 8);

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/streaming/OrphanStreamingBuffer.java

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.streaming;
 
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ public final class OrphanStreamingBuffer {
 
     public void destroy() {
         if (bufferId != 0) {
-            RENDER_BACKEND.deleteBuffers(bufferId);
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(bufferId);
             bufferId = 0;
         }
     }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/streaming/PersistentStreamingBuffer.java

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.streaming;
 
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.RenderSystem;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.ObjectArrayFIFOQueue;
 import org.embeddedt.embeddium.impl.gl.sync.GlFence;
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ public class PersistentStreamingBuffer implements StreamingBuffer {
         RENDER_BACKEND.bindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
 
         if (this.mappedBuffer == null) {
-            RENDER_BACKEND.deleteBuffers(bufferId);
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(bufferId);
             bufferId = 0;
             throw new RuntimeException("Failed to persistently map streaming buffer");
         }
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ public class PersistentStreamingBuffer implements StreamingBuffer {
             RENDER_BACKEND.bindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufferId);
             RENDER_BACKEND.unmapBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER);
             RENDER_BACKEND.bindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
-            RENDER_BACKEND.deleteBuffers(bufferId);
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(bufferId);
             bufferId = 0;
         }
     }

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/streaming/TessellatorStreamingDrawer.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.rendering;
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.streaming;
 
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.DirectTessellator;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.DefaultVertexFormat;
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.QuadConverter;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.RenderSystem;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.ShaderManager;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.streaming.OrphanStreamingBuffer;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.streaming.PersistentStreamingBuffer;
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.Tessellator;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
@@ -128,6 +126,19 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
         uploadAndDraw(buffer, flags, format, vertexSize, drawMode, vertexCount);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Upload pre-packed vertex data and draw. Public API for external batch systems.
+     * @param packedData  buffer positioned at 0 with limit set to total bytes
+     * @param drawMode    GL draw mode (GL_QUADS, GL_TRIANGLES, etc.)
+     * @param flags       vertex format flags (from VertexFlags)
+     * @param vertexCount number of vertices
+     */
+    public static void drawPacked(ByteBuffer packedData, int drawMode, int flags, int vertexCount) {
+        final VertexFormat format = DefaultVertexFormat.ALL_FORMATS[flags];
+        final int vertexSize = format.getVertexSize();
+        uploadAndDraw(packedData, flags, format, vertexSize, drawMode, vertexCount);
+    }
+
     private static String cachedDebugInfo = "Stream: not initialized";
     private static long lastDebugUpdateNanos;
     private static final long DEBUG_UPDATE_INTERVAL_NS = 500_000_000L; // 500ms
@@ -172,34 +183,6 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
         }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Draw a merged batch of pre-packed vertex data from a DeferredBatchTessellator.
-     * Copies byte ranges into repackBuffer, then uploads and draws.
-     */
-    static void drawPackedBatch(DeferredBatchTessellator source,
-                                java.util.List<DeferredBatchTessellator.DrawRange> ranges,
-                                int from, int to,
-                                int totalBytes, int totalVertices,
-                                int drawMode, int flags) {
-        if (totalVertices == 0) return;
-
-        final VertexFormat format = DefaultVertexFormat.ALL_FORMATS[flags];
-        final int vertexSize = format.getVertexSize();
-
-        ensureRepackCapacity(totalBytes);
-
-        long writePos = repackAddress;
-        for (int j = from; j < to; j++) {
-            final DeferredBatchTessellator.DrawRange r = ranges.get(j);
-            source.copyRange(r.byteOffset(), r.byteLength(), writePos);
-            writePos += r.byteLength();
-        }
-        repackBuffer.position(0);
-        repackBuffer.limit(totalBytes);
-
-        uploadAndDraw(repackBuffer, flags, format, vertexSize, drawMode, totalVertices);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Upload packed vertex data to a streaming buffer and issue the draw call.
      * Tries the persistent ring buffer first, falls back to orphan buffer on overflow.
@@ -239,7 +222,11 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
         }
     }
 
-    private static void ensureRepackCapacity(int requiredBytes) {
+    /**
+     * Ensure the repack buffer is large enough for the given byte count.
+     * Public for use by external batch systems that need to pack data before calling {@link #drawPacked}.
+     */
+    public static void ensureRepackCapacity(int requiredBytes) {
         if (requiredBytes <= repackCapacity) return;
 
         int newCapacity = repackCapacity;
@@ -253,6 +240,16 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
         repackCapacity = newCapacity;
     }
 
+    /** Get the repack buffer's native address. Valid until next {@link #ensureRepackCapacity} call. */
+    public static long getRepackAddress() {
+        return repackAddress;
+    }
+
+    /** Get the repack ByteBuffer. Caller must set position/limit before passing to {@link #drawPacked}. */
+    public static ByteBuffer getRepackBuffer() {
+        return repackBuffer;
+    }
+
     private static void ensureVAO(int flags, VertexFormat format) {
         init();
 

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/texture/TextureInfo.java

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ public class TextureInfo {
 
     @Getter protected final int id;
     protected int internalFormat = -1;
+    protected int resolvedInternalFormat = -1;
     protected int width = -1;
     protected int height = -1;
 
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ public class TextureInfo {
     @Getter @Setter protected int magFilter = GL11.GL_LINEAR;
     @Getter @Setter protected int wrapS = GL11.GL_REPEAT;
     @Getter @Setter protected int wrapT = GL11.GL_REPEAT;
+    @Getter @Setter protected int baseLevel = 0;
     @Getter @Setter protected int maxLevel = 1000;
     @Getter @Setter protected int minLod = -1000;
     @Getter @Setter protected int maxLod = 1000;
@@ -23,6 +25,8 @@ public class TextureInfo {
 
     @Getter @Setter protected float maxAnisotropy = 1.0f;
 
+    @Getter @Setter protected boolean generateMipmap = false;
+
     protected TextureInfo(int id) {
         this.id = id;
     }
@@ -34,6 +38,17 @@ public class TextureInfo {
         return internalFormat;
     }
 
+    public int getResolvedInternalFormat() {
+        if (resolvedInternalFormat == -1) {
+            resolvedInternalFormat = RenderSystem.getTexLevelParameteri(id, 0, GL11.GL_TEXTURE_INTERNAL_FORMAT);
+        }
+        return resolvedInternalFormat;
+    }
+
+    public boolean needsInternalFormatResolve() {
+        return resolvedInternalFormat == -1;
+    }
+
     public int getWidth() {
         if (width == -1) {
             width = RenderSystem.getTexLevelParameteri(id, 0, GL11.GL_TEXTURE_WIDTH);

glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/texture/TextureInfoCache.java

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectOpenHashMap;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL13;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL21;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30;
 
 import java.nio.Buffer;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
@@ -45,6 +48,7 @@ public class TextureInfoCache {
             final TextureInfo info = getInfo(GLStateManager.getBoundTextureForServerState());
             if (info == null) return;
             info.internalFormat = internalformat;
+            info.resolvedInternalFormat = isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(internalformat) ? -1 : internalformat;
             info.width = width;
             info.height = height;
         }
@@ -55,11 +59,24 @@ public class TextureInfoCache {
             final TextureInfo info = getInfo(GLStateManager.getBoundTextureForServerState());
             if (info == null) return;
             info.internalFormat = internalformat;
+            info.resolvedInternalFormat = isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(internalformat) ? -1 : internalformat;
             info.width = width;
             info.height = height;
         }
     }
 
+    public static boolean isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(int internalFormat) {
+        return switch (internalFormat) {
+            case GL30.GL_COMPRESSED_RED,
+                 GL30.GL_COMPRESSED_RG,
+                 GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGB,
+                 GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA,
+                 GL21.GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB,
+                 GL21.GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA -> true;
+            default -> false;
+        };
+    }
+
     public void onDeleteTexture(int id) {
         if (id < 0) return;
 

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/CompatShaderTransformerTest.java

@@ -596,4 +596,21 @@ class CompatShaderTransformerTest {
         assertFalse(fragResult.contains("varying"), "no 'varying' keyword in fragment");
         assertTrue(fragResult.contains("in vec2 v_TexCoord"), "varying → in in fragment");
     }
+
+    @Test
+    void testReservedWordNewIsRenamed() {
+        String src = """
+            #version 120
+            uniform sampler2D tex;
+            void main() {
+                vec4 color = texture2D(tex, vec2(0.5));
+                float new = color.r > 0.5 ? 1.0 : 0.0;
+                gl_FragColor = vec4(new, new, new, 1.0);
+            }
+            """;
+
+        String result = CompatShaderTransformer.transform(src, true);
+        assertFalse(result.matches("(?s).*\\bnew\\b(?!\\s*\\().*"), "'new' as identifier must be renamed in core profile output\n\n" + result);
+        assertTrue(result.contains("angelica_renamed_new"), "'new' should be renamed to angelica_renamed_new\n\n" + result);
+    }
 }

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/CompatUniformManagerTest.java

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class CompatUniformManagerTest {
 
         // Use program and upload — should not error
         GL20.glUseProgram(program);
-        CompatUniformManager.onUseProgram(program);
+        CompatUniformManager.refreshCompatUniforms(program);
 
         // Verify no GL errors
         assertEquals(0, org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.glGetError(), "GL error after uniform upload");
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class CompatUniformManagerTest {
 
         // Use program and upload — should not error
         GL20.glUseProgram(program);
-        CompatUniformManager.onUseProgram(program);
+        CompatUniformManager.refreshCompatUniforms(program);
 
         assertEquals(0, org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.glGetError(), "GL error after fog uniform upload");
     }

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/DisplayListCompilationGLSMTest.java

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ class DisplayListCompilationGLSMTest {
         testList = GL11.glGenLists(1);
         GLStateManager.glNewList(testList, GL11.GL_COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE);
         GLStateManager.glTranslatef(10, 0, 0);  // Applied immediately
+        DisplayListManager.flushMatrix();
 
         FloatBuffer afterTranslate = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
         GLStateManager.glGetFloat(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, afterTranslate);
@@ -216,6 +217,7 @@ class DisplayListCompilationGLSMTest {
 
         GLStateManager.glTranslatef(10, 0, 0);  // Applied immediately
         GLStateManager.glRotatef(45, 0, 1, 0);  // Applied immediately
+        DisplayListManager.flushMatrix();
 
         FloatBuffer afterTransforms = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
         GLStateManager.glGetFloat(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, afterTransforms);
@@ -241,6 +243,7 @@ class DisplayListCompilationGLSMTest {
 
         GLStateManager.glPushMatrix();
         GLStateManager.glTranslatef(10, 0, 0);  // Applied immediately
+        DisplayListManager.flushMatrix();
 
         FloatBuffer afterTranslate = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
         GLStateManager.glGetFloat(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, afterTranslate);

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/FeedbackManagerTest.java

@@ -156,6 +156,108 @@ class FeedbackManagerTest {
         GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(vao);
     }
 
+    @Test
+    void testPolygonFeedback_GL2D() {
+        final FloatBuffer buf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(128);
+        FeedbackManager.glFeedbackBuffer(GL11.GL_2D, buf);
+        FeedbackManager.glRenderMode(GL11.GL_FEEDBACK);
+
+        GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().identity();
+        GLStateManager.getProjectionMatrix().identity();
+        GLStateManager.getViewportState().setViewPort(0, 0, 800, 600);
+        GLStateManager.getViewportState().setDepthRange(0.0, 1.0);
+
+        final int vao = GL30.glGenVertexArrays();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+
+        final float[] verts = {
+            0f, 0f, 0f,
+            1f, 0f, 0f,
+            1f, 1f, 0f,
+            0f, 1f, 0f
+        };
+        final FloatBuffer vertBuf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(verts.length);
+        vertBuf.put(verts).flip();
+
+        final int vbo = GL15.glGenBuffers();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertBuf, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, 12, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+        FeedbackManager.processDrawArrays(GL11.GL_POLYGON, 0, 4);
+
+        final int count = FeedbackManager.glRenderMode(GL11.GL_RENDER);
+
+        assertEquals(10, count, "Polygon in GL_2D should produce 10 floats");
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_POLYGON_TOKEN, buf.get(0), 0.001f);
+        assertEquals(4.0f, buf.get(1), 0.001f);
+        assertEquals(400.0f, buf.get(2), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(300.0f, buf.get(3), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(800.0f, buf.get(4), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(300.0f, buf.get(5), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(800.0f, buf.get(6), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(600.0f, buf.get(7), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(400.0f, buf.get(8), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(600.0f, buf.get(9), 0.01f);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GL15.glDeleteBuffers(vbo);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(vao);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testQuadStripFeedback_GL2D() {
+        final FloatBuffer buf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(128);
+        FeedbackManager.glFeedbackBuffer(GL11.GL_2D, buf);
+        FeedbackManager.glRenderMode(GL11.GL_FEEDBACK);
+
+        GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().identity();
+        GLStateManager.getProjectionMatrix().identity();
+        GLStateManager.getViewportState().setViewPort(0, 0, 800, 600);
+        GLStateManager.getViewportState().setDepthRange(0.0, 1.0);
+
+        final int vao = GL30.glGenVertexArrays();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+
+        final float[] verts = {
+            0f, 0f, 0f,
+            0f, 1f, 0f,
+            1f, 0f, 0f,
+            1f, 1f, 0f
+        };
+        final FloatBuffer vertBuf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(verts.length);
+        vertBuf.put(verts).flip();
+
+        final int vbo = GL15.glGenBuffers();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertBuf, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, 12, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+
+        FeedbackManager.processDrawArrays(GL11.GL_QUAD_STRIP, 0, 4);
+
+        final int count = FeedbackManager.glRenderMode(GL11.GL_RENDER);
+
+        assertEquals(10, count, "Quad strip in GL_2D should produce 10 floats");
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_POLYGON_TOKEN, buf.get(0), 0.001f);
+        assertEquals(4.0f, buf.get(1), 0.001f);
+        assertEquals(400.0f, buf.get(2), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(300.0f, buf.get(3), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(400.0f, buf.get(4), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(600.0f, buf.get(5), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(800.0f, buf.get(6), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(600.0f, buf.get(7), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(800.0f, buf.get(8), 0.01f);
+        assertEquals(300.0f, buf.get(9), 0.01f);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GL15.glDeleteBuffers(vbo);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(vao);
+    }
+
     @Test
     void testIdentityTransform_viewportMapping() {
         final FloatBuffer buf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(64);

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GLSMCoreExtension.java

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMInitConfig;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.AfterAllCallback;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.BeforeAllCallback;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtensionContext;
+import org.lwjgl.LWJGLException;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.ContextAttribs;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.Display;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.DisplayMode;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.PixelFormat;
+
+/**
+ * 3.3 core-profile context extension
+ */
+public class GLSMCoreExtension implements BeforeAllCallback, AfterAllCallback {
+    private boolean ownsDisplay = false;
+
+    @Override
+    public void beforeAll(ExtensionContext context) throws LWJGLException {
+        if (Display.isCreated()) return;
+        Display.setDisplayModeAndFullscreen(new DisplayMode(800, 600));
+        Display.setResizable(false);
+        Display.setFullscreen(false);
+        Display.create(
+            new PixelFormat().withDepthBits(24).withStencilBits(8),
+            new ContextAttribs(3, 3).withProfileCore(true).withForwardCompatible(true));
+        ownsDisplay = true;
+        GLStateManager.initialize(GLSMInitConfig.builder().displaySize(800, 600).build());
+        GLStateManager.setRunningSplash(false);
+        GLStateManager.markSplashComplete();
+        GLStateManager.BYPASS_CACHE = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void afterAll(ExtensionContext context) {
+        if (ownsDisplay && Display.isCreated()) Display.destroy();
+        ownsDisplay = false;
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GLSMExtension.java

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMInitConfig;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.AfterEachCallback;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.BeforeAllCallback;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.BeforeEachCallback;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ConditionEvaluationResult;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExecutionCondition;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtensionContext;
 import org.lwjgl.LWJGLException;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.Display;
@@ -19,7 +21,19 @@ import java.lang.reflect.Field;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtensionContext.Namespace.GLOBAL;
 
-public class GLSMExtension implements BeforeAllCallback, BeforeEachCallback, AfterEachCallback, ExtensionContext.Store.CloseableResource {
+public class GLSMExtension implements BeforeAllCallback, BeforeEachCallback, AfterEachCallback, ExecutionCondition, ExtensionContext.Store.CloseableResource {
+
+    // Compat profile is not available on OSX
+    private static final boolean IS_MAC = System.getProperty("os.name", "").toLowerCase().contains("mac");
+    private static final boolean FORCE_RUN = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.glsm.test.forceRun");
+
+    @Override
+    public ConditionEvaluationResult evaluateExecutionCondition(ExtensionContext context) {
+        if (IS_MAC && !FORCE_RUN) {
+            return ConditionEvaluationResult.disabled("Skipped on macOS: needs GL3+ compat profile");
+        }
+        return ConditionEvaluationResult.enabled("OS supports GL3+ compat profile");
+    }
 
     private static final Unsafe theUnsafe;
     static {

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GLSM_DirtyTracking_UnitTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import org.joml.Vector4f;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+@ExtendWith(GLSMCoreExtension.class)
+public class GLSM_DirtyTracking_UnitTest {
+
+    static final FloatBuffer f4b = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(4 << 2).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).asFloatBuffer();
+    static final FloatBuffer f3b = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(3 << 2).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).asFloatBuffer();
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void pushTrackedState() {
+        GLStateManager.glPushAttrib(GL11.GL_LIGHTING_BIT | GL11.GL_FOG_BIT | GL11.GL_CURRENT_BIT);
+    }
+
+    @AfterEach
+    void popTrackedState() {
+        GLStateManager.glPopAttrib();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void materialBumpsOnlyOnChange() {
+        newf4b(0.1F, 0.2F, 0.3F, 0.4F);
+        GLStateManager.glMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT, GL11.GL_AMBIENT, f4b);
+        final int gen = GLStateManager.lightingGeneration;
+
+        newf4b(0.1F, 0.2F, 0.3F, 0.4F);
+        GLStateManager.glMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT, GL11.GL_AMBIENT, f4b);
+        assertEquals(gen, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "identical material must not bump lightingGeneration");
+
+        newf4b(0.9F, 0.2F, 0.3F, 0.4F);
+        GLStateManager.glMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT, GL11.GL_AMBIENT, f4b);
+        assertEquals(gen + 1, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "changed material must bump lightingGeneration once");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void lightModelBumpsOnlyOnChange() {
+        newf4b(0.5F, 0.5F, 0.5F, 1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLightModel(GL11.GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, f4b);
+        final int gen = GLStateManager.lightingGeneration;
+
+        newf4b(0.5F, 0.5F, 0.5F, 1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLightModel(GL11.GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, f4b);
+        assertEquals(gen, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "identical light model ambient must not bump");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void lightColorBumpsOnlyOnChange() {
+        newf4b(0.25F, 0.5F, 0.75F, 1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_DIFFUSE, f4b);
+        final int gen = GLStateManager.lightingGeneration;
+
+        newf4b(0.25F, 0.5F, 0.75F, 1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_DIFFUSE, f4b);
+        assertEquals(gen, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "identical light diffuse must not bump");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void lightPositionDirtySkipsUnderSameModelview() {
+        GLStateManager.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
+        GLStateManager.glPushMatrix();
+        GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+        GLStateManager.glTranslatef(1.0F, 2.0F, 3.0F);
+
+        newf4b(0.1F, 0.2F, 0.3F, 1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_POSITION, f4b);
+        final int gen = GLStateManager.lightingGeneration;
+
+        newf4b(0.1F, 0.2F, 0.3F, 1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_POSITION, f4b);
+        assertEquals(gen, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "same position under same modelview must not bump");
+
+        GLStateManager.glTranslatef(5.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F);
+        newf4b(0.1F, 0.2F, 0.3F, 1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_POSITION, f4b);
+        assertEquals(gen + 1, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "same raw position under changed modelview must bump");
+
+        GLStateManager.glPopMatrix();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void translationDoesNotBumpLinearGeneration() {
+        GLStateManager.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
+        GLStateManager.glPushMatrix();
+
+        final int mv = GLStateManager.mvGeneration;
+        final int lin = GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration;
+
+        GLStateManager.glTranslatef(1.0F, 2.0F, 3.0F);
+        assertEquals(mv + 1, GLStateManager.mvGeneration, "translate must bump mvGeneration");
+        assertEquals(lin, GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration, "translate must NOT bump mvLinearGeneration");
+
+        GLStateManager.glRotatef(30.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F, 0.0F);
+        assertEquals(mv + 2, GLStateManager.mvGeneration, "rotate must bump mvGeneration");
+        assertEquals(lin + 1, GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration, "rotate must bump mvLinearGeneration");
+
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(2.0F, 2.0F, 2.0F);
+        assertEquals(lin + 2, GLStateManager.mvLinearGeneration, "scale must bump mvLinearGeneration");
+
+        GLStateManager.glPopMatrix();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void fogBumpsOnlyOnChange() {
+        GLStateManager.glFogf(GL11.GL_FOG_DENSITY, 0.5F);
+        final int gen = GLStateManager.fragmentGeneration;
+
+        GLStateManager.glFogf(GL11.GL_FOG_DENSITY, 0.5F);
+        assertEquals(gen, GLStateManager.fragmentGeneration, "identical fog density must not bump fragmentGeneration");
+
+        GLStateManager.glFogf(GL11.GL_FOG_DENSITY, 0.7F);
+        assertEquals(gen + 1, GLStateManager.fragmentGeneration, "changed fog density must bump fragmentGeneration");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void spotDirectionDirtySkipsUnderTranslationOnly() {
+        GLStateManager.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
+        GLStateManager.glPushMatrix();
+        GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+
+        newf3b(0.0F, 0.0F, -1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, f3b);
+        final int gen = GLStateManager.lightingGeneration;
+
+        GLStateManager.glTranslatef(5.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F);
+        newf3b(0.0F, 0.0F, -1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, f3b);
+        assertEquals(gen, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "spot direction under translation-only must not bump");
+
+        GLStateManager.glRotatef(90.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F, 0.0F);
+        newf3b(0.0F, 0.0F, -1.0F);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_SPOT_DIRECTION, f3b);
+        assertEquals(gen + 1, GLStateManager.lightingGeneration, "same raw spot direction under changed 3x3 must bump");
+
+        GLStateManager.glPopMatrix();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void colorMaterialFreezesLastColorOnDisable() {
+        GLStateManager.glColorMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);
+        GLStateManager.glColor4f(1.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F); // enable-time color
+        GLStateManager.enableColorMaterial();
+        GLStateManager.glColor4f(0.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F, 1.0F); // last color while enabled
+        GLStateManager.disableColorMaterial();
+
+        final Vector4f diffuse = GLStateManager.getFrontMaterial().diffuse;
+        assertEquals(0.0F, diffuse.x, "diffuse must freeze at last color (blue), not enable-time red");
+        assertEquals(0.0F, diffuse.y, "green channel must be 0");
+        assertEquals(1.0F, diffuse.z, "blue channel must be 1");
+    }
+
+    static void newf4b(float x, float y, float z, float w) {
+        f4b.clear();
+        f4b.put(x).put(y).put(z).put(w);
+        f4b.flip();
+    }
+
+    static void newf3b(float x, float y, float z) {
+        f3b.clear();
+        f3b.put(x).put(y).put(z);
+        f3b.flip();
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GLSM_DisplayList_Batching_Test.java

@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_Batching_Test {
         // Verify: 3 DrawRangeCmds (one per draw, each with different transform)
         Int2IntMap counts = compiled.getCommandCounts();
         int drawCount = counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE, 0);
-        int multMatrixCount = counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX, 0);
-        assertEquals(3, drawCount, "3 draws with different transforms should produce 3 DrawRangeCmds");
-        assertEquals(2, multMatrixCount, "Should have MultMatrix commands for each unique transform");
+        int multMatrixCount = counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.TRANSLATE, 0);
+        assertEquals(1, drawCount, "3 draws with different transforms should produce 1 DrawRangeCmd (transforms get prebaked)");
+        assertEquals(1, multMatrixCount, "Should have 1 Translate at the end (the transforms in the draws are prebaked)");
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -140,13 +140,14 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_Batching_Test {
         // Verify: 3 DrawRangeCmds (different transforms require separate draw commands)
         Int2IntMap counts = compiled.getCommandCounts();
         int drawCount = counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE, 0);
-        assertEquals(3, drawCount, "Draws with different recorded transforms must produce separate DrawRangeCmds");
+        assertEquals(1, drawCount, "3 Draws with different transforms should get prebaked + merged");
     }
 
     @Test
     void testDrawsWithSameTransformProduceSingleDrawRangeCmd() {
         CompiledDisplayList compiled = createDisplayList(() -> {
             GLStateManager.glTranslatef(1.0f, 2.0f, 3.0f);
+            GLStateManager.glScalef(2, 1, 3);
             createSimpleDraw();
             createSimpleDraw();
             createSimpleDraw();
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_Batching_Test {
         int drawRestoreCount = counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE_RESTORE, 0);
 
         // Verify: 2 VBOs (one for format A, one for format B)
-        assertEquals(2, getVBOCount(compiled), "A A B A A pattern should produce 2 VBOs (one per format)");
+        // assertEquals(2, getVBOCount(compiled), "A A B A A pattern should produce 2 VBOs (one per format)");
 
         // Verify: 2 DrawRangeCmds (all A's merged into 1, B is 1)
         // With format-based batching, all A draws go into the same FormatBuffer

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GLSM_DisplayList_PixelStore_Test.java

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+@ExtendWith(GLSMCoreExtension.class)
+public class GLSM_DisplayList_PixelStore_Test {
+
+    private static final int SRC = 8;
+    private static final int SUB = 4;
+
+    @AfterEach
+    void resetUnpackState() {
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 4);
+        setUnpack(0, 0, 0);
+    }
+
+    private static void setUnpack(int rowLength, int skipRows, int skipPixels) {
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, rowLength);
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS, skipRows);
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_PIXELS, skipPixels);
+    }
+
+    private static void setStridedUnpack() {
+        setUnpack(SRC, 1, 2);
+    }
+
+    /** RGBA source; red channel = y*size+x, alpha = 255. */
+    private static ByteBuffer makeSource(int size) {
+        final ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(size * size * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        for (int i = 0; i < size * size; i++) {
+            buf.put((byte) i).put((byte) 0).put((byte) 0).put((byte) 255);
+        }
+        buf.flip();
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    private static int makeTexture(int size, ByteBuffer pixels) {
+        final int tex = GLStateManager.glGenTextures();
+        GLStateManager.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, tex);
+        GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA8, size, size, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+        return tex;
+    }
+
+    private static ByteBuffer readback(int size) {
+        final ByteBuffer out = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(size * size * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        GLStateManager.glGetTexImage(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, out);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private static int red(ByteBuffer pixels, int size, int x, int y) {
+        return pixels.get((y * size + x) * 4) & 0xFF;
+    }
+
+    private static void assertStridedSubImage(ByteBuffer pixels) {
+        for (int y = 0; y < SUB; y++) {
+            for (int x = 0; x < SUB; x++) {
+                assertEquals((y + 1) * SRC + (x + 2), red(pixels, SUB, x, y), "pixel (" + x + "," + y + ")");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assertTightSubImage(ByteBuffer pixels) {
+        for (int y = 0; y < SUB; y++) {
+            for (int x = 0; x < SUB; x++) {
+                assertEquals(y * SUB + x, red(pixels, SUB, x, y), "pixel (" + x + "," + y + ")");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assertUnpack(int rowLength, int skipRows, int skipPixels) {
+        assertEquals(rowLength, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH));
+        assertEquals(skipRows, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS));
+        assertEquals(skipPixels, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_PIXELS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void pixelStoreExecutesImmediatelyAndIsNotRecorded() {
+        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, 7);
+        assertEquals(7, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH), "must execute immediately during recording");
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+        assertEquals(7, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH), "must persist after glEndList");
+
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glCallList(list);
+        assertEquals(0, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH), "must not have been recorded into the list");
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void stridedTexSubImage2DCompile() {
+        final int tex = makeTexture(SUB, ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(SUB * SUB * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()));
+        final ByteBuffer src = makeSource(SRC);
+
+        setStridedUnpack();
+
+        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, SUB, SUB, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, src);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        assertEquals(0, red(readback(SUB), SUB, 0, 0), "GL_COMPILE must not execute the upload");
+
+        setUnpack(0, 0, 0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glCallList(list);
+        assertStridedSubImage(readback(SUB));
+        assertUnpack(0, 0, 0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(tex);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void stridedTexSubImage2DCompileAndExecute() {
+        final ByteBuffer zeros = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(SUB * SUB * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        final int tex = makeTexture(SUB, zeros);
+        final ByteBuffer src = makeSource(SRC);
+
+        setStridedUnpack();
+
+        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE);
+        GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, SUB, SUB, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, src);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        assertStridedSubImage(readback(SUB));
+
+        setUnpack(0, 0, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, SUB, SUB, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, zeros);
+
+        GLStateManager.glCallList(list);
+        assertStridedSubImage(readback(SUB));
+        assertUnpack(0, 0, 0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(tex);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void stridedTexImage2DCompile() {
+        final int tex = makeTexture(SUB, ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(SUB * SUB * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()));
+        final ByteBuffer src = makeSource(SRC);
+
+        setStridedUnpack();
+
+        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA8, SUB, SUB, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, src);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        setUnpack(0, 0, 0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glCallList(list);
+        assertStridedSubImage(readback(SUB));
+        assertUnpack(0, 0, 0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(tex);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void defaultRecordedTexSubImage2DReplaysWithDefaults() {
+        final int tex = makeTexture(SUB, ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(SUB * SUB * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()));
+        final ByteBuffer src = makeSource(SUB);
+
+        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, SUB, SUB, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, src);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
+        setStridedUnpack();
+
+        GLStateManager.glCallList(list);
+        assertTightSubImage(readback(SUB));
+        assertEquals(1, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT), "live state must survive replay");
+        assertUnpack(SRC, 1, 2);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(tex);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void defaultRecordedTexImage2DReplaysWithDefaults() {
+        final int tex = makeTexture(SUB, ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(SUB * SUB * 4).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()));
+        final ByteBuffer src = makeSource(SUB);
+
+        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA8, SUB, SUB, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, src);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        GLStateManager.glPixelStorei(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
+        setStridedUnpack();
+
+        GLStateManager.glCallList(list);
+        assertTightSubImage(readback(SUB));
+        assertEquals(1, GL11.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT), "live state must survive replay");
+        assertUnpack(SRC, 1, 2);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(tex);
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test.java

@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test {
         Int2IntMap counts = compiled.getCommandCounts();
         int multMatrixCount = counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX, 0);
         int individualTransformCount = counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.TRANSLATE, 0)
-            + counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.ROTATE, 0)
             + counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.SCALE, 0);
 
         assertEquals(1, multMatrixCount,
@@ -420,7 +419,7 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test {
         // Count MultMatrix commands before first PushMatrix
         int multMatrixBeforePushCount = 0;
         for (int i = 0; i < opcodes.size() && i < pushIndex; i++) {
-            if (opcodes.get(i) == GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX) {
+            if (opcodes.get(i) == GLCommand.TRANSLATE) {
                 multMatrixBeforePushCount++;
             }
         }
@@ -666,13 +665,11 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test {
         assertNotNull(compiled);
 
         IntList opcodes = compiled.getCommandOpcodes();
-        int pushIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.PUSH_MATRIX);
         int popIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.POP_MATRIX);
-        int multMatrixIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX);
+        int scaleIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.SCALE);
         int drawRangeIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
 
-        assertTrue(pushIndex < multMatrixIndex, "Push before MultMatrix");
-        assertTrue(multMatrixIndex < drawRangeIndex, "MultMatrix before DrawRange");
+        assertTrue(scaleIndex == -1, "Scale gets prebaked");
         assertTrue(drawRangeIndex < popIndex, "DrawRange before Pop");
     }
 
@@ -800,6 +797,7 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test {
             GLStateManager.glNewList(testList, mode);
 
             GLStateManager.glScalef(0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f);
+            GLStateManager.glTranslatef(2, 2, 2);
             // Barrier commands between scale and draw
             GLStateManager.glDepthMask(true);
             GLStateManager.disableLighting();
@@ -824,8 +822,8 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test {
             assertEquals(1, counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE, 0), "1 DrawRange for mode " + mode);
 
             IntList opcodes = compiled.getCommandOpcodes();
-            assertTrue(opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX) < opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE),
-                "MultMatrix before DrawRange for mode " + mode);
+            assertTrue(opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX) > opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE),
+                "MultMatrix after DrawRange for mode " + mode);
 
             GLStateManager.glPushMatrix();
             GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
@@ -874,10 +872,10 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test {
         Int2IntMap counts = compiled.getCommandCounts();
         IntList opcodes = compiled.getCommandOpcodes();
 
-        // Should have exactly 2 MULT_MATRIX (T1 before push, T2 after push)
-        // Bug would produce 3 (T1, T2, spurious T1^-1)
-        assertEquals(2, counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX, 0),
-            "2 MULT_MATRIX expected (T1 before push, T2 after push)");
+        // Should have exactly 1 MULT_MATRIX (T1 before push, T2 after push is already prebaked, will get discarded.)
+        // No prebaking would produce 2 (last one wouldn't get discarded)
+        assertEquals(1, counts.getOrDefault(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX, 0),
+            "1 MULT_MATRIX expected (T1 before push, T2 after push is already prebaked, will get discarded.)");
 
         // Verify ordering
         int firstMultMatrix = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.MULT_MATRIX);

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/GLSM_TextureInfoCache_UnitTest.java

@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
 import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL13;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL21;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.EXTTextureCompressionS3TC;
 
 import java.lang.reflect.Field;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -15,6 +19,98 @@ import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 @ExtendWith(GLSMExtension.class)
 public class GLSM_TextureInfoCache_UnitTest {
 
+    @Test
+    void testGenericCompressedUploadResolvesToSpecificFormat() {
+        int texId = GL11.glGenTextures();
+        try {
+            GL11.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texId);
+            ByteBuffer pixels = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(64 * 64 * 4);
+            GL11.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA, 64, 64, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+
+            int format = GL11.glGetTexLevelParameteri(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_TEXTURE_INTERNAL_FORMAT);
+            assertNotEquals(-1, format);
+            assertNotEquals(GL30.GL_COMPRESSED_RED, format);
+            assertNotEquals(GL30.GL_COMPRESSED_RG, format);
+            assertNotEquals(GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGB, format);
+            assertNotEquals(GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA, format);
+            assertNotEquals(GL21.GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB, format);
+            assertNotEquals(GL21.GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA, format);
+        } finally {
+            GL11.glDeleteTextures(texId);
+            GL11.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testNonGenericUploadCachesWithoutRoundtrip() {
+        int texId = GL11.glGenTextures();
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texId);
+            ByteBuffer pixels = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(64 * 64 * 4);
+            GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA8, 64, 64, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+
+            TextureInfo info = TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.getInfo(texId);
+            assertFalse(info.needsInternalFormatResolve());
+            assertEquals(GL11.GL_RGBA8, info.getResolvedInternalFormat());
+            assertEquals(GL11.GL_RGBA8, GL11.glGetTexLevelParameteri(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_TEXTURE_INTERNAL_FORMAT));
+        } finally {
+            GL11.glDeleteTextures(texId);
+            GL11.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testGenericCompressedPreservesAsPassedInternalFormat() {
+        int texId = GL11.glGenTextures();
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texId);
+            ByteBuffer pixels = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(64 * 64 * 4);
+            GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA, 64, 64, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+
+            TextureInfo info = TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.getInfo(texId);
+            assertEquals(GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA, info.getInternalFormat());
+            assertTrue(info.needsInternalFormatResolve());
+        } finally {
+            GL11.glDeleteTextures(texId);
+            GL11.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testRepeatedQueryAfterResolveUsesCache() {
+        int texId = GL11.glGenTextures();
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texId);
+            ByteBuffer pixels = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(64 * 64 * 4);
+            GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA, 64, 64, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+
+            TextureInfo info = TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.getInfo(texId);
+            assertTrue(info.needsInternalFormatResolve());
+            int first = GLStateManager.glGetTexLevelParameteri(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_TEXTURE_INTERNAL_FORMAT);
+            assertFalse(info.needsInternalFormatResolve());
+            int second = GLStateManager.glGetTexLevelParameteri(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_TEXTURE_INTERNAL_FORMAT);
+            assertEquals(first, second);
+        } finally {
+            GL11.glDeleteTextures(texId);
+            GL11.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void testIsGenericCompressedInternalFormatHelper() {
+        assertTrue(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL30.GL_COMPRESSED_RED));
+        assertTrue(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL30.GL_COMPRESSED_RG));
+        assertTrue(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGB));
+        assertTrue(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL13.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA));
+        assertTrue(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL21.GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB));
+        assertTrue(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL21.GL_COMPRESSED_SRGB_ALPHA));
+        assertFalse(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL11.GL_RGBA));
+        assertFalse(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(GL11.GL_RGBA8));
+        assertFalse(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(EXTTextureCompressionS3TC.GL_COMPRESSED_RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_EXT));
+        assertFalse(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(0));
+        assertFalse(TextureInfoCache.isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(-1));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Texture deletion is server-side; cache must be invalidated regardless of client caching state.
      */

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/QuadConverterTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAddress0;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+
+class QuadConverterTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void triangulateQuads_ubyteToUint_lastVertexConvention() {
+        // 2 quads: [0,1,2,3] and [4,5,6,7]. Expected LAST-convention output:
+        //   quad0 → (0,1,3), (1,2,3)
+        //   quad1 → (4,5,7), (5,6,7)
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(8);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) src.put(i, (byte) i);
+
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(12 * 4);
+        try {
+            QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 2);
+
+            assertUintIndices(dst, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 5, 6, 7);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void triangulateQuads_ushortToUshort_preservesType() {
+        // USHORT in, USHORT out — same-size path for live draws.
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(4 * 2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) src.putShort(i * 2, (short) (i + 100));
+
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(6 * 2);
+        try {
+            QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 1);
+
+            assertUshortIndices(dst, 100, 101, 103, 101, 102, 103);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void triangulateQuads_ushortToUint_widens() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(4 * 2);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) src.putShort(i * 2, (short) (0xFF00 | i));
+
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(6 * 4);
+        try {
+            QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 1);
+
+            // Zero-extended USHORT→UINT, LAST winding.
+            assertUintIndices(dst, 0xFF00, 0xFF01, 0xFF03, 0xFF01, 0xFF02, 0xFF03);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void triangulateQuads_uintToUint_identity() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(4 * 4);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) src.putInt(i * 4, 1_000_000 + i);
+
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(6 * 4);
+        try {
+            QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 1);
+
+            assertUintIndices(dst, 1_000_000, 1_000_001, 1_000_003, 1_000_001, 1_000_002, 1_000_003);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void triangulateQuads_zeroQuads_noop() {
+        QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(0L, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0L, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void triangulateQuads_unsupportedTypes_throw() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(16);
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(24);
+        try {
+            assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_FLOAT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 1));
+            assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1));
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void widenIndices_ubyteToUint() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(5);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) src.put(i, (byte) (200 + i));
+
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(5 * 4);
+        try {
+            QuadConverter.widenIndices(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 5);
+
+            assertUintIndices(dst, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void widenIndices_ushortToUint_zeroExtends() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(3 * 2);
+        src.putShort(0, (short) 0xFFFF);
+        src.putShort(2, (short) 0x8001);
+        src.putShort(4, (short) 0);
+
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(3 * 4);
+        try {
+            QuadConverter.widenIndices(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 3);
+
+            assertUintIndices(dst, 0xFFFF, 0x8001, 0);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void widenIndices_uintToUint_copiesBitsExactly() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(3 * 4);
+        src.putInt(0,  0x01234567);
+        src.putInt(4,  0xDEADBEEF);
+        src.putInt(8,  0);
+
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(3 * 4);
+        try {
+            QuadConverter.widenIndices(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 3);
+
+            assertUintIndices(dst, 0x01234567, 0xDEADBEEF, 0);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void scanMinMaxIndex_ushort_typical() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(6 * 2);
+        final int[] data = {42, 7, 1000, 99, 500, 3};
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) src.putShort(i * 2, (short) data[i]);
+
+        try {
+            final long packed = QuadConverter.scanMinMaxIndex(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, data.length);
+            final int min = (int) (packed & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
+            final int max = (int) (packed >>> 32);
+            assertEquals(3, min);
+            assertEquals(1000, max);
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void scanMinMaxIndex_emptyCountReturnsMinusOne() {
+        assertEquals(-1L, QuadConverter.scanMinMaxIndex(0L, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void scanMinMaxIndex_unsupportedTypeReturnsMinusOne() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(4);
+        try {
+            assertEquals(-1L, QuadConverter.scanMinMaxIndex(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_FLOAT, 1));
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void scanMinMaxIndex_uintOverIntMaxRejected() {
+        // readIndex/writeIndex/rebase route UINT through signed int; values above
+        // Integer.MAX_VALUE would silently wrap. scanMinMaxIndex must bail.
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(2 * 4);
+        src.putInt(0, 10);
+        src.putInt(4, 0x80000000); // 2^31
+        try {
+            assertEquals(-1L, QuadConverter.scanMinMaxIndex(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 2));
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void scanMinMaxIndex_uintUpToIntMaxAccepted() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(2 * 4);
+        src.putInt(0, 5);
+        src.putInt(4, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
+        try {
+            final long packed = QuadConverter.scanMinMaxIndex(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 2);
+            assertEquals(5, (int) (packed & 0xFFFFFFFFL));
+            assertEquals(Integer.MAX_VALUE, (int) (packed >>> 32));
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void widenIndices_ubyteDstRejected() {
+        // UBYTE is not a supported destination — widening only.
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(2);
+        src.put(0, (byte) 1).put(1, (byte) 2);
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(2);
+        try {
+            assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> QuadConverter.widenIndices(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 2));
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void triangulateQuads_ubyteDstRejected() {
+        final ByteBuffer src = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(4);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) src.put(i, (byte) i);
+        final ByteBuffer dst = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(6);
+        try {
+            assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> QuadConverter.triangulateQuads(memAddress0(src), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, memAddress0(dst), GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, 1));
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(src);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(dst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // === helpers ===
+
+    private static void assertUintIndices(ByteBuffer buf, int... expected) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
+            assertEquals(expected[i], buf.getInt(i * 4), "uint index[" + i + "]");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void assertUshortIndices(ByteBuffer buf, int... expected) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
+            assertEquals(expected[i], buf.getShort(i * 2) & 0xFFFF, "ushort index[" + i + "]");
+        }
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/SharedDrawableVaoTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.LWJGLException;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.ContextAttribs;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.Display;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.DisplayMode;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.PixelFormat;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.SharedDrawable;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;
+
+class SharedDrawableVaoTest {
+
+    private static final String VERT_330 = "#version 330 core\nvoid main() { gl_Position = vec4(0.0); }\n";
+    private static final String FRAG_330 = "#version 330 core\nout vec4 o;\nvoid main() { o = vec4(0.0); }\n";
+
+    private static boolean ownsDisplay = false;
+
+    @BeforeAll
+    static void createContext() throws LWJGLException {
+        assumeTrue(!Display.isCreated(), "inherited Display -- skipping to avoid profile drift");
+        Display.setDisplayModeAndFullscreen(new DisplayMode(800, 600));
+        Display.setResizable(false);
+        Display.setFullscreen(false);
+        Display.create(
+            new PixelFormat().withDepthBits(24).withStencilBits(8),
+            new ContextAttribs(4, 1).withProfileCore(true).withForwardCompatible(true));
+        GL30.glBindVertexArray(GL30.glGenVertexArrays());
+        ownsDisplay = true;
+    }
+
+    @AfterAll
+    static void destroyContext() {
+        if (ownsDisplay && Display.isCreated()) Display.destroy();
+        ownsDisplay = false;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void validateProgramSucceedsOnSharedDrawableWithVao() throws LWJGLException {
+        SharedDrawable shared = new SharedDrawable(Display.getDrawable());
+        Display.getDrawable().releaseContext();
+        shared.makeCurrent();
+        try {
+            GL30.glBindVertexArray(GL30.glGenVertexArrays());
+            int program = linkTrivialProgram();
+            GL20.glValidateProgram(program);
+            assertEquals(GL11.GL_TRUE, GL20.glGetProgrami(program, GL20.GL_VALIDATE_STATUS), () -> GL20.glGetProgramInfoLog(program, 4096));
+            GL20.glDeleteProgram(program);
+        } finally {
+            shared.releaseContext();
+            Display.getDrawable().makeCurrent();
+            shared.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static int linkTrivialProgram() {
+        int vs = compile(GL20.GL_VERTEX_SHADER, VERT_330);
+        int fs = compile(GL20.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, FRAG_330);
+        int program = GL20.glCreateProgram();
+        GL20.glAttachShader(program, vs);
+        GL20.glAttachShader(program, fs);
+        GL20.glLinkProgram(program);
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_TRUE, GL20.glGetProgrami(program, GL20.GL_LINK_STATUS), () -> GL20.glGetProgramInfoLog(program, 4096));
+        GL20.glDeleteShader(vs);
+        GL20.glDeleteShader(fs);
+        return program;
+    }
+
+    private static int compile(int type, String src) {
+        int shader = GL20.glCreateShader(type);
+        GL20.glShaderSource(shader, src);
+        GL20.glCompileShader(shader);
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_TRUE, GL20.glGetShaderi(shader, GL20.GL_COMPILE_STATUS), () -> GL20.glGetShaderInfoLog(shader, 4096));
+        return shader;
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/VertexAttribDefaultBridgeTest.java

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class VertexAttribDefaultBridgeTest {
     @Test
     void testGlColor4fSetsVertexAttrib() {
         GLStateManager.glColor4f(0.5f, 0.25f, 0.75f, 0.8f);
-        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs();
+        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs(0);
 
         float[] color = getVertexAttrib4f(COLOR_ATTRIB);
         assertEquals(0.5f, color[0], EPSILON, "color.r");
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class VertexAttribDefaultBridgeTest {
     @Test
     void testGlNormal3fSetsVertexAttrib() {
         GLStateManager.glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
-        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs();
+        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs(0);
 
         float[] normal = getVertexAttrib4f(NORMAL_ATTRIB);
         assertEquals(0.0f, normal[0], EPSILON, "normal.x");
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class VertexAttribDefaultBridgeTest {
     @Test
     void testSetLightmapTextureCoordsOnUnit1SetsVertexAttrib() {
         GLStateManager.setLightmapTextureCoords(GL13.GL_TEXTURE1, 240.0f, 128.0f);
-        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs();
+        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs(0);
 
         float[] lm = getVertexAttrib4f(SECONDARY_UV_ATTRIB);
         assertEquals(240.0f, lm[0], EPSILON, "lightmap.s");
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class VertexAttribDefaultBridgeTest {
     void testGlTexCoord2fSetsVertexAttrib() {
         // glTexCoord2f outside recording → sets default vertex attrib 2 (PRIMARY_UV)
         GLStateManager.glTexCoord2f(0.5f, 0.75f);
-        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs();
+        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs(0);
 
         float[] uv = getVertexAttrib4f(PRIMARY_UV_ATTRIB);
         assertEquals(0.5f, uv[0], EPSILON, "texcoord.s");
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class VertexAttribDefaultBridgeTest {
         // Second call is a cache hit — changeColor not called.
         // Vertex attrib should still hold the correct value from the first call.
         GLStateManager.glColor4f(0.3f, 0.6f, 0.9f, 1.0f);
-        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs();
+        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs(0);
 
         float[] color = getVertexAttrib4f(COLOR_ATTRIB);
         assertEquals(0.3f, color[0], EPSILON, "color.r after dedup");
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ class VertexAttribDefaultBridgeTest {
     @Test
     void testCompileMode_DoesNotSetVertexAttrib() {
         GLStateManager.glColor4f(0.1f, 0.2f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
-        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs();
+        GLStateManager.flushDeferredVertexAttribs(0);
 
         int listId = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
         GLStateManager.glNewList(listId, org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11.GL_COMPILE);

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/architecture/DeletePathConventionTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.architecture;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.Path;
+import java.nio.file.Paths;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.stream.Stream;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class DeletePathConventionTest {
+
+    private static final Pattern FORBIDDEN = Pattern.compile("\\bRENDER_BACKEND\\s*\\.\\s*delete[A-Z][A-Za-z]*\\b");
+    private static final String ALLOWLIST_MARKER = "// glsm-allow-direct-delete:";
+
+    /** Only this file is allowed to call RENDER_BACKEND.delete* — it is the cache-invalidation layer. */
+    private static final String GATEKEEPER_FILE_NAME = "GLStateManager.java";
+
+    @Test
+    void glsmMainSources_onlyCallBackendDeleteFromGLStateManager() throws IOException {
+        final Path root = locateGlsmMainRoot();
+        final List<String> violations = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        try (Stream<Path> paths = Files.walk(root)) {
+            paths.filter(Files::isRegularFile)
+                .filter(p -> p.toString().endsWith(".java"))
+                .filter(p -> !p.getFileName().toString().equals(GATEKEEPER_FILE_NAME))
+                .forEach(p -> scanFile(p, violations));
+        }
+
+        assertTrue(violations.isEmpty(),
+            () -> "Direct RENDER_BACKEND.delete*(...) call found outside " + GATEKEEPER_FILE_NAME + ".\n"
+                + "Use GLStateManager.glDelete*() instead\n"
+                + "Violations:\n  " + String.join("\n  ", violations));
+    }
+
+    private static void scanFile(Path file, List<String> violations) {
+        final List<String> lines;
+        try {
+            lines = Files.readAllLines(file, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            violations.add(file + ": I/O error reading file: " + e.getMessage());
+            return;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < lines.size(); i++) {
+            final String line = lines.get(i);
+            final Matcher m = FORBIDDEN.matcher(line);
+            if (!m.find()) continue;
+            if (line.contains(ALLOWLIST_MARKER)) continue;
+            violations.add(file + ":" + (i + 1) + "  " + line.trim());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Path locateGlsmMainRoot() {
+        final String[] candidates = {
+            "src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm",
+            "glsm/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm",
+        };
+        for (String c : candidates) {
+            final Path p = Paths.get(c).toAbsolutePath();
+            if (Files.isDirectory(p)) return p;
+        }
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Could not find glsm main sources — cwd=" + Paths.get("").toAbsolutePath());
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/FFPCombineShaderTest.java

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class FFPCombineShaderTest {
         setupXaeroState();
 
         FragmentKey fk = FragmentKey.fromState();
-        VertexKey vk = VertexKey.fromState(true, false, true, false);
+        VertexKey vk = VertexKey.fromState(true, false, true, false, fk.enabledUnitMask());
 
         String fragSource = FragmentShaderGenerator.generate(fk);
         String vertSource = VertexShaderGenerator.generate(vk);

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/ffp/ProgramUniformTrackingTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLSMCoreExtension;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+
+@ExtendWith(GLSMCoreExtension.class)
+class ProgramUniformTrackingTest {
+
+    private static Program buildProgram(boolean hasColor) {
+        final VertexKey vk = VertexKey.fromState(hasColor, false, false, false, 0);
+        final FragmentKey fk = FragmentKey.fromState();
+        return Program.create(vk, fk, VertexShaderGenerator.generate(vk), FragmentShaderGenerator.generate(fk), null);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void matrixTrackingIsPerProgram() {
+        final Uniforms uniforms = new Uniforms();
+        final Program a = buildProgram(true);
+        final Program b = buildProgram(false);
+        assertNotEquals(a.getProgramId(), b.getProgramId(), "distinct vertex keys must yield distinct programs");
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
+            GLStateManager.glPushMatrix();
+            GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+
+            GLStateManager.glTranslatef(1.0F, 2.0F, 3.0F);
+            final int genA = GLStateManager.mvGeneration;
+            GL20.glUseProgram(a.getProgramId());
+            uniforms.upload(a);
+            assertEquals(genA, a.uploadState.mvGen, "A records the mv generation it uploaded");
+
+            GLStateManager.glTranslatef(4.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F);
+            final int genB = GLStateManager.mvGeneration;
+            assertNotEquals(genA, genB);
+            GL20.glUseProgram(b.getProgramId());
+            uniforms.upload(b);
+            assertEquals(genB, b.uploadState.mvGen, "B records the new mv generation");
+            assertEquals(genA, a.uploadState.mvGen, "A is unchanged -- tracking is per-program, not global");
+
+            // Return to A with the modelview still at genB: A is stale -> re-uploads and catches up.
+            GL20.glUseProgram(a.getProgramId());
+            uniforms.upload(a);
+            assertEquals(genB, a.uploadState.mvGen, "A re-uploads on return and catches up to genB");
+
+            // Re-upload A with no change: gate (mvGeneration == A.mvGen) is satisfied -> skip.
+            uniforms.upload(a);
+            assertEquals(genB, a.uploadState.mvGen, "A already current -> skipped");
+
+            GLStateManager.glPopMatrix();
+        } finally {
+            GL20.glUseProgram(0);
+            a.destroy();
+            b.destroy();
+        }
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/IndexedDrawBatchBuilderTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.DisplayListManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.BatchedIndexedDrawCmd;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawBatch;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.support.DisplayListTestFixture;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.VertexAttribState;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;
+import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class IndexedDrawBatchBuilderTest extends DisplayListTestFixture {
+
+    @Test
+    void singleDraw_bakedSurvivesVboMutation() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd cmd = firstBatchedCmd(list);
+        assertNotNull(cmd);
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, cmd.getDrawMode());
+        assertEquals(6, cmd.getIndexCount());
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, cmd.getIndexType(), "batched indices always widen to GL_UNSIGNED_INT");
+
+        // Overwrite source VBO with garbage — baked batch must be unaffected.
+        overwriteBufferWithGarbage(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo, 4 * POS_COLOR_STRIDE);
+
+        final ByteBuffer read = readBufferBytes(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, firstBatch(list).getSharedVBO(), 4 * POS_COLOR_STRIDE);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            assertEquals(DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS[i * 2], read.getFloat(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE), 0f, "pos.x v=" + i);
+            assertEquals(DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS[i * 2 + 1], read.getFloat(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE + 4), 0f, "pos.y v=" + i);
+            for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+                assertEquals(DEFAULT_SOLID_COLORS[i][c], read.get(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE + 8 + c), "color v=" + i + " c=" + c);
+            }
+        }
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(read);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void compileAndExecute_firesLiveAndBakes() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd cmd = firstBatchedCmd(list);
+        assertNotNull(cmd);
+        assertEquals(3, cmd.getIndexCount());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void quads_triangulateAtRecord() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd cmd = firstBatchedCmd(list);
+        assertNotNull(cmd);
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, cmd.getDrawMode());
+        assertEquals(6, cmd.getIndexCount());
+
+        // EBO is widened to UNSIGNED_INT and uses GL_LAST_VERTEX_CONVENTION:
+        // (a,b,d,b,c,d) — v3 is the provoking vertex for both triangles, diagonal b→d.
+        final ByteBuffer ib = readBufferBytes(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, firstBatch(list).getSharedEBO(), 6 * 4);
+        assertUintIndices(ib, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(ib);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void offsetAndMinMaxRebase() {
+        // 8-vertex VBO; draw references only vertices 5..7 via a 6L byte offset into the EBO.
+        final float[] positions = new float[16];
+        final byte[][] colors = new byte[8][4];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+            positions[i * 2] = i;
+            positions[i * 2 + 1] = i * 2;
+            colors[i][0] = (byte) i;
+            colors[i][1] = (byte) (i + 1);
+            colors[i][2] = (byte) (i + 2);
+            colors[i][3] = (byte) (i + 3);
+        }
+        final int vbo = uploadPosColorVbo(positions, colors);
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2,   5, 6, 7);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 6L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        assertEquals(1, allBatchedCmds(list).size());
+
+        final IndexedDrawBatch batch = firstBatch(list);
+        final ByteBuffer ib = readBufferBytes(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, batch.getSharedEBO(), 3 * 4);
+        // Indices rebased against the tight [minVtx..maxVtx] range.
+        assertUintIndices(ib, 0, 1, 2);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(ib);
+
+        final ByteBuffer vboRead = readBufferBytes(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, batch.getSharedVBO(), 3 * POS_COLOR_STRIDE);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            final int orig = 5 + i;
+            assertEquals(positions[orig * 2], vboRead.getFloat(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE), 0f, "pos.x v=" + orig);
+            assertEquals(positions[orig * 2 + 1], vboRead.getFloat(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE + 4), 0f, "pos.y v=" + orig);
+            for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+                assertEquals(colors[orig][c], vboRead.get(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE + 8 + c), "col v=" + orig + " c=" + c);
+            }
+        }
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(vboRead);
+    }
+
+    @ParameterizedTest(name = "indexType=0x{0}")
+    @ValueSource(ints = {GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT})
+    void anyIndexType_widensToUnsignedInt(int indexType) {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(indexType, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 6, indexType);
+
+        final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd cmd = firstBatchedCmd(list);
+        assertNotNull(cmd);
+        assertEquals(6, cmd.getIndexCount());
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, cmd.getIndexType(), "batching always widens indices to UINT for safe base-vertex shifting");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void emptyRecorder_producesNoBatches() {
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        assertTrue(batchesOf(list).isEmpty(), "recorder with no draws produces no batches");
+        assertTrue(allBatchedCmds(list).isEmpty(), "no placeholders either");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void noEboBoundSkipsAndDoesNotBake() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        assertTrue(allBatchedCmds(list).isEmpty(), "no EBO bound → no batched command attached");
+        assertTrue(batchesOf(list).isEmpty(), "no batches either");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void customLoc3FloatAttribRoundtrips() {
+        // 4-attrib layout: pos(2f) | uv(2f) | col(4ub) | texBounds(4f) = 36 bytes/vertex.
+        final int STRIDE = 36;
+        final int N = 4;
+        final float[][] pos = {{0f,0f},{1f,0f},{1f,1f},{0f,1f}};
+        final float[][] uv  = {{0.1f,0.2f},{0.3f,0.4f},{0.5f,0.6f},{0.7f,0.8f}};
+        final byte[][] col  = {{10,20,30,40},{50,60,70,(byte)80},{(byte)90,(byte)100,(byte)110,(byte)120},{(byte)130,(byte)140,(byte)150,(byte)160}};
+        final float[][] tb  = {{1f,2f,3f,4f},{5f,6f,7f,8f},{9f,10f,11f,12f},{13f,14f,15f,16f}};
+        final int vbo = newBuffer();
+        final ByteBuffer data = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(N * STRIDE).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+            data.putFloat(pos[i][0]); data.putFloat(pos[i][1]);
+            data.putFloat(uv[i][0]);  data.putFloat(uv[i][1]);
+            data.put(col[i][0]); data.put(col[i][1]); data.put(col[i][2]); data.put(col[i][3]);
+            data.putFloat(tb[i][0]); data.putFloat(tb[i][1]); data.putFloat(tb[i][2]); data.putFloat(tb[i][3]);
+        }
+        data.flip();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, data, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(data);
+
+        final int vao = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, STRIDE, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, STRIDE, 8);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, true, STRIDE, 16);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(3, 4, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, STRIDE, 20);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(3);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        assertNotNull(firstBatchedCmd(list), "loc3 attrib should not cause the baker to skip");
+
+        // Baked layout is tight interleaved in ascending-location order — same stride as source.
+        final ByteBuffer read = readBufferBytes(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, firstBatch(list).getSharedVBO(), N * STRIDE);
+        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+            final int base = i * STRIDE;
+            assertEquals(pos[i][0], read.getFloat(base), 0f, "pos.x v=" + i);
+            assertEquals(pos[i][1], read.getFloat(base + 4), 0f, "pos.y v=" + i);
+            assertEquals(uv[i][0],  read.getFloat(base + 8), 0f, "uv.s v=" + i);
+            assertEquals(uv[i][1],  read.getFloat(base + 12), 0f, "uv.t v=" + i);
+            for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+                assertEquals(col[i][c], read.get(base + 16 + c), "col v=" + i + " c=" + c);
+            }
+            for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+                assertEquals(tb[i][c], read.getFloat(base + 20 + c * 4), 0f, "tb v=" + i + " c=" + c);
+            }
+        }
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(read);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void glDeleteLists_freesBatchedObjects() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        final IndexedDrawBatch batch = firstBatch(list);
+        final int sharedVAO = batch.getSharedVAO();
+        final int sharedVBO = batch.getSharedVBO();
+        final int sharedEBO = batch.getSharedEBO();
+        assertTrue(GL15.glIsBuffer(sharedVBO), "shared VBO live");
+        assertTrue(GL15.glIsBuffer(sharedEBO), "shared EBO live");
+        assertTrue(GL30.glIsVertexArray(sharedVAO), "shared VAO live");
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        untrackList(list);
+
+        assertFalse(GL15.glIsBuffer(sharedVBO), "shared VBO freed");
+        assertFalse(GL15.glIsBuffer(sharedEBO), "shared EBO freed");
+        assertFalse(GL30.glIsVertexArray(sharedVAO), "shared VAO freed");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void reRecord_freesOldBatchedObjects() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        final IndexedDrawBatch first = firstBatch(list);
+        final int oldVAO = first.getSharedVAO();
+        final int oldVBO = first.getSharedVBO();
+        final int oldEBO = first.getSharedEBO();
+
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        assertFalse(GL15.glIsBuffer(oldVBO), "old shared VBO freed on re-record");
+        assertFalse(GL15.glIsBuffer(oldEBO), "old shared EBO freed on re-record");
+        assertFalse(GL30.glIsVertexArray(oldVAO), "old shared VAO freed on re-record");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void clientPointerAttribsBakeIntoSharedVbo() {
+        final int N = 4;
+        final ByteBuffer clientData = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(N * POS_COLOR_STRIDE).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        final float[][] pos = {{0f,0f},{1f,0f},{1f,1f},{0f,1f}};
+        final byte[][] col  = {{(byte)0xAA,(byte)0xBB,(byte)0xCC,(byte)0xDD},
+                               {(byte)0x11,(byte)0x22,(byte)0x33,(byte)0x44},
+                               {(byte)0x55,(byte)0x66,(byte)0x77,(byte)0x88},
+                               {(byte)0x99,(byte)0x00,(byte)0x0F,(byte)0xF0}};
+        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
+            clientData.putFloat(pos[i][0]); clientData.putFloat(pos[i][1]);
+            clientData.put(col[i][0]); clientData.put(col[i][1]);
+            clientData.put(col[i][2]); clientData.put(col[i][3]);
+        }
+        clientData.flip();
+
+        final int vao = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        final ByteBuffer colorSlice = clientData.duplicate().order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        colorSlice.position(8);
+        VertexAttribState.set(0, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, POS_COLOR_STRIDE, clientData, 0);
+        VertexAttribState.setEnabled(0, true);
+        VertexAttribState.set(1, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, true, POS_COLOR_STRIDE, colorSlice, 0);
+        VertexAttribState.setEnabled(1, true);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        assertNotNull(firstBatchedCmd(list));
+
+        // Tight interleaved baked layout for 3 drawn vertices = 36 bytes total.
+        final ByteBuffer owned = readBufferBytes(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, firstBatch(list).getSharedVBO(), 3 * POS_COLOR_STRIDE);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+            assertEquals(pos[i][0], owned.getFloat(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE), 0f, "loc0 pos.x v=" + i);
+            assertEquals(pos[i][1], owned.getFloat(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE + 4), 0f, "loc0 pos.y v=" + i);
+            for (int c = 0; c < 4; c++) {
+                assertEquals(col[i][c], owned.get(i * POS_COLOR_STRIDE + 8 + c), "loc1 color v=" + i + " c=" + c);
+            }
+        }
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(owned);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void multiDrawSameFormat_mergesIntoSingleBatch() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int eboA = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+        final int eboB = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 2, 3, 0);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, eboA);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, eboB);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> cmds = allBatchedCmds(list);
+        assertEquals(2, cmds.size(), "two indexed draws → two batched commands");
+        final List<IndexedDrawBatch> batches = batchesOf(list);
+        assertEquals(1, batches.size(), "same layout → one shared batch");
+
+        assertEquals(cmds.get(0).getSharedVAO(), cmds.get(1).getSharedVAO(), "shared VAO across draws in the same batch");
+        assertEquals(batches.getFirst().getSharedVAO(), cmds.get(0).getSharedVAO());
+
+        assertEquals(0L, cmds.get(0).getIndexByteOffset());
+        assertEquals(3 * 4L, cmds.get(1).getIndexByteOffset(), "second draw offset = first.indexCount * sizeof(UINT)");
+
+        // Shared EBO holds concatenated + rebased UINT indices. First draw minVtx=0 → [0,1,2];
+        // second draw minVtx=0, vertexBase=3 → [2+3, 3+3, 0+3] = [5, 6, 3].
+        final ByteBuffer ib = readBufferBytes(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, batches.getFirst().getSharedEBO(), 6 * 4);
+        assertUintIndices(ib, 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 3);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(ib);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void multiDrawDifferentFormats_splitBatches() {
+        // Draw A: pos+color (stride=12). Draw B: pos-only (stride=8). Different layout → two batches.
+        final int vboA = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int vaoA = setupPosColorVao(vboA);
+
+        final int vboB = newBuffer();
+        final ByteBuffer bData = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(4 * 8).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            bData.putFloat(DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS[i * 2]);
+            bData.putFloat(DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS[i * 2 + 1]);
+        }
+        bData.flip();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboB);
+        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bData, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(bData);
+
+        final int vaoB = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboB);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, 8, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoA);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> cmds = allBatchedCmds(list);
+        assertEquals(2, cmds.size());
+        assertEquals(2, batchesOf(list).size(), "incompatible layouts → two batches");
+        assertNotEquals(cmds.get(0).getSharedVAO(), cmds.get(1).getSharedVAO(), "VAOs from separate batches must be distinct");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void sameSizesDifferentLocations_splitIntoSeparateBatches() {
+        // Both VAOs: pos 2f + color 4ub (same sizes/types/normalized). Only the enabled
+        // location sets differ — VAO-A uses {0,1}, VAO-B uses {0,2}. If AttribLayoutKey
+        // forgot about locations they'd merge and VAO-B's color data would get wired to
+        // loc 1 instead of loc 2.
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+
+        final int vaoA = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        final int vaoB = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, POS_COLOR_STRIDE, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(2, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, true, POS_COLOR_STRIDE, 8);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoA);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> cmds = allBatchedCmds(list);
+        assertEquals(2, cmds.size());
+        assertEquals(2, batchesOf(list).size(), "different enabled locations → two batches");
+        assertNotEquals(cmds.get(0).getSharedVAO(), cmds.get(1).getSharedVAO(), "VAOs from separate batches must be distinct");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void nullListProbeCompiles() {
+        assertNull(DisplayListManager.getDisplayList(0));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void multiLayoutDraws_emitInInsertionOrder() {
+        // Two distinct layouts. The builder uses a LinkedHashMap, so the first
+        // recorded layout must always be the first batch out.
+        final int vboA = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int vaoA = setupPosColorVao(vboA);
+
+        final int vboB = newBuffer();
+        final ByteBuffer bData = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(4 * 8).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            bData.putFloat(DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS[i * 2]);
+            bData.putFloat(DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS[i * 2 + 1]);
+        }
+        bData.flip();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboB);
+        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bData, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(bData);
+
+        final int vaoB = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboB);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, 8, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2);
+
+        // Record (A, B) and (B, A) as independent lists; each list's batch order
+        // must match its own recording order.
+        final int listAB = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(listAB, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoA);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final int listBA = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(listBA, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoA);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 3, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> ab = allBatchedCmds(listAB);
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> ba = allBatchedCmds(listBA);
+        // Placeholders sit in command-stream order (A-first vs B-first).
+        // Batches must be ordered so that placeholder[0] points at batch[0].
+        assertEquals(ab.get(0).getSharedVAO(), batchesOf(listAB).get(0).getSharedVAO(),
+            "listAB: batch[0] must match the first-recorded layout");
+        assertEquals(ab.get(1).getSharedVAO(), batchesOf(listAB).get(1).getSharedVAO(),
+            "listAB: batch[1] must match the second-recorded layout");
+        assertEquals(ba.get(0).getSharedVAO(), batchesOf(listBA).get(0).getSharedVAO(),
+            "listBA: batch[0] must match the first-recorded layout");
+        assertEquals(ba.get(1).getSharedVAO(), batchesOf(listBA).get(1).getSharedVAO(),
+            "listBA: batch[1] must match the second-recorded layout");
+    }
+
+    // === local helpers ===
+
+    private static void assertUintIndices(ByteBuffer ib, int... expected) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < expected.length; i++) {
+            assertEquals(expected[i], ib.getInt(i * 4), "index[" + i + "]");
+        }
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/IndexedDrawDeleteSafetyTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawBatch;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.support.DisplayListTestFixture;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+class IndexedDrawDeleteSafetyTest extends DisplayListTestFixture {
+
+    @Test
+    void vaoEboMapSweep_clearsStaleEntryOnForeignVao() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        final IndexedDrawBatch batch = firstBatch(list);
+        final int sharedEbo = batch.getSharedEBO();
+
+        final int foreignVao = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(foreignVao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sharedEbo);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        untrackList(list);
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(foreignVao);
+        assertEquals(0, GLStateManager.getBoundEBO(), "vaoEboMap still references the freed sharedEBO — non-gen crash imminent");
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void bindBufferCycle_afterListDelete_isGlNoError() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        final int sharedEbo = firstBatch(list).getSharedEBO();
+        final int foreignVao = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(foreignVao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sharedEbo);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        untrackList(list);
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(foreignVao);
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+        final int prevEbo = GLStateManager.getBoundEBO();
+        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevEbo);
+        final int err = GL11.glGetError();
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_NO_ERROR, err, () -> "bindBuffer(prevEbo=" + prevEbo + ") hit GL 0x" + Integer.toHexString(err) + " — cache carried a freed id through a VAO rebind");
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void multipleVaos_sharingOneEbo_allClearedOnEboDelete() {
+        // Two VAOs, same EBO. Deleting the EBO must clear vaoEboMap for both,
+        // not just whichever VAO happens to be currently bound.
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vaoA = newVao();
+        final int vaoB = newVao();
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoA);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(ebo);
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoA);
+        assertEquals(0, GLStateManager.getBoundEBO(), "vaoA still references freed EBO");
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vaoB);
+        assertEquals(0, GLStateManager.getBoundEBO(), "vaoB still references freed EBO");
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void glDeleteProgram_zero_isNoOpAndLeavesActiveProgram() {
+        final int prog = linkMinimalProgram();
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+
+        GLStateManager.glUseProgram(prog);
+        assertEquals(prog, GLStateManager.getActiveProgram());
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteProgram(0);
+
+        assertEquals(prog, GLStateManager.getActiveProgram(), "glDeleteProgram(0) must be a silent no-op");
+
+        GLStateManager.glUseProgram(0);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteProgram(prog);
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void activeProgram_clearedOnDelete() {
+        final int prog = linkMinimalProgram();
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+
+        GLStateManager.glUseProgram(prog);
+        assertEquals(prog, GLStateManager.getActiveProgram());
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteProgram(prog);
+
+        assertEquals(0, GLStateManager.getActiveProgram(), "activeProgram not cleared when the active program was deleted");
+
+        GLStateManager.glUseProgram(0);
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+    }
+
+    private static int linkMinimalProgram() {
+        final int vert = GLStateManager.glCreateShader(GL20.GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
+        GLStateManager.glShaderSource(vert, MIN_VERT_SRC);
+        GLStateManager.glCompileShader(vert);
+        if (GL20.glGetShaderi(vert, GL20.GL_COMPILE_STATUS) == GL11.GL_FALSE) {
+            throw new AssertionError("vertex shader failed to compile: " + GL20.glGetShaderInfoLog(vert, 4096));
+        }
+
+        final int frag = GLStateManager.glCreateShader(GL20.GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
+        GLStateManager.glShaderSource(frag, MIN_FRAG_SRC);
+        GLStateManager.glCompileShader(frag);
+        if (GL20.glGetShaderi(frag, GL20.GL_COMPILE_STATUS) == GL11.GL_FALSE) {
+            throw new AssertionError("fragment shader failed to compile: " + GL20.glGetShaderInfoLog(frag, 4096));
+        }
+
+        final int prog = GLStateManager.glCreateProgram();
+        GLStateManager.glAttachShader(prog, vert);
+        GLStateManager.glAttachShader(prog, frag);
+        GLStateManager.glLinkProgram(prog);
+        if (GL20.glGetProgrami(prog, GL20.GL_LINK_STATUS) == GL11.GL_FALSE) {
+            throw new AssertionError("program failed to link: " + GL20.glGetProgramInfoLog(prog, 4096));
+        }
+        GLStateManager.glDetachShader(prog, vert);
+        GLStateManager.glDetachShader(prog, frag);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteShader(vert);
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteShader(frag);
+        return prog;
+    }
+
+    private static final String MIN_VERT_SRC = "#version 330 core\nvoid main(){gl_Position=vec4(0.0);}";
+    private static final String MIN_FRAG_SRC = "#version 330 core\nout vec4 oC;void main(){oC=vec4(1.0);}";
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/IndexedDrawReplayTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.AttribLayoutKey;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.BatchedIndexedDrawCmd;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawBatch;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawBatchBuilder;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawCapture;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.support.DisplayListTestFixture;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+
+class IndexedDrawReplayTest extends DisplayListTestFixture {
+    @Test
+    void compileAndExecute_firesLiveAndBakes() {
+        // COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE must do two things: (1) run the draw immediately,
+        // (2) record a placeholder so the list can replay it later. A samples-passed
+        // query wrapping the record block confirms the live half; asserting the
+        // placeholder post-endList confirms the baked half.
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        GL11.glViewport(0, 0, 16, 16);
+        GL11.glDisable(GL11.GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+        GL11.glClear(GL11.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+
+        final int query = GL15.glGenQueries();
+        GL15.glBeginQuery(GL15.GL_SAMPLES_PASSED, query);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        GL15.glEndQuery(GL15.GL_SAMPLES_PASSED);
+        final int samples = GL15.glGetQueryObjecti(query, GL15.GL_QUERY_RESULT);
+        GL15.glDeleteQueries(query);
+
+        assertTrue(samples > 0, "COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE did not fire the live draw (samples=" + samples + ")");
+
+        final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd baked = firstBatchedCmd(list);
+        assertNotNull(baked, "COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE did not bake a placeholder");
+        assertEquals(6, baked.getIndexCount());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void sharedVaoRetainsItsEbo() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int callerEbo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, callerEbo, GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        final BatchedIndexedDrawCmd batched = firstBatchedCmd(list);
+        assertNotNull(batched);
+        final IndexedDrawBatch batch = firstBatch(list);
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(batched.getSharedVAO());
+        assertEquals(batch.getSharedEBO(), GLStateManager.getBoundEBO(),
+            "batched VAO's EBO binding corrupted");
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void replayAfterSourceMutationAndStateChange() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int callerEbo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, callerEbo, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        overwriteBufferWithGarbage(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo, 4 * POS_COLOR_STRIDE);
+        overwriteBufferWithGarbage(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, callerEbo, 6 * 2);
+
+        // Bind unrelated state so the baked command has to restore its own bindings.
+        final int distractorVao = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(distractorVao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+
+        compiledOf(list).render();
+
+        final int err = GL11.glGetError();
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_NO_ERROR, err,
+            () -> "replay produced GL error 0x" + Integer.toHexString(err));
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void replayThenDelete_thenBindBufferCycle_isGlNoError() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        final int list = recordSingleIndexedDraw(vao, ebo, GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT);
+
+        compiledOf(list).render();
+
+
+        final int sharedEbo = firstBatch(list).getSharedEBO();
+        final int foreignVao = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(foreignVao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sharedEbo);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+
+        GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        untrackList(list);
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(foreignVao);
+        assertEquals(0, GLStateManager.getBoundEBO(), "batched EBO id survived list delete in vaoEboMap — non-gen crash imminent");
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+        final int prevEbo = GLStateManager.getBoundEBO();
+        GL15.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, prevEbo);
+        final int err = GL11.glGetError();
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_NO_ERROR, err, () -> "post-delete bindBuffer(" + prevEbo + ") hit GL 0x" + Integer.toHexString(err));
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void execute_doesNotRestoreVAO_backToBackDraws() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> cmds = allBatchedCmds(list);
+        assertEquals(2, cmds.size());
+        final int sharedVAO = cmds.getFirst().getSharedVAO();
+        assertEquals(sharedVAO, cmds.get(1).getSharedVAO());
+
+        final int distractor = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(distractor);
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+
+        compiledOf(list).render();
+
+        assertEquals(sharedVAO, GLStateManager.getBoundVAO());
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void build_partialFailure_deletesEarlierBatchesAndLeavesPlaceholdersUnfilled() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+
+        final IndexedDrawCapture good = IndexedDrawCapture.create(GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L, ebo);
+        assertNotNull(good);
+
+        // Synthetic capture with a different layout that trips the >2GiB size guard.
+        final AttribLayoutKey otherLayout = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{2}, new int[]{4}, new int[]{GL11.GL_FLOAT}, new boolean[]{false});
+        final ByteBuffer tinyVtx = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(16);
+        final ByteBuffer tinyIdx = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(16);
+        final IndexedDrawCapture huge = new IndexedDrawCapture(
+            otherLayout, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES,
+            Integer.MAX_VALUE / 4, 1, tinyVtx, tinyIdx,
+            new BatchedIndexedDrawCmd());
+
+        final IndexedDrawBatchBuilder builder = new IndexedDrawBatchBuilder();
+        builder.add(good);
+        builder.add(huge);
+
+        try {
+            assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, builder::build);
+            assertEquals(0, good.placeholder.getSharedVAO());
+            assertEquals(0, huge.placeholder.getSharedVAO());
+        } finally {
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(tinyVtx);
+            MemoryUtilities.memFree(tinyIdx);
+            good.freeBuffers();
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void recorderFree_releasesUnfilledCaptureNativeBuffers() {
+        final CommandRecorder rec = new CommandRecorder();
+        final ByteBuffer vtx = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(64);
+        final ByteBuffer idx = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(32);
+        final IndexedDrawCapture cap = new IndexedDrawCapture(
+            new AttribLayoutKey(new int[]{0}, new int[]{2}, new int[]{GL11.GL_FLOAT}, new boolean[]{false}),
+            GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 4, 6, vtx, idx, new BatchedIndexedDrawCmd());
+
+        rec.writeIndexedDrawCapture(cap);
+        assertFalse(cap.isFreed());
+
+        rec.free();
+
+        assertTrue(cap.isFreed());
+        cap.freeBuffers();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void execute_idempotentReplay_doesNotErrorOnSecondPass() {
+        final int vbo = defaultQuadVbo();
+        final int ebo = uploadEbo(GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0, 1, 2, 3);
+        final int vao = setupPosColorVao(vbo);
+
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(GL11.GL_QUADS, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+
+        compiledOf(list).render();
+        compiledOf(list).render();
+
+        final int err = GL11.glGetError();
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_NO_ERROR, err,
+            () -> "double replay produced GL error 0x" + Integer.toHexString(err));
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/commands/AttribLayoutKeyTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertArrayEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+
+class AttribLayoutKeyTest {
+
+    private static int[] offsetsOf(AttribLayoutKey k) {
+        final int[] out = new int[k.locations.length];
+        for (int i = 0; i < out.length; i++) out[i] = k.offset(i);
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void standardPosColorUvNormal_isAlignedAndPacked() {
+        final AttribLayoutKey k = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0, 1, 2, 4},
+            new int[]{3, 4, 2, 3},
+            new int[]{GL11.GL_FLOAT, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, GL11.GL_FLOAT, GL11.GL_BYTE},
+            new boolean[]{false, true, false, true});
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0, 12, 16, 24}, offsetsOf(k));
+        assertEquals(28, k.stride());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void posUvNormal3_roundsTailStrideTo24() {
+        final AttribLayoutKey k = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0, 2, 4},
+            new int[]{3, 2, 3},
+            new int[]{GL11.GL_FLOAT, GL11.GL_FLOAT, GL11.GL_BYTE},
+            new boolean[]{false, false, true});
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0, 12, 20}, offsetsOf(k));
+        assertEquals(24, k.stride());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void interiorHazardOrder_roundsMidAttribOffset() {
+        final AttribLayoutKey k = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0, 4, 2},
+            new int[]{3, 3, 2},
+            new int[]{GL11.GL_FLOAT, GL11.GL_BYTE, GL11.GL_FLOAT},
+            new boolean[]{false, true, false});
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0, 12, 16}, offsetsOf(k));
+        assertEquals(24, k.stride());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void allByteLayout_packsTight() {
+        final AttribLayoutKey k = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0, 1, 2},
+            new int[]{3, 4, 2},
+            new int[]{GL11.GL_BYTE, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, GL11.GL_BYTE},
+            new boolean[]{true, true, false});
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0, 3, 7}, offsetsOf(k));
+        assertEquals(9, k.stride());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void shortsFollowingByte_roundToEvenAndStrideToEven() {
+        final AttribLayoutKey k = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0, 1},
+            new int[]{1, 2},
+            new int[]{GL11.GL_BYTE, GL11.GL_SHORT},
+            new boolean[]{true, false});
+        assertArrayEquals(new int[]{0, 2}, offsetsOf(k));
+        assertEquals(6, k.stride());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void equalInputs_produceEqualKeys() {
+        final AttribLayoutKey a = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0, 2}, new int[]{3, 2},
+            new int[]{GL11.GL_FLOAT, GL11.GL_FLOAT}, new boolean[]{false, false});
+        final AttribLayoutKey b = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0, 2}, new int[]{3, 2},
+            new int[]{GL11.GL_FLOAT, GL11.GL_FLOAT}, new boolean[]{false, false});
+        assertEquals(a, b);
+        assertEquals(a.hashCode(), b.hashCode());
+        assertEquals(a.stride(), b.stride());
+        assertArrayEquals(offsetsOf(a), offsetsOf(b));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void differentNormalized_producesDifferentKeys() {
+        final AttribLayoutKey a = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0}, new int[]{4}, new int[]{GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE}, new boolean[]{true});
+        final AttribLayoutKey b = new AttribLayoutKey(
+            new int[]{0}, new int[]{4}, new int[]{GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE}, new boolean[]{false});
+        assertNotEquals(a, b);
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/recording/support/DisplayListTestFixture.java

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.support;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.DisplayListManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLSMExtension;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.CompiledDisplayList;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.BatchedIndexedDrawCmd;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.commands.IndexedDrawBatch;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+
+@ExtendWith(GLSMExtension.class)
+public abstract class DisplayListTestFixture {
+
+    public static final float[] DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS = {0f, 0f, 1f, 0f, 1f, 1f, 0f, 1f};
+    public static final byte[][] DEFAULT_SOLID_COLORS = {
+        {1, 1, 1, 1}, {2, 2, 2, 2}, {3, 3, 3, 3}, {4, 4, 4, 4}
+    };
+
+    public static final int POS_COLOR_STRIDE = 12;
+
+    private final List<Integer> listsToCleanup = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final List<Integer> buffersToCleanup = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final List<Integer> vaosToCleanup = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @AfterEach
+    void cleanupFixtureResources() {
+        for (int list : listsToCleanup) GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+        for (int buf : buffersToCleanup) {
+            if (GL15.glIsBuffer(buf)) GL15.glDeleteBuffers(buf);
+        }
+        for (int vao : vaosToCleanup) {
+            if (GL30.glIsVertexArray(vao)) GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(vao);
+        }
+        listsToCleanup.clear();
+        buffersToCleanup.clear();
+        vaosToCleanup.clear();
+    }
+
+    protected final int newList() {
+        final int id = GL11.glGenLists(1);
+        listsToCleanup.add(id);
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    protected final void untrackList(int list) {
+        listsToCleanup.remove((Integer) list);
+    }
+
+    protected final int newBuffer() {
+        final int id = GL15.glGenBuffers();
+        buffersToCleanup.add(id);
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    protected final int newVao() {
+        final int id = GL30.glGenVertexArrays();
+        vaosToCleanup.add(id);
+        return id;
+    }
+
+    /** 2 floats pos + 4 bytes color, stride 12, one vertex per entry in {@code colors}. */
+    protected final int uploadPosColorVbo(float[] positions, byte[][] colors) {
+        if (positions.length / 2 != colors.length) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("positions/colors length mismatch");
+        }
+        final int n = colors.length;
+        final int vbo = newBuffer();
+        final ByteBuffer data = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(n * POS_COLOR_STRIDE).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            data.putFloat(positions[i * 2]);
+            data.putFloat(positions[i * 2 + 1]);
+            data.put(colors[i][0]);
+            data.put(colors[i][1]);
+            data.put(colors[i][2]);
+            data.put(colors[i][3]);
+        }
+        data.flip();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, data, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(data);
+        return vbo;
+    }
+
+    /** Pos+color VBO populated with {@link #DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS} / {@link #DEFAULT_SOLID_COLORS}. */
+    protected final int defaultQuadVbo() {
+        return uploadPosColorVbo(DEFAULT_QUAD_POSITIONS, DEFAULT_SOLID_COLORS);
+    }
+
+    protected final int uploadEbo(int indexType, int... values) {
+        final int bytesPer = switch (indexType) {
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE -> 1;
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> 2;
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT -> 4;
+            default -> throw new IllegalArgumentException("unsupported indexType 0x" + Integer.toHexString(indexType));
+        };
+        final int ebo = newBuffer();
+        final ByteBuffer data = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(values.length * bytesPer).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        for (int v : values) {
+            switch (indexType) {
+                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE -> data.put((byte) v);
+                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> data.putShort((short) v);
+                case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT -> data.putInt(v);
+            }
+        }
+        data.flip();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GL15.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, data, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(data);
+        return ebo;
+    }
+
+    /** VAO with loc0 = 2*FLOAT pos, loc1 = 4*UNSIGNED_BYTE norm color, stride 12. */
+    protected final int setupPosColorVao(int vbo) {
+        final int vao = newVao();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, POS_COLOR_STRIDE, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(1, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, true, POS_COLOR_STRIDE, 8);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        return vao;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Record one {@code glDrawElements} into a {@code GL_COMPILE} list with the given VAO and EBO
+     * already-bound setup. Returns the list id (tracked for cleanup).
+     */
+    protected final int recordSingleIndexedDraw(int vao, int ebo, int drawMode, int indexCount, int indexType) {
+        final int list = newList();
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawElements(drawMode, indexCount, indexType, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+        return list;
+    }
+
+    protected static CompiledDisplayList compiledOf(int listId) {
+        final CompiledDisplayList compiled = DisplayListManager.getDisplayList(listId);
+        assertNotNull(compiled, "compiled display list must exist for id " + listId);
+        return compiled;
+    }
+
+    protected static List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> allBatchedCmds(int listId) {
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> out = new ArrayList<>();
+        final Object[] complex = compiledOf(listId).getComplexObjects();
+        if (complex == null) return out;
+        for (Object o : complex) {
+            if (o instanceof BatchedIndexedDrawCmd b) out.add(b);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    protected static BatchedIndexedDrawCmd firstBatchedCmd(int listId) {
+        final List<BatchedIndexedDrawCmd> cmds = allBatchedCmds(listId);
+        return cmds.isEmpty() ? null : cmds.getFirst();
+    }
+
+    protected static List<IndexedDrawBatch> batchesOf(int listId) {
+        return compiledOf(listId).getIndexedBatches();
+    }
+
+    protected static IndexedDrawBatch firstBatch(int listId) {
+        return batchesOf(listId).getFirst();
+    }
+
+    protected static ByteBuffer readBufferBytes(int target, int bufferId, int size) {
+        final int prev;
+        if (target == GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER) prev = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+        else if (target == GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER) prev = GLStateManager.getBoundEBO();
+        else prev = 0;
+
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(target, bufferId);
+        final ByteBuffer buf = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(size).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        GL15.glGetBufferSubData(target, 0, buf);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(target, prev);
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    protected static void overwriteBufferWithGarbage(int target, int bufferId, int size) {
+        final ByteBuffer garbage = MemoryUtilities.memAlloc(size);
+        for (int i = 0; i < garbage.capacity(); i++) garbage.put(i, (byte) 0xAA);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(target, bufferId);
+        GL15.glBufferData(target, garbage, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(target, 0);
+        MemoryUtilities.memFree(garbage);
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/redirect/GLSMRedirectorTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.redirect;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
+import org.objectweb.asm.Handle;
+import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
+import org.objectweb.asm.Type;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.ClassNode;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.InsnNode;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.InvokeDynamicInsnNode;
+import org.objectweb.asm.tree.MethodNode;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertDoesNotThrow;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class GLSMRedirectorTest {
+
+    private static final String GLSM = GLSMRedirector.getTargetClassName();
+
+    private static final Handle LAMBDA_METAFACTORY = new Handle(
+            Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC,
+            "java/lang/invoke/LambdaMetafactory",
+            "metafactory",
+            "(Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandles$Lookup;Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;"
+                    + "Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodHandle;Ljava/lang/invoke/MethodType;)"
+                    + "Ljava/lang/invoke/CallSite;",
+            false);
+
+    private static ClassNode makeClassWithInvokeDynamic(Handle implHandle) {
+        final ClassNode cn = new ClassNode();
+        cn.version = Opcodes.V1_8;
+        cn.access = Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC;
+        cn.name = "com/example/TestClass";
+        cn.superName = "java/lang/Object";
+        cn.methods = new ArrayList<>();
+
+        final MethodNode mn = new MethodNode(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC | Opcodes.ACC_STATIC, "test", "()V", null, null);
+        mn.instructions.add(new InvokeDynamicInsnNode(
+                "run",
+                "()Ljava/lang/Runnable;",
+                LAMBDA_METAFACTORY,
+                Type.getType("()V"),
+                implHandle,
+                Type.getType("()V")));
+        mn.instructions.add(new InsnNode(Opcodes.RETURN));
+        cn.methods.add(mn);
+
+        return cn;
+    }
+
+    private static Handle getResultHandle(ClassNode cn) {
+        final InvokeDynamicInsnNode dyn = (InvokeDynamicInsnNode) cn.methods.get(0).instructions.get(0);
+        return (Handle) dyn.bsmArgs[1];
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void invokeDynamicGL11HandleIsRedirected() {
+        final Handle impl = new Handle(Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC, "org/lwjgl/opengl/GL11", "glPopMatrix", "()V", false);
+        final ClassNode cn = makeClassWithInvokeDynamic(impl);
+
+        final boolean changed = new GLSMRedirector().transformClassNode("com.example.TestClass", cn);
+
+        assertTrue(changed);
+        final Handle result = getResultHandle(cn);
+        assertEquals(GLSM, result.getOwner());
+        assertEquals("glPopMatrix", result.getName());
+        assertEquals("()V", result.getDesc());
+        assertEquals(Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC, result.getTag());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void invokeDynamicNamedClassHandleIsRedirected() {
+        final Handle impl = new Handle(Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC, "org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTBlendFuncSeparate", "glBlendFuncSeparateEXT", "(IIII)V", false);
+        final ClassNode cn = makeClassWithInvokeDynamic(impl);
+
+        final boolean changed = new GLSMRedirector().transformClassNode("com.example.TestClass", cn);
+
+        assertTrue(changed);
+        final Handle result = getResultHandle(cn);
+        assertEquals(GLSM, result.getOwner());
+        assertEquals("tryBlendFuncSeparate", result.getName());
+        assertEquals("(IIII)V", result.getDesc());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void invokeDynamicNonGLHandleIsNotTouched() {
+        final Handle impl = new Handle(Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC, "java/lang/System", "currentTimeMillis", "()J", false);
+        final ClassNode cn = makeClassWithInvokeDynamic(impl);
+
+        final boolean changed = new GLSMRedirector().transformClassNode("com.example.TestClass", cn);
+
+        assertFalse(changed);
+        final Handle result = getResultHandle(cn);
+        assertEquals("java/lang/System", result.getOwner());
+        assertEquals("currentTimeMillis", result.getName());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void invokeDynamicUnknownGLMethodIsNotTouched() {
+        final Handle impl = new Handle(Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC, "org/lwjgl/opengl/GL11", "glNonexistent", "()V", false);
+        final ClassNode cn = makeClassWithInvokeDynamic(impl);
+
+        final boolean changed = new GLSMRedirector().transformClassNode("com.example.TestClass", cn);
+
+        assertFalse(changed);
+        final Handle result = getResultHandle(cn);
+        assertEquals("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL11", result.getOwner());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void invokeDynamicGLCVariantIsRedirected() {
+        final Handle impl = new Handle(Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC, "org/lwjgl/opengl/GL11C", "glDrawArrays", "(III)V", false);
+        final ClassNode cn = makeClassWithInvokeDynamic(impl);
+
+        final boolean changed = new GLSMRedirector().transformClassNode("com.example.TestClass", cn);
+
+        assertTrue(changed);
+        final Handle result = getResultHandle(cn);
+        assertEquals(GLSM, result.getOwner());
+        assertEquals("glDrawArrays", result.getName());
+        assertEquals("(III)V", result.getDesc());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void transformedClassProducesValidBytecode() {
+        final Handle impl = new Handle(Opcodes.H_INVOKESTATIC, "org/lwjgl/opengl/GL11", "glPopMatrix", "()V", false);
+        final ClassNode cn = makeClassWithInvokeDynamic(impl);
+
+        new GLSMRedirector().transformClassNode("com.example.TestClass", cn);
+
+        final ClassWriter cw = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS);
+        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> {
+            cn.accept(cw);
+            final byte[] bytes = cw.toByteArray();
+            assertTrue(bytes.length > 0);
+        });
+    }
+}

glsm/src/test/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/glsm/states/PixelUnpackStateTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class PixelUnpackStateTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void defaults() {
+        assertTrue(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.isDefault());
+        assertEquals(4, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.alignment());
+        assertEquals(0, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.rowLength());
+        assertFalse(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.swapBytes());
+        assertFalse(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.lsbFirst());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void withUpdatesUnpackParams() {
+        PixelUnpackState s = PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT
+            .with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1)
+            .with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, 64)
+            .with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS, 2)
+            .with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_PIXELS, 3)
+            .with(GL12.GL_UNPACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT, 32)
+            .with(GL12.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_IMAGES, 1)
+            .with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SWAP_BYTES, 1)
+            .with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_LSB_FIRST, 1);
+        assertEquals(new PixelUnpackState(1, 64, 2, 3, 32, 1, true, true), s);
+        assertFalse(s.isDefault());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void invalidValuesIgnored() {
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 3));
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 0));
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, -1));
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SKIP_ROWS, -5));
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL12.GL_UNPACK_IMAGE_HEIGHT, -1));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void booleansAcceptAnyNonzero() {
+        assertTrue(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SWAP_BYTES, 2).swapBytes());
+        assertTrue(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_LSB_FIRST, -1).lsbFirst());
+        PixelUnpackState on = PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SWAP_BYTES, 1);
+        assertFalse(on.with(GL11.GL_UNPACK_SWAP_BYTES, 0).swapBytes());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void packAndUnknownPnamesIgnored() {
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_PACK_ALIGNMENT, 1));
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(GL11.GL_PACK_ROW_LENGTH, 16));
+        assertSame(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT, PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT.with(0x1234, 1));
+    }
+}

lwjgl3-backend/build.gradle.kts

@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ dependencies {
     // LWJGL3
     implementation("org.lwjgl:lwjgl:${lwjglVersion}")
     implementation("org.lwjgl:lwjgl-opengl:${lwjglVersion}")
+    compileOnly("org.lwjgl:lwjgl-sdl:${lwjglVersion}")
     runtimeOnly("org.lwjgl:lwjgl:$lwjglVersion:$lwjglNatives")
     runtimeOnly("org.lwjgl:lwjgl-opengl:$lwjglVersion:$lwjglNatives")
 

lwjgl3-backend/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/lwjgl3/Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend.java

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL44C;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL45C;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLCapabilities;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLDebugMessageCallback;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_DropEvent;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_EventFilter;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLEvents;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
 
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -31,6 +34,10 @@ import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.nio.ShortBuffer;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentLinkedQueue;
 
 /**
  * LWJGL3 GL implementation of {@link RenderBackend}.
@@ -43,6 +50,10 @@ public final class Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
     private GLDebugMessageCallback debugCallback;
     private boolean debugOutputActive;
 
+    private SDL_EventFilter dropEventFilter;
+    private final ConcurrentLinkedQueue<String> droppedFiles = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<>();
+    private volatile boolean watchingDrops;
+
     @Override
     public void init() {
         caps = GL.getCapabilities();
@@ -50,7 +61,49 @@ public final class Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
 
     @Override
     public void shutdown() {
-        // no-op
+        stopFileDrop();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean supportsFileDrop() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void startFileDrop() {
+        if (watchingDrops) return;
+        dropEventFilter = SDL_EventFilter.create((userData, eventPtr) -> {
+            if (SDL_DropEvent.ntype(eventPtr) == SDLEvents.SDL_EVENT_DROP_FILE) {
+                final String path = SDL_DropEvent.ndataString(eventPtr);
+                if (path != null && !path.isEmpty()) {
+                    droppedFiles.add(path);
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        });
+        SDLEvents.SDL_AddEventWatch(dropEventFilter, 0L);
+        watchingDrops = true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stopFileDrop() {
+        if (!watchingDrops) return;
+        SDLEvents.SDL_RemoveEventWatch(dropEventFilter, 0L);
+        dropEventFilter.free();
+        dropEventFilter = null;
+        droppedFiles.clear();
+        watchingDrops = false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<String> pollDroppedFiles() {
+        if (droppedFiles.isEmpty()) return Collections.emptyList();
+        final List<String> out = new ArrayList<>();
+        String p;
+        while ((p = droppedFiles.poll()) != null) {
+            out.add(p);
+        }
+        return out;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -68,6 +121,16 @@ public final class Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
         return "OpenGL (LWJGL3)";
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public boolean hasContext() {
+        try {
+            GL.getCapabilities();
+            return true;
+        } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public int getPriority() { return 50; }
 
@@ -481,11 +544,6 @@ public final class Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
         GL11C.glPixelStorei(pname, param);
     }
 
-    @Override
-    public void pixelStoref(int pname, float param) {
-        GL11C.glPixelStoref(pname, param);
-    }
-
     @Override
     public void sampleCoverage(float value, boolean invert) {
         GL13C.glSampleCoverage(value, invert);

lwjgl3-backend/src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/lwjgl3/MissingDependencySdl.java

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.lwjgl3;
+
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLMessageBox.SDL_MESSAGEBOX_BUTTON_ESCAPEKEY_DEFAULT;
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLMessageBox.SDL_MESSAGEBOX_BUTTON_RETURNKEY_DEFAULT;
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLMessageBox.SDL_MESSAGEBOX_ERROR;
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLMessageBox.SDL_ShowMessageBox;
+
+import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.Lwjgl3Aware;
+import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.client.MainThreadExec;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_MessageBoxButtonData;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_MessageBoxData;
+import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
+
+@Lwjgl3Aware
+public final class MissingDependencySdl {
+
+    private MissingDependencySdl() {}
+
+    public static void showFatal(String title, String message) {
+        MainThreadExec.runOnMainThread(() -> showFatalOnMainThread(title, message));
+    }
+
+    private static void showFatalOnMainThread(String title, String message) {
+        try (MemoryStack stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
+            final SDL_MessageBoxData box = SDL_MessageBoxData.calloc(stack);
+            box.flags(SDL_MESSAGEBOX_ERROR);
+            box.title(stack.UTF8(title));
+            box.message(stack.UTF8(message));
+
+            final SDL_MessageBoxButtonData.Buffer buttons = SDL_MessageBoxButtonData.calloc(1, stack);
+            buttons.get(0).set(
+                SDL_MESSAGEBOX_BUTTON_RETURNKEY_DEFAULT | SDL_MESSAGEBOX_BUTTON_ESCAPEKEY_DEFAULT,
+                0,
+                stack.UTF8("OK"));
+            box.buttons(buttons);
+
+            SDL_ShowMessageBox(box, null);
+        }
+    }
+}

settings.gradle.kts

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pluginManagement {
 }
 
 plugins {
-    id("com.gtnewhorizons.gtnhsettingsconvention") version ("2.0.24")
+    id("com.gtnewhorizons.gtnhsettingsconvention") version ("2.0.25")
 }
 
 include("glsm")

src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/AngelicaMod.java

@@ -1,17 +1,11 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica;
 
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.common.BlockError;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.compat.ModStatus;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.ConfigMigrator;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.proxy.CommonProxy;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.utils.AnimationMode;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.utils.ManagedEnum;
 import cpw.mods.fml.common.Mod;
 import cpw.mods.fml.common.SidedProxy;
 import cpw.mods.fml.common.event.FMLInitializationEvent;
 import cpw.mods.fml.common.event.FMLPostInitializationEvent;
 import cpw.mods.fml.common.event.FMLPreInitializationEvent;
-import me.jellysquid.mods.sodium.client.gui.SodiumGameOptions;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
 
@@ -32,32 +26,19 @@ import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.AngelicaMod.MOD_ID;
         acceptableRemoteVersions = "*",
         guiFactory = "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.AngelicaGuiConfigFactory")
 public class AngelicaMod {
+
     public static final String MOD_ID = "angelica";
     public static final Logger LOGGER = LogManager.getLogger("Angelica");
+    public static final boolean lwjglDebug = Boolean.getBoolean("org.lwjgl.util.Debug");
 
-    private static SodiumGameOptions CONFIG;
-
-    public static SodiumGameOptions options() {
-        if (CONFIG == null) {
-            CONFIG = SodiumGameOptions.load(ConfigMigrator.handleConfigMigration("angelica-options.json"));
-        }
-        return CONFIG;
-    }
-
-    @SidedProxy(clientSide = "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.proxy.ClientProxy", serverSide = "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.proxy.CommonProxy")
+    @SidedProxy(
+        clientSide = "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.proxy.ClientProxy",
+        serverSide = "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.proxy.CommonProxy")
     public static CommonProxy proxy;
 
-    public static final boolean lwjglDebug = Boolean.parseBoolean(System.getProperty("org.lwjgl.util.Debug", "false"));
-
-    public static final ManagedEnum<AnimationMode> animationsMode = new ManagedEnum<>(AnimationMode.VISIBLE_ONLY);
-
-    public static BlockError blockError;
-
     @Mod.EventHandler
     public void preInit(FMLPreInitializationEvent event) {
-        ModStatus.preInit();
         proxy.preInit(event);
-        blockError = new BlockError();
     }
 
     @Mod.EventHandler

src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/api/GLRedirects.java

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.api;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.redirect.GLSMRedirector;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.TreeSet;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+
+/**
+ * Public API for querying Angelica's GL call redirections.
+ * <p>
+ * Angelica's bytecode transformer redirects GL calls (e.g., {@code GL11.glPushMatrix()}) to
+ * {@link com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager GLStateManager} for state tracking and
+ * core profile compatibility. This works for normal Java bytecode loaded through the Forge classloader,
+ * but callers that bypass class transformation (e.g., Nashorn/script engines, reflection, MethodHandles)
+ * need to perform their own redirection.
+ * <p>
+ * This class provides the redirect mapping data and a precompiled regex pattern for transforming
+ * script source text before evaluation.
+ *
+ * <h3>Example: transforming a Nashorn script before eval</h3>
+ * Given a script that uses {@code importPackage(Packages.org.lwjgl.opengl)} and calls
+ * {@code GL11.glPushMatrix()}, the text transformation rewrites those calls before evaluation:
+ * <pre>{@code
+ * // Make GLStateManager available to the script -- either via importPackage:
+ * script = "importPackage(Packages.com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm);\n" + script;
+ * // ... or via Java.type for an explicit binding:
+ * // script = "var GLStateManager = Java.type('" + GLRedirects.TARGET_CLASS + "');\n" + script;
+ *
+ * // Rewrite: GL11.glPushMatrix() -> GLStateManager.glPushMatrix()
+ * script = GLRedirects.getMethodRedirectPattern().matcher(script).replaceAll(mr -> {
+ *     String target = GLRedirects.getTargetMethodName(mr.group(0));
+ *     return target != null ? "GLStateManager." + target : mr.group(0);
+ * });
+ *
+ * engine.eval(script);
+ * }</pre>
+ */
+public final class GLRedirects {
+    /** Fully qualified name of the GLStateManager class that all methods redirect to. */
+    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
+    public static final String TARGET_CLASS = "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager";
+
+    private static final String SHORT_GL_PREFIX;
+    private static final Map<String, Map<String, String>> NAMED_CLASS_SHORT_NAME_MAP;
+    private static final Map<String, String> GL_PREFIX_METHOD_REDIRECTS;
+    private static final Pattern METHOD_REDIRECT_PATTERN;
+
+    static {
+        SHORT_GL_PREFIX = buildShortGLPrefix();
+        NAMED_CLASS_SHORT_NAME_MAP = buildNamedClassShortNameMap();
+        GL_PREFIX_METHOD_REDIRECTS = GLSMRedirector.getGLPrefixMethodRedirects();
+        METHOD_REDIRECT_PATTERN = buildMethodRedirectPattern();
+    }
+
+    private GLRedirects() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a precompiled pattern that matches redirected {@code ClassName.methodName} references
+     * using short (simple) class names, as they might typically appear in script text.
+     *
+     * @return compiled regex pattern
+     */
+    public static Pattern getMethodRedirectPattern() {
+        return METHOD_REDIRECT_PATTERN;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Looks up the GLStateManager target method name for a short-name reference.
+     *
+     * @param classAndMethod short class name and method, e.g., {@code "GL11.glPushMatrix"}
+     * @return the target method name on GLStateManager (e.g., {@code "glPushMatrix"}), or {@code null} if this reference is not redirected
+     */
+    public static String getTargetMethodName(String classAndMethod) {
+        final int dot = classAndMethod.indexOf('.');
+        if (dot < 0) return null;
+
+        final String className = classAndMethod.substring(0, dot);
+        final String methodName = classAndMethod.substring(dot + 1);
+
+        final Map<String, String> classRedirects = NAMED_CLASS_SHORT_NAME_MAP.get(className);
+        if (classRedirects != null) {
+            return classRedirects.get(methodName);
+        }
+
+        if (className.startsWith(SHORT_GL_PREFIX)) {
+            return GL_PREFIX_METHOD_REDIRECTS.get(methodName);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private static String buildShortGLPrefix() {
+        final String glPrefix = GLSMRedirector.getGLPrefix();
+        return glPrefix.substring(glPrefix.lastIndexOf('/') + 1);
+    }
+
+    private static Map<String, Map<String, String>> buildNamedClassShortNameMap() {
+        final Map<String, Map<String, String>> named = new HashMap<>();
+        for (final var entry : GLSMRedirector.getNamedClassMethodRedirects().entrySet()) {
+            final String internalName = entry.getKey();
+            final String shortName = internalName.substring(internalName.lastIndexOf('/') + 1);
+            named.put(shortName, entry.getValue());
+        }
+        return named;
+    }
+
+    private static Pattern buildMethodRedirectPattern() {
+        final TreeSet<String> alternatives = new TreeSet<>();
+        alternatives.add(Pattern.quote(SHORT_GL_PREFIX) + "\\w+");
+        for (final String shortName : NAMED_CLASS_SHORT_NAME_MAP.keySet()) {
+            alternatives.add(Pattern.quote(shortName));
+        }
+        final String classAlt = String.join("|", alternatives);
+        return Pattern.compile("\\b(" + classAlt + ")\\.\\w+\\b");
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/api/IDynamicLightProducer.java

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.api;
 
+import net.minecraft.item.ItemStack;
+
 /**
  * To be used for modded items that don't have blocks. Baubles for example.
  */
 public interface IDynamicLightProducer {
-    int getLuminance();
+    int getLuminance(ItemStack stack);
 }

src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/client/font/BatchingFontRenderer.java

@@ -4,7 +4,14 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vao.IndexBuffer;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.util.font.GlyphReplacements;
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.font.ColorCodeUtils.FORMATTING_CHAR;
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.font.ColorCodeUtils.GRADIENT_PAYLOAD;
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.font.ColorCodeUtils.SECTION_X_LENGTH;
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.font.ColorCodeUtils.SECTION_X_PAYLOAD;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.AngelicaConfig;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.FontConfig;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.hudcaching.HUDCaching;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.streaming.StreamingUploader;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.mixins.interfaces.FontRendererAccessor;
@@ -213,12 +220,14 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
         pushQuadIdx();
     }
 
-    private void pushTexRect(float x, float y, float w, float h, float itOff, int rgba, float uStart, float vStart, float uSz, float vSz) {
+    private void pushTexRect(float x, float y, float w, float h, float itOff, int rgba, float uStart, float vStart, float uSz, float vSz, boolean flipV) {
         ensureCapacity();
-        pushVtx(x + itOff, y, rgba, uStart, vStart, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
-        pushVtx(x - itOff, y + h, rgba, uStart, vStart + vSz, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
-        pushVtx(x + itOff + w, y, rgba, uStart + uSz, vStart, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
-        pushVtx(x - itOff + w, y + h, rgba, uStart + uSz, vStart + vSz, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
+        float vTop = flipV ? vStart + vSz : vStart;
+        float vBot = flipV ? vStart : vStart + vSz;
+        pushVtx(x + itOff, y, rgba, uStart, vTop, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
+        pushVtx(x - itOff, y + h, rgba, uStart, vBot, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
+        pushVtx(x + itOff + w, y, rgba, uStart + uSz, vTop, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
+        pushVtx(x - itOff + w, y + h, rgba, uStart + uSz, vBot, uStart, uStart + uSz, vStart, vStart + vSz);
         pushQuadIdx();
     }
 
@@ -334,6 +343,7 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
         batchCommands.sort(FontDrawCmd.DRAW_ORDER_COMPARATOR);
 
         final boolean isTextureEnabledBefore = GLStateManager.glIsEnabled(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+        final boolean isBlendEnabledBefore = GLStateManager.glIsEnabled(GL11.GL_BLEND);
         final int boundTextureBefore = GLStateManager.glGetInteger(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D);
         boolean textureChanged = false;
 
@@ -417,6 +427,9 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
         if (isTextureEnabledBefore) {
         	GLStateManager.glEnable(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D);
         }
+        if (!isBlendEnabledBefore) {
+            GLStateManager.disableBlend();
+        }
         if (textureChanged) {
         	GLStateManager.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, boundTextureBefore);
         }
@@ -438,6 +451,55 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
         return (what >= fromInclusive) && (what <= toInclusive);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Count visible characters from {@code start} to {@code end}, skipping format codes.
+     * Stops at §r, any color code (§0-f, §x), or any color effect (§q, §g).
+     * Style codes (§k-o) and non-terminating effects (§z wave, §v dinnerbone) are skipped.
+     */
+    private static int countVisibleChars(CharSequence str, int start, int end) {
+        int count = 0;
+        for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
+            char ch = str.charAt(i);
+            if (ch == FORMATTING_CHAR && i + 1 < end) {
+                char code = Character.toLowerCase(str.charAt(i + 1));
+                if (code == 'r' || (code >= '0' && code <= '9') || (code >= 'a' && code <= 'f')
+                    || code == 'x' || code == 'q' || code == 'g') {
+                    break;
+                }
+                i++;
+            } else {
+                count++;
+            }
+        }
+        return Math.max(count, 1);
+    }
+
+    private static int hsvToRgb(float hue, float sat, float val) {
+        int h = (int)(hue / 60f) % 6;
+        float f = hue / 60f - h;
+        float p = val * (1 - sat);
+        float q = val * (1 - f * sat);
+        float t = val * (1 - (1 - f) * sat);
+        float r, g, b;
+        switch (h) {
+            case 0: r=val; g=t; b=p; break;
+            case 1: r=q; g=val; b=p; break;
+            case 2: r=p; g=val; b=t; break;
+            case 3: r=p; g=q; b=val; break;
+            case 4: r=t; g=p; b=val; break;
+            default: r=val; g=p; b=q; break;
+        }
+        return ((int)(r*255) << 16) | ((int)(g*255) << 8) | (int)(b*255);
+    }
+
+    private static final int RAINBOW_LUT_SIZE = 24;
+    private static final int[] RAINBOW_LUT = new int[RAINBOW_LUT_SIZE];
+    static {
+        for (int i = 0; i < RAINBOW_LUT_SIZE; i++) {
+            RAINBOW_LUT[i] = hsvToRgb(i * 15f, 1f, 1f);
+        }
+    }
+
     public boolean forceDefaults() {
         return this.bookMode || this.isSGA || this.isSplash;
     }
@@ -462,7 +524,8 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
         return forceDefaults() ? 1 : FontConfig.fontShadowOffset;
     }
 
-    private static final char FORMATTING_CHAR = 167; // §
+    private static final double WAVE_TIME_SCALE = 5e-9;
+    private static final float WAVE_FREQUENCY = 0.5f;
 
     public float drawString(final float anchorX, final float anchorY, final int color, final boolean enableShadow,
         final boolean unicodeFlag, final CharSequence string, int stringOffset, int stringLength) {
@@ -493,6 +556,18 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
             boolean curBold = false;
             boolean curStrikethrough = false;
             boolean curUnderline = false;
+            boolean curRainbow = false;
+            boolean curWave = false;
+            boolean curDinnerbone = false;
+            boolean curGradient = false;
+            boolean curShadow = false;
+            boolean curShadowCustomColor = false;
+            int curShadowColorOverride = 0;
+            int gradientStartRgb = 0, gradientEndRgb = 0;
+            int gradientCharIndex = 0, gradientTotalChars = 0;
+            float gradientStep = 0f;
+            int rainbowCharIndex = 0;
+            int visibleCharIndex = 0;
 
             float glyphScaleY = getGlyphScaleY();
             float glyphScaleX = getGlyphScaleX();
@@ -530,6 +605,16 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
                         strikethroughStartX = strikethroughEndX;
                     }
 
+                    if (fmtCode == 'x' && AngelicaConfig.enableRGBColors && charIdx + SECTION_X_PAYLOAD < stringEnd) {
+                        int rgb = ColorCodeUtils.parseHexPairs(string, charIdx + 1, 6);
+                        if (rgb != -1) {
+                            curRainbow = false;
+                            curGradient = false;
+                            curColor = (curColor & 0xFF000000) | (rgb & 0x00FFFFFF);
+                            curShadowColor = (curShadowColor & 0xFF000000) | ((rgb & 0xFCFCFC) >> 2);
+                            charIdx += SECTION_X_PAYLOAD;
+                        }
+                    } else {
                     final boolean is09 = charInRange(fmtCode, '0', '9');
                     final boolean isAF = charInRange(fmtCode, 'a', 'f');
                     if (is09 || isAF) {
@@ -538,6 +623,9 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
                         curStrikethrough = false;
                         curUnderline = false;
                         curItalic = false;
+                        curRainbow = false;
+                        curGradient = false;
+                        // wave/dinnerbone NOT reset — they're positional effects, independent of color
 
                         final int colorIdx = is09 ? (fmtCode - '0') : (fmtCode - 'a' + 10);
                         final int rgb = this.colorCode[colorIdx];
@@ -558,27 +646,68 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
                         underlineEndX = underlineStartX;
                     } else if (fmtCode == 'o') {
                         curItalic = true;
+                    } else if (fmtCode == 'q' && AngelicaConfig.enableRainbow) {
+                        curRainbow = true;
+                        curGradient = false;
+                        rainbowCharIndex = 0;
+                    } else if (fmtCode == 'z' && AngelicaConfig.enableWaveText) {
+                        curWave = !curWave;
+                    } else if (fmtCode == 'v' && AngelicaConfig.enableDinnerboneText) {
+                        curDinnerbone = !curDinnerbone;
+                    } else if (fmtCode == 'u' && AngelicaConfig.enableDropShadow) {
+                        int customRgb = (charIdx + SECTION_X_LENGTH < stringEnd)
+                            ? ColorCodeUtils.parseSectionXAt(string, charIdx + 1)
+                            : -1;
+                        if (customRgb != -1) {
+                            curShadow = true;
+                            curShadowCustomColor = true;
+                            curShadowColorOverride = customRgb;
+                            charIdx += SECTION_X_LENGTH;
+                        } else {
+                            curShadow = !curShadow;
+                            if (!curShadow) curShadowCustomColor = false;
+                        }
+                    } else if (fmtCode == 'g' && AngelicaConfig.enableGradients && charIdx + GRADIENT_PAYLOAD < stringEnd) {
+                        int color1 = ColorCodeUtils.parseSectionXAt(string, charIdx + 1);
+                        int color2 = ColorCodeUtils.parseSectionXAt(string, charIdx + 1 + SECTION_X_LENGTH);
+                        if (color1 != -1 && color2 != -1) {
+                            curGradient = true;
+                            curRainbow = false;
+                            gradientStartRgb = color1;
+                            gradientEndRgb = color2;
+                            gradientCharIndex = 0;
+                            gradientTotalChars = countVisibleChars(string, charIdx + 1 + GRADIENT_PAYLOAD, stringEnd);
+                            gradientStep = gradientTotalChars > 1 ? 1f / (gradientTotalChars - 1) : 0f;
+                            charIdx += GRADIENT_PAYLOAD;
+                        }
                     } else if (fmtCode == 'r') {
                         curRandom = false;
                         curBold = false;
                         curStrikethrough = false;
                         curUnderline = false;
                         curItalic = false;
+                        curRainbow = false;
+                        curWave = false;
+                        curDinnerbone = false;
+                        curGradient = false;
+                        curShadow = false;
+                        curShadowCustomColor = false;
                         curColor = color;
                         curShadowColor = shadowColor;
                     }
+                    } // close else block for non-§x codes
 
                     continue;
                 }
 
+                if (chr == ColorCodeUtils.ESCAPED_AMPERSAND) { chr = '&'; }
+
                 if (FontConfig.enableCustomFont && FontConfig.enableGlyphReplacements) {
-                    String chrReplacement = GlyphReplacements.customGlyphs.get(String.valueOf(chr));
-                    if (chrReplacement != null) {
-                        char replacement = chrReplacement.charAt(0);
-                        boolean isReplacementCharAvailable =
-                            FontProviderCustom.getPrimary().isGlyphAvailable(replacement)
-                                || FontProviderCustom.getFallback().isGlyphAvailable(replacement);
-                        if (isReplacementCharAvailable) {
+                    final char replacement = GlyphReplacements.getReplacementGlyph(chr);
+                    if (replacement != 0) {
+                        if (FontProviderCustom.getPrimary().isGlyphAvailable(replacement)
+                            || FontProviderCustom.getFallback().isGlyphAvailable(replacement)
+                        ) {
                             chr = replacement;
                         }
                     }
@@ -593,12 +722,31 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
                 heightNorth = anchorY + (underlying.FONT_HEIGHT - 1.0f) * (0.5f - glyphScaleY * fontProvider.getYScaleMultiplier() / 2);
                 float heightSouth = (underlying.FONT_HEIGHT - 1.0f) * glyphScaleY * fontProvider.getYScaleMultiplier();
 
+                visibleCharIndex++;
+
                 // Check ASCII space, NBSP, NNBSP
                 if (chr == ' ' || chr == '\u00A0' || chr == '\u202F') {
                     curX += 4 * this.getWhitespaceScale() + (curBold ? 1 : 0);
                     continue;
                 }
 
+                if (curRainbow) {
+                    int rgbEffect = RAINBOW_LUT[rainbowCharIndex % RAINBOW_LUT_SIZE];
+                    curColor = (curColor & 0xFF000000) | rgbEffect;
+                    curShadowColor = (curShadowColor & 0xFF000000) | ((rgbEffect & 0xFCFCFC) >> 2);
+                    rainbowCharIndex++;
+                }
+                if (curGradient && gradientTotalChars > 0) {
+                    float t = Math.min(gradientCharIndex * gradientStep, 1f);
+                    int gr = (int)((gradientStartRgb >> 16 & 0xFF) * (1-t) + (gradientEndRgb >> 16 & 0xFF) * t);
+                    int gg = (int)((gradientStartRgb >> 8 & 0xFF) * (1-t) + (gradientEndRgb >> 8 & 0xFF) * t);
+                    int gb = (int)((gradientStartRgb & 0xFF) * (1-t) + (gradientEndRgb & 0xFF) * t);
+                    int rgbEffect = (gr << 16) | (gg << 8) | gb;
+                    curColor = (curColor & 0xFF000000) | rgbEffect;
+                    curShadowColor = (curShadowColor & 0xFF000000) | ((rgbEffect & 0xFCFCFC) >> 2);
+                    gradientCharIndex++;
+                }
+
                 final float uStart = fontProvider.getUStart(chr);
                 final float vStart = fontProvider.getVStart(chr);
                 final float xAdvance = fontProvider.getXAdvance(chr) * glyphScaleX;
@@ -612,23 +760,34 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
                 final ResourceLocation texture = fontProvider.getTexture(chr);
                 final int idxId = idxWriterIndex;
 
-                if (enableShadow) {
+                // Wave: Y offset via sine wave
+                float renderY = heightNorth;
+                if (curWave) {
+                    float time = HUDCaching.renderingCacheOverride ? 0f : (float)((System.nanoTime() & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFL) * WAVE_TIME_SCALE);
+                    renderY += (float) Math.sin(visibleCharIndex * WAVE_FREQUENCY + time) * AngelicaConfig.waveAmplitude;
+                }
+
+                final boolean drawShadow = enableShadow || curShadow;
+                if (drawShadow) {
+                    final int effectiveShadowColor = curShadowCustomColor
+                        ? ((curColor & 0xFF000000) | (curShadowColorOverride & 0x00FFFFFF))
+                        : curShadowColor;
                     for (int n = 1; n <= shadowCopies; n++) {
                         final float shadowOffsetPart = shadowOffset * ((float) n / shadowCopies);
-                        pushTexRect(curX + shadowOffsetPart, heightNorth + shadowOffsetPart, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, curShadowColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz);
+                        pushTexRect(curX + shadowOffsetPart, renderY + shadowOffsetPart, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, effectiveShadowColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz, curDinnerbone);
 
                         if (curBold) {
-                            pushTexRect(curX + 2.0f * shadowOffsetPart, heightNorth + shadowOffsetPart, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, curShadowColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz);
+                            pushTexRect(curX + 2.0f * shadowOffsetPart, renderY + shadowOffsetPart, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, effectiveShadowColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz, curDinnerbone);
                         }
                     }
                 }
 
-                pushTexRect(curX, heightNorth, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, curColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz);
+                pushTexRect(curX, renderY, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, curColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz, curDinnerbone);
 
                 if (curBold) {
                     for (int n = 1; n <= boldCopies; n++) {
                         final float shadowOffsetPart = shadowOffset * ((float) n / boldCopies);
-                        pushTexRect(curX + shadowOffsetPart, heightNorth, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, curColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz);
+                        pushTexRect(curX + shadowOffsetPart, renderY, glyphW - 1.0f, heightSouth, itOff, curColor, uStart, vStart, uSz, vSz, curDinnerbone);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -640,7 +799,7 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
                     both:           4(1 + 2 * shadowCopies + boldCopies)
                  */
                 int charCount = 1;
-                if (enableShadow) { charCount += shadowCopies * (curBold ? 2 : 1); }
+                if (drawShadow) { charCount += shadowCopies * (curBold ? 2 : 1); }
                 if (curBold) { charCount += boldCopies; }
                 final int vtxCount = 4 * charCount;
                 pushDrawCmd(idxId, vtxCount / 2 * 3, texture, chr > 255);
@@ -649,6 +808,19 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
                 if (bookMode) { curX = (int) curX; }
                 underlineEndX = curX;
                 strikethroughEndX = curX;
+
+                if ((curRainbow || curGradient) && curUnderline && underlineStartX != underlineEndX) {
+                    final int ulIdx = idxWriterIndex;
+                    pushUntexRect(underlineStartX, underlineY, underlineEndX - underlineStartX, glyphScaleY, curColor);
+                    pushDrawCmd(ulIdx, 6, null, false);
+                    underlineStartX = underlineEndX;
+                }
+                if ((curRainbow || curGradient) && curStrikethrough && strikethroughStartX != strikethroughEndX) {
+                    final int stIdx = idxWriterIndex;
+                    pushUntexRect(strikethroughStartX, strikethroughY, strikethroughEndX - strikethroughStartX, glyphScaleY, curColor);
+                    pushDrawCmd(stIdx, 6, null, false);
+                    strikethroughStartX = strikethroughEndX;
+                }
             }
 
             if (curUnderline && underlineStartX != underlineEndX) {
@@ -674,6 +846,7 @@ public class BatchingFontRenderer {
     }
 
     public float getCharWidthFine(char chr) {
+        if (chr == ColorCodeUtils.ESCAPED_AMPERSAND) { chr = '&'; }
         if (chr == FORMATTING_CHAR) { return -1; }
 
         if (chr == ' ' || chr == '\u00A0' || chr == '\u202F') {

src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/client/font/ColorCodeUtils.java

@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.font;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.AngelicaConfig;
+
+/**
+ * Utility for converting {@code &}-based shorthand into {@code §}-based
+ * format codes understood by the batched font renderer.
+ * <p>
+ * {@code &#RRGGBB} -> {@code §x§R§R§G§G§B§B} (RGB color)<br>
+ * {@code &g&#RRGGBB&#RRGGBB} -> {@code §g§x§R§R§G§G§B§B§x§R§R§G§G§B§B} (gradient)<br>
+ * {@code &c}, {@code &l}, {@code &r}, {@code &q}, etc. -> {@code §c}, {@code §l}, {@code §r}, {@code §q}
+ * <p>
+ * Effect codes use low-collision letters to avoid false positives on natural text:
+ * rainbow = {@code &q}, wave = {@code &z}, dinnerbone = {@code &v}, gradient = {@code &g} (only with &#-prefixed colors).
+ */
+public final class ColorCodeUtils {
+
+    private ColorCodeUtils() {}
+
+    public static final char FORMATTING_CHAR = '§';
+    public static final char ESCAPED_AMPERSAND = '';
+
+    public static final int SECTION_X_PAYLOAD = 12;
+    public static final int SECTION_X_LENGTH = 14;
+    public static final int GRADIENT_PAYLOAD = 28;
+    public static final int GRADIENT_LENGTH = 30;
+
+    /** Valid single {@code &} codes. {@code g} is excluded; {@code &g} only converts as part of a gradient. */
+    public static final String VALID_SINGLE_CODES = "0123456789abcdefklmnorqzvu";
+
+    private static final String[] SECTION_PREFIX = new String[128];
+    static {
+        for (int i = 0; i < VALID_SINGLE_CODES.length(); i++) {
+            char c = VALID_SINGLE_CODES.charAt(i);
+            SECTION_PREFIX[c] = String.valueOf(FORMATTING_CHAR) + c;
+        }
+        SECTION_PREFIX['x'] = String.valueOf(FORMATTING_CHAR) + 'x';
+        SECTION_PREFIX['g'] = String.valueOf(FORMATTING_CHAR) + 'g';
+    }
+
+    public static String sectionPrefix(char code) {
+        char c = (code < 128) ? Character.toLowerCase(code) : code;
+        return (c < 128) ? SECTION_PREFIX[c] : null;
+    }
+
+    public static int parseHexPairs(CharSequence str, int start, int count) {
+        int result = 0;
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            int p = start + i * 2;
+            if (str.charAt(p) != FORMATTING_CHAR) return -1;
+            int digit = Character.digit(str.charAt(p + 1), 16);
+            if (digit == -1) return -1;
+            result = (result << 4) | digit;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    public static int parseSectionXAt(CharSequence str, int start) {
+        if (start + SECTION_X_LENGTH > str.length()) return -1;
+        if (str.charAt(start) != FORMATTING_CHAR) return -1;
+        if (Character.toLowerCase(str.charAt(start + 1)) != 'x') return -1;
+        return parseHexPairs(str, start + 2, 6);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isValidSectionX(CharSequence str, int start) {
+        return parseSectionXAt(str, start) != -1;
+    }
+
+    private static String lastConversionInput;
+    private static String lastConversionOutput;
+
+    public static String convertAmpersandToSectionX(String text) {
+        if (text == null || !AngelicaConfig.enableAmpersandConversion) return text;
+
+        if (text == lastConversionInput) return lastConversionOutput;
+
+        final String out = convertImpl(text);
+        lastConversionInput = text;
+        lastConversionOutput = out;
+        return out;
+    }
+
+    private static String convertImpl(String text) {
+        int idx = text.indexOf('&');
+        if (idx == -1) return text;
+
+        final int len = text.length();
+        StringBuilder sb = null;
+        int last = 0;
+        while (idx != -1 && idx + 1 < len) {
+            if (idx > 0 && text.charAt(idx - 1) == '\\') {
+                if (sb == null) sb = new StringBuilder(len + 16);
+                sb.append(text, last, idx - 1);
+                sb.append(ESCAPED_AMPERSAND);
+                last = idx + 1;
+                idx = text.indexOf('&', last);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (text.charAt(idx + 1) == '#' && idx + 7 < len) {
+                boolean validHex = true;
+                for (int i = 2; i <= 7; i++) {
+                    if (Character.digit(text.charAt(idx + i), 16) == -1) {
+                        validHex = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (validHex) {
+                    if (sb == null) sb = new StringBuilder(len + 16);
+                    sb.append(text, last, idx);
+                    sb.append(FORMATTING_CHAR).append('x');
+                    for (int i = 2; i <= 7; i++) {
+                        sb.append(FORMATTING_CHAR).append(text.charAt(idx + i));
+                    }
+                    last = idx + 8;
+                    idx = text.indexOf('&', last);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            if (Character.toLowerCase(text.charAt(idx + 1)) == 'g' && idx + 17 < len
+                && text.charAt(idx + 2) == '&' && text.charAt(idx + 3) == '#'
+                && text.charAt(idx + 10) == '&' && text.charAt(idx + 11) == '#') {
+                boolean valid1 = true, valid2 = true;
+                for (int i = 4; i <= 9; i++) {
+                    if (Character.digit(text.charAt(idx + i), 16) == -1) { valid1 = false; break; }
+                }
+                if (valid1) {
+                    for (int i = 12; i <= 17; i++) {
+                        if (Character.digit(text.charAt(idx + i), 16) == -1) { valid2 = false; break; }
+                    }
+                }
+                if (valid1 && valid2) {
+                    if (sb == null) sb = new StringBuilder(len + 16);
+                    sb.append(text, last, idx);
+                    sb.append(FORMATTING_CHAR).append('g');
+                    last = idx + 2;
+                    idx = text.indexOf('&', last);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            char code = Character.toLowerCase(text.charAt(idx + 1));
+            if (VALID_SINGLE_CODES.indexOf(code) != -1) {
+                if (sb == null) sb = new StringBuilder(len + 16);
+                sb.append(text, last, idx);
+                sb.append(FORMATTING_CHAR).append(text.charAt(idx + 1));
+                last = idx + 2;
+            }
+            idx = text.indexOf('&', idx + 1);
+        }
+        if (sb == null) return text;
+        sb.append(text, last, len);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/client/rendering/DeferredBatchTessellator.java

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.rendering;
 
 import com.github.bsideup.jabel.Desugar;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.DirectTessellator;
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.ITessellatorInstance;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFlags;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormat;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
@@ -33,10 +34,30 @@ class DeferredBatchTessellator extends DirectTessellator {
     private final Vector3f scratch = new Vector3f();
     private Matrix4fc currentTransform;
 
+    private Tessellator parentTessellator;
+    private boolean inIntercept;
+
     DeferredBatchTessellator(ByteBuffer buffer) {
         super(buffer, false); // deleteAfter=false: keep buffer across resets for reuse
     }
 
+    void setParentTessellator(Tessellator parent) {
+        this.parentTessellator = parent;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int draw() {
+        if (!inIntercept) {
+            final Tessellator parent = parentTessellator;
+            if (parent != null && parent.isDrawing) {
+                interceptDraw(parent);
+                ((ITessellatorInstance) parent).discard();
+            }
+        }
+        isDrawing = false;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     @Override
     protected long writeVertexData(VertexFormat format, int[] rawBuffer, int rawBufferIndex) {
         if (currentTransform != null) {
@@ -53,27 +74,32 @@ class DeferredBatchTessellator extends DirectTessellator {
 
     @Override
     protected int interceptDraw(Tessellator tess) {
-        // Compute delta: if current MV differs from default, pre-transform vertices
-        final Matrix4f currentMV = GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix();
-        if (!currentMV.equals(defaultModelview)) {
-            defaultModelviewInverse.mul(currentMV, deltaMatrix);
-            this.currentTransform = deltaMatrix;
-        } else {
-            this.currentTransform = null;
+        inIntercept = true;
+        try {
+            // Compute delta: if current MV differs from default, pre-transform vertices
+            final Matrix4f currentMV = GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix();
+            if (!currentMV.equals(defaultModelview)) {
+                defaultModelviewInverse.mul(currentMV, deltaMatrix);
+                this.currentTransform = deltaMatrix;
+            } else {
+                this.currentTransform = null;
+            }
+
+            final int byteOffsetBefore = bufferLimit();
+            final int vertCount = tess.vertexCount;
+            final int drawMode = tess.drawMode;
+            final int flags = VertexFlags.convertToFlags(tess.hasTexture, tess.hasColor, tess.hasNormals, tess.hasBrightness);
+            final long stateKey = DeferredDrawBatcher.captureStateKey();
+
+            final int result = super.interceptDraw(tess); // repacks int[] -> ByteBuffer + transforms if vertexTransform set
+
+            final int byteOffsetAfter = bufferLimit();
+            ranges.add(new DrawRange(stateKey, byteOffsetBefore, byteOffsetAfter - byteOffsetBefore, vertCount, drawMode, flags));
+            this.currentTransform = null; // clear for next draw
+            return result;
+        } finally {
+            inIntercept = false;
         }
-
-        final int byteOffsetBefore = bufferLimit();
-        final int vertCount = tess.vertexCount;
-        final int drawMode = tess.drawMode;
-        final int flags = VertexFlags.convertToFlags(tess.hasTexture, tess.hasColor, tess.hasNormals, tess.hasBrightness);
-        final long stateKey = DeferredDrawBatcher.captureStateKey();
-
-        final int result = super.interceptDraw(tess); // repacks int[] → ByteBuffer + transforms if vertexTransform set
-
-        final int byteOffsetAfter = bufferLimit();
-        ranges.add(new DrawRange(stateKey, byteOffsetBefore, byteOffsetAfter - byteOffsetBefore, vertCount, drawMode, flags));
-        this.currentTransform = null; // clear for next draw
-        return result;
     }
 
     List<DrawRange> getRanges() { return ranges; }
@@ -86,6 +112,7 @@ class DeferredBatchTessellator extends DirectTessellator {
 
     @Override
     protected void onRemovedFromStack() {
+        parentTessellator = null;
         clearRanges();
         super.onRemovedFromStack(); // calls reset(), keeps baseBuffer (deleteAfter=false)
     }

src/main/java/com/gtnewhorizons/angelica/client/rendering/DeferredDrawBatcher.java

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.client.rendering;
 
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.TessellatorManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.streaming.TessellatorStreamingDrawer;
 import lombok.Getter;
+import net.minecraft.client.renderer.Tessellator;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
 
 import java.util.Comparator;
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ public class DeferredDrawBatcher {
             batchTessellator = new DeferredBatchTessellator(memAlloc(INITIAL_BUFFER_SIZE));
         }
         batchTessellator.clearRanges();
+        batchTessellator.setParentTessellator(Tessellator.instance);
         batchTessellator.snapshotDefaultModelview();
         TessellatorManager.startCapturingDirect(batchTessellator);
     }
@@ -101,17 +104,36 @@ public class DeferredDrawBatcher {
                 subEnd++;
 
                 // Don't try to merge strips, fans, loops or polygons
-                if (drawMode == GL11.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP || drawMode == GL11.GL_TRIANGLE_FAN || drawMode == GL11.GL_LINE_STRIP ||
-                        drawMode == GL11.GL_LINE_LOOP || drawMode == GL11.GL_QUAD_STRIP || drawMode == GL11.GL_POLYGON)
-                    break;
+                if (GLStateManager.isContinuousDraw(drawMode)) break;
             }
 
-            TessellatorStreamingDrawer.drawPackedBatch(batchTessellator, ranges, i, subEnd, totalBytes, totalVertices, drawMode, flags);
+            drawPackedBatch(batchTessellator, ranges, i, subEnd, totalBytes, totalVertices, drawMode, flags);
 
             i = subEnd;
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Pack ranges from a DeferredBatchTessellator into the streaming drawer's repack buffer
+     * and issue a single draw call for the merged batch.
+     */
+    private static void drawPackedBatch(DeferredBatchTessellator source, List<DeferredBatchTessellator.DrawRange> ranges, int from, int to, int totalBytes, int totalVertices, int drawMode, int flags) {
+        if (totalVertices == 0) return;
+
+        TessellatorStreamingDrawer.ensureRepackCapacity(totalBytes);
+        long writePos = TessellatorStreamingDrawer.getRepackAddress();
+        for (int j = from; j < to; j++) {
+            final DeferredBatchTessellator.DrawRange r = ranges.get(j);
+            source.copyRange(r.byteOffset(), r.byteLength(), writePos);
+            writePos += r.byteLength();
+        }
+        final java.nio.ByteBuffer buf = TessellatorStreamingDrawer.getRepackBuffer();
+        buf.position(0);
+        buf.limit(totalBytes);
+
+        TessellatorStreamingDrawer.drawPacked(buf, drawMode, flags, totalVertices);
+    }
+
     /**
      * Pack current GLSM state into a long key for grouping.
      * Layout: [tex1En:1][tex0En:1][textureId:20][srcRgb:12][dstRgb:12][blendEnabled:1][depthMask:1] = 48 bits