Fix tile entity pass markers skipped on newer class files (#2075 )

Replace natural texture rotation hash (#2073 )
Fix for texture being mistakenly turned off by Iris (#2072 )
2026-11-15 01:34:48 +00:00 · 2026-09-06 16:03:08 -07:00 · 2026-09-06 10:29:28 -07:00 · 2026-09-06 09:53:49 -07:00 · 2026-09-06 09:44:29 -07:00 · 2026-09-06 09:43:18 -07:00
358 changed files with 16644 additions and 2541 deletions
@@ -20,3 +20,9 @@ indent_size = 2

 [*.lang]
 trim_trailing_whitespace = false
+
+[*.java]
+ij_java_use_single_class_imports = true
+ij_java_class_count_to_use_import_on_demand = 999
+ij_java_names_count_to_use_import_on_demand = 999
+ij_java_packages_to_use_import_on_demand = empty
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 # Builds the libTracyClient shared library for the tracy-client module.
 set -euo pipefail

-TRACY_VERSION="${TRACY_VERSION:-v0.13.1}"
+TRACY_VERSION="${TRACY_VERSION:-v0.14.0}"
+TRACY_VERSION_BARE="${TRACY_VERSION#v}"
 OUT_DIR="${OUT_DIR:-dist/tracy-natives}"
 TRACY_REPO="https://github.com/wolfpld/tracy"

@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ case "$(uname -m)" in
    arm64|aarch64) PLAT_ARCH="arm64" ;;
    *) PLAT_ARCH="x64" ;;
 esac
-RES_DIR="${RES_DIR:-$REPO_ROOT/tracy-client/src/main/resources/natives/tracy/$PLAT_OS-$PLAT_ARCH}"
+RES_DIR="${RES_DIR:-$REPO_ROOT/tracy-client/src/main/resources/natives/tracy/$TRACY_VERSION_BARE/$PLAT_OS-$PLAT_ARCH}"

 WORK_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
 trap 'rm -rf "$WORK_DIR"' EXIT
@@ -33,7 +34,8 @@ fi
 BUILD_DIR="$WORK_DIR/build"
 export MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET="${MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET:-11.0}"

-cmake -S "$SRC_DIR" -B "$BUILD_DIR" \
+cmake -S "$REPO_ROOT/tracy-client/src/main/native" -B "$BUILD_DIR" \
+    -DTRACY_SRC_DIR="$SRC_DIR" \
    -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
    -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON \
    -DTRACY_STATIC=OFF \
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ on:
      - "tracy-v*"
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
-      tracy-version:
-        description: Tracy git tag to build
-        required: false
-        default: v0.13.1
      publish:
        description: Publish angelica-tracy.jar to the GTNH maven
        type: boolean
@@ -20,25 +16,25 @@ jobs:
  build:
    strategy:
      matrix:
+        platform: [linux-x64, windows-x64, macos-x64, macos-arm64]
        include:
-          - os: ubuntu-22.04
-            platform: linux-x64
-          - os: windows-2025
-            platform: windows-x64
-          - os: macos-15-intel
-            platform: macos-x64
-          - os: macos-15
-            platform: macos-arm64
+          - platform: linux-x64
+            os: ubuntu-22.04
+          - platform: windows-x64
+            os: windows-2025
+          - platform: macos-x64
+            os: macos-15-intel
+          - platform: macos-arm64
+            os: macos-15
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
      - name: Build libTracyClient
        shell: bash
        env:
-          RAW_VERSION: ${{ github.ref_type == 'tag' && github.ref_name || inputs.tracy-version }}
          OUT_DIR: dist/tracy-natives
        run: |
-          export TRACY_VERSION="${RAW_VERSION#tracy-}"
+          export TRACY_VERSION="v$(sed -nE 's/^tracy = "(.*)"$/\1/p' gradle/libs.versions.toml)"
          bash .github/scripts/build-tracy-natives.sh
      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -56,14 +52,6 @@ jobs:
          distribution: temurin
          java-version: 21
      - uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@v4
-      - name: Check tracy version matches the version catalog
-        shell: bash
-        env:
-          RAW_VERSION: ${{ github.ref_type == 'tag' && github.ref_name || inputs.tracy-version }}
-        run: |
-          ver="${RAW_VERSION#tracy-}"
-          grep -q "^tracy = \"${ver#v}\"$" gradle/libs.versions.toml \
-            || { echo "libs.versions.toml tracy does not match $ver" >&2; exit 1; }
      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v5
        with:
          pattern: tracy-natives-*
@@ -71,8 +59,9 @@ jobs:
      - name: Stage natives into tracy-client resources
        shell: bash
        run: |
+          version="$(sed -nE 's/^tracy = "(.*)"$/\1/p' gradle/libs.versions.toml)"
          for d in staging/tracy-natives-*; do
-            dest="tracy-client/src/main/resources/natives/tracy/${d#staging/tracy-natives-}"
+            dest="tracy-client/src/main/resources/natives/tracy/$version/${d#staging/tracy-natives-}"
            mkdir -p "$dest"
            cp "$d"/* "$dest/"
          done
@@ -89,4 +78,4 @@ jobs:
        env:
          MAVEN_USER: ${{ secrets.MAVEN_USER }}
          MAVEN_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.MAVEN_PASSWORD }}
-        run: ./gradlew :tracy-client:publish
+        run: ./gradlew -PpublishTracy=true :tracy-client:publish
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name: Release tagged build

 on:
  push:
-    tags: [ '*' ]
+    tags: [ '*', '!tracy-v*' ]

 permissions:
  contents: write
@@ -40,5 +40,8 @@ addon.late.local.gradle
 addon.late.local.gradle.kts
 local/
 tracy-client/src/main/resources/natives/
+tracy-client/angelica/
 dist/tracy-natives/
 *.tracy
+
+tracy-client/angelica/
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 # AI Usage Policy

+🌐 **Languages:** [English](AI_POLICY.md) | [Українська](AI_POLICY_uk.md)
+
 This project has strict rules for AI usage:

 * **The human-in-the-loop must fully understand all code.** If you
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Політика використання ШІ
+
+🌐 **Мови:** [English](AI_POLICY.md) | [Українська](AI_POLICY_uk.md)
+
+Цей проєкт має суворі правила щодо використання штучного інтелекту (ШІ):
+
+* **Людина, яка контролює процес, повинна повністю розуміти весь код.**
+Якщо ви не можете пояснити, що роблять ваші зміни та як вони взаємодіють із
+більшою системою без допомоги інструментів ШІ, не пропонуйте ці зміни.
+
+* **Обговорення та задачі можуть створюватися за допомогою ШІ, але повинні перебувати
+під повним контролем людини.** Це означає, що будь-який контент, згенерований за допомогою ШІ,
+перед надсиланням має бути перевірений *та відредагований* людиною.
+Автор повинен сам розібратися в питанні та відсіяти все зайве.
+
+* **Медіаконтент, згенерований ШІ, заборонений (текстури, відео, аудіо тощо).**
+Текст і код є єдиним контентом, згенерованим ШІ, який дозволено використовувати
+згідно з іншими правилами цієї політики.
+
+* **Повідомлення до комітів та описи PR повинні бути написані у вашому власному стилі.**
+Коміти, повністю або частково створені ШІ, заборонені, включно з тегами `Co-authored-by` з вказівкою ШІ.
+
+* **Подавайте виправлення лише для тих багів, із якими ви особисто зіткнулися в грі.**
+Якщо ви особисто не стикалися з багом, не відтворили його власноруч і ще не знаєте
+добре відповідний код, не натравлюйте на нього ШІ, щоб потім перенаправити результат нам.
+Патчі, написані для проблем, із якими автор особисто ніколи не стикався, зазвичай
+виправляють не те, що потрібно, та/або створюють нові баги.
+
+* **Стиль та суть письмового контенту повинні належати вам.**
+Для документації та особливо для квестів тон і думка, яку ви намагаєтеся донести, мають
+виходити від вас, а не від ШІ. Ви можете використовувати ШІ для покращення формулювань
+або вичитки, якщо бажаєте, але якщо суть і стиль не ваші, не пропонуйте такий контент.
+
+* **За зловживання ШІ можна отримати блокування.** Користувачі, які створюють
+низькоякісний контент, очевидно згенерований ШІ (слоп), можуть бути заблоковані для подальших внесків.
+Ми залюбки допомагаємо розробникам-початківцям навчатися та рости, але якщо ви зацікавлені
+в цьому, не використовуйте ШІ, і ми вам допоможемо. Нам прикро, що недобросовісні
+користувачі ШІ зіпсували це для вас.
+
+
+## Тут працюють люди
+
+Будь ласка, пам’ятайте, що цей проєкт підтримують люди.
+
+Кожне обговорення, задача та запит на злиття читаються й перевіряються
+людьми (а іноді й машинами). Це точка перетину, де люди взаємодіють
+один з одним та виконують роботу. Неґречно та неповажно приходити сюди
+з неякісною, некваліфікованою та зробленою абияк роботою, оскільки це
+перекладає тягар перевірки на мейнтейнерів.
+
+В ідеальному світі ШІ щоразу створював би високоякісну та точну роботу.
+Але сьогодні ця реальність залежить від користувача ШІ. І сьогодні чимало
+користувачів використовують ШІ неналежним чином. Тому, поки це не зміниться,
+ми змушені мати суворі правила, щоб захистити мейнтейнерів.
+
+Створено на основі https://github.com/ghostty-org/ghostty/blob/main/AI_POLICY.md
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@

 <sup>**[CurseForge](https://www.curseforge.com/minecraft/mc-mods/angelica) | [Modrinth](https://modrinth.com/mod/angelica)**</sup>

+🌐 **Languages:** [English](README.MD) | [Українська](README_uk.MD)
+
 * The little Angle [sic] that supports shaders while saving your fps from a certain death -boubou
 * Is it obtuse, or accute? -Caedis
 * It's a cute angle -mitchej123
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Angelica<img src="img/logo-readme.png" align="right">
+
+<sup>**[CurseForge](https://www.curseforge.com/minecraft/mc-mods/angelica) | [Modrinth](https://modrinth.com/mod/angelica)**</sup>
+
+🌐 **Мови:** [English](README.MD) | [Українська](README_uk.MD)
+
+* Маленький Кут [sic], що підтримує шейдери, водночас рятуючи ваші FPS від вірної смерті — boubou
+* Він тупий чи гострий? — Caedis
+* Це милий кут — mitchej123
+* Це янгол, який витягує вас із пекла OptiFine — Roadhog360
+
+## **Бета-якість — Тут водяться дракони**
+* Шейдери — Бета
+   * Complementary + Euphoria Patches є головною ціллю для сумісності
+   * Sildurs, Seus та будь-які інші шейдери можуть працювати
+
+## Базовий профіль
+Цільовим є базовий профіль GL 3.3+
+* Емуляція FFP через згенеровані GLSL-шейдери
+* Емуляція списків відображення
+* Програмні стеки матриць та керування станом через GLSM
+* Конвертація GL_QUADS → GL_TRIANGLES
+* Автоматична трансформація шейдерів з модів, які використовують вбудовані функції GLSL виключно для сумісності (`gl_ModelViewMatrix`, `texture2D` тощо)
+
+
+# Обов’язкові залежності
+* [UniMixins](https://github.com/LegacyModdingMC/UniMixins/releases) >= 0.1.23
+* [GTNHLib](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/GTNHLib/releases) >= 0.11.19
+* ПРИМІТКА: Деякі моди не є обов’язковими, але якщо вони встановлені, вимагається їхня конкретна версія — див. розділ `Постійна несумісність` нижче.
+
+# Відома (тимчасова) несумісність
+* Forge Relocation — Наразі не є потокобезпечним; безпечно, якщо не використовується
+* ProjectRed Frames — Наразі не є потокобезпечним; безпечно, якщо не використовується
+
+# Можлива несумісність
+* EndlessIDs — Коміти для сумісності були зроблені, може працювати, а може й ні — не повністю протестовано
+
+# Відома несумісність
+* FalseTweaks — Наразі не планується (Шукаємо волонтерів) [Може працювати, якщо фактично вимкнути більшу частину мода]
+* RPLE — Наразі не планується (Шукаємо волонтерів)
+* LiteLoader — Встановіть [LiteloaderLoader](https://github.com/Midnight145/LiteloaderLoader)
+
+# Постійна несумісність
+* OptiFine [Вимкнено, виправлятись не буде]
+* FastCraft [Вимкнено, виправлятись не буде]
+* BetterFPS [Вимкнено, виправлятись не буде]
+* OptimizationsAndTweaks [Вимкнено, виправлятись не буде]
+* [Amazing Trophies 1.2.1 і нижче](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/Amazing-Trophies/releases) — Використовуйте 1.2.2+
+* [LWJGL3ify 1.5.4 і нижче](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/lwjgl3ify/releases/) — Використовуйте найновішу доступну версію, 1.5.7+
+* [ArchaicFix 0.6.2 і нижче](https://www.curseforge.com/minecraft/mc-mods/archaicfix/files/all?page=1&pageSize=20) — Використовуйте 0.7.0 або вище
+* [Hodgepodge 2.4.3 і нижче](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/Hodgepodge/releases) — Використовуйте 2.4.5 або вище
+* CodeChicken[Core](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/CodeChickenCore/releases)/[Lib](https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/CodeChickenLib/releases) <1.2.0 — Проблеми з багатопотоковістю, використовуйте 1.3.0+
+* Neodymium — Не перевірено, але навряд чи буде сумісним. (Побудова сітки чанків точно несумісна, інші функції можуть працювати залежно від конфігурації)
+* SmoothFont — Додано еквівалентний функціонал
+* ClientFixer — Використовуйте пакет ресурсів, як-от [GTNH-FTI-Standard-Font](https://github.com/Eldrinn-Elantey/GTNH-FTI-Standard-Font)
+
+# Подяки
+* ShadersMod
+  * Оригінальні ShadersMods: karyonix, sonic ether, id_miner, daxnitro
+  * eigenraven, Caedis, glowredman та mitchej123 за конвертацію ASM у Mixin
+  * eigenraven та vlaetansky за те, що змусили оригінальний ShadersMod знову компілюватися
+* ArchaicFix
+  * Включає графічні покращення з [ArchaicFix](https://github.com/embeddedt/ArchaicFix/tree/4afb943751883b27a1f0aa7c5ba71698bc897e95) від embeddedt за ліцензією [LGPL](https://github.com/embeddedt/ArchaicFix/blob/main/LICENSE.md)
+* NotFine
+  * Включає модифіковану версію [NotFine](https://github.com/jss2a98aj/NotFine/tree/a2652e24b5654f437fb7138f6d1f5e947a7d7125) від jss2a98aj за ліцензією LGPL
+* Iris Shaders
+  * Команда [Iris](https://github.com/IrisShaders/Iris): coderbot, IMS212, Justsnoopy30, FoundationGames
+  * Asek3 за порт Iris для Forge [Oculus](https://github.com/Asek3/Oculus/tree/839ce8eca8cf0c4f6b7a1322b906e5c99125ca69)
+  * Бекпортований код за ліцензією LGPL
+* Sodium / Celeritas
+  * JellySquid та команді CaffeineMC за створення Sodium
+  * Embeddedt за Celeritas, що використовується за ліцензією LGPL 3.0
+* Reese's Sodium Options
+  * FlashyReese за [Reese's Sodium Options](https://github.com/FlashyReese/reeses-sodium-options/tree/aa4ea67047cf53e54976e93c6bb1ab5ba16b142b) за ліцензією [MIT](https://github.com/FlashyReese/reeses-sodium-options/blob/aa4ea67047cf53e54976e93c6bb1ab5ba16b142b/LICENSE.txt)
+* Neodymium
+  * Makamys за [Neodymium](https://github.com/makamys/Neodymium) — Різноманітний функціонал Tessellator -> Quad взято за ліцензією LGPL 3
+* MCPatcherForge
+  * Оригінальний [MCPatcher](https://bitbucket.org/prupe/mcpatcher/src/master/): Paul Rupe
+  * [Версія для Forge](https://github.com/mist475/MCPatcherForge): Mist475 за ліцензією LGPL 3.0 з типовими ctm-текстурами для скла та книжкових полиць від DarkBum за ліцензією CC-BY-SA
+* HUDCaching
+  * Створено [Moulberry](https://github.com/Moulberry/MCHUDCaching), бекпортовано з мода [Patcher](https://github.com/Sk1erLLC/Patcher) від Alexdoru за ліцензією CC-BY-SA-NC 4.0
+* Angelica
+  * mitchej123, Omni, Makamys, Embeddedt, NanoLive, Caedis, Cardinalstar, Alexdoru, Eigenraven, mist475, Clepto, kurrycat за допомогу в запуску та налаштуванні Angelica!
+  * IMS, jss2a98aj, || dbp ||, roadhog360 за поради та моральну підтримку
+* Forge 1.12+
+  * Деякі файли були взяті з Minecraft Forge за ліцензією LGPL 2.1 і позначені відповідно
+* FRAPI та Indigo
+  * API для побудови моделей значною мірою натхненний/скопійований з Fabric; автори оригінального коду (upstream) можуть використовувати його за оригінальною ліцензією Apache 2.0, 
+    див. LICENSE у `com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.models`
+* Dynamic Lights
+  * LambdAurora за [LambDynamicLights](https://github.com/LambdAurora/LambDynamicLights) за ліцензією MIT, та anthxnymc за порт для Forge [DynamicLightsReforged](https://github.com/anthxnymc/DynamicLightsReforged), також за ліцензією MIT
+* Embeddedt та Ferri_Arnus за [glsl-transformation-lib](https://github.com/TauMC/glsl-transformation-lib)
+  * Також за роботу над [Monocle](https://github.com/ferriarnus/Monocle), який використовувався як еталон для реалізації glsl-transformation-lib
+  * Код з обох glsl-transformation-lib та Monocle взято за їхніми відповідними ліцензіями LGPL 3.0
+* FalseTweaks
+  * FalsePattern за [FalseTweaks](https://github.com/falsepattern/falsetweaks) — Оптимізації рендерингу предметів взято з FalseTweaks за ліцензією LGPL 3.0
+* Beddium
+  * Venn та Falsepattern за [Beddium](https://github.com/vfx-dev/Beddium) — MinimapRenderer, SafeChunkTracker та деякі команди для налагодження адаптовано за ліцензією LGPL 3.0
+* [Mesa](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa) — Код портований з Mesa та/або натхненний нею — за ліцензією MIT
+  * Розподілювач ID списків відображення портовано з [util_idalloc](https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/blob/main/src/util/u_idalloc.c) (Copyright 2017 Valve Corporation)
+  * Генерація вершинних шейдерів FFP натхненна ffvertex_prog.c (Copyright 2007 VMware, Inc.)
+  * Генерація фрагментних шейдерів FFP натхненна ff_fragment_shader.c (Copyright 2007, 2009 VMware, Inc. / 2010-2011 Intel Corporation)
+  * Оптимізація параметрів туману натхненна st_nir_lower_fog.c (Copyright 2023 Google LLC) та prog_statevars.c (Copyright 1999-2007 Brian Paul)
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import com.modrinth.minotaur.TaskModrinthUpload
+import net.darkhax.curseforgegradle.TaskPublishCurseForge
 import xyz.wagyourtail.jvmdg.gradle.flags.DowngradeFlags
 import xyz.wagyourtail.jvmdg.gradle.task.DowngradeJar
 import xyz.wagyourtail.jvmdg.gradle.task.files.DowngradeFiles
@@ -31,11 +33,11 @@ minecraft   {

 }

-// Ensure flyby args are passed to the client
+// Forward -Dangelica.* from the gradle invocation to the client
 tasks.withType<JavaExec>().matching { it.name.startsWith("runClient") }.configureEach {
    for ((key, value) in System.getProperties()) {
        val name = key.toString()
-        if (name.startsWith("angelica.flyby.")) {
+        if (name.startsWith("angelica.")) {
            jvmArgs("-D$name=$value")
        }
    }
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ val isMacOs = org.gradle.internal.os.OperatingSystem.current().isMacOsX
 val isMacOsArm64 = isMacOs && System.getProperty("os.arch") == "aarch64"

 tasks.withType<JavaExec>().configureEach {
-    if (name.startsWith("runClient")) {
+    if (name.startsWith("runClient") && name != "runClient") {
        if (isMacOs) {
            // SDL3 / Cocoa / Metal must initialize on the JVM main thread.
            jvmArgs("-XstartOnFirstThread")
@@ -185,6 +187,9 @@ fun Test.configureAngelicaJava8() {
    }
    dependsOn(tasks.extractNatives2)
    jvmArgs("-Djava.library.path=${tasks.extractNatives2.get().destinationFolder.asFile.get().path}")
+    if (isMacOs) {
+        jvmArgs("-Dapple.awt.UIElement=true")
+    }
    testLogging { events("passed", "skipped", "failed") }

    val swaps = mapOf(
@@ -201,6 +206,7 @@ fun Test.configureAngelicaJava8() {
 tasks.test {
    useJUnitPlatform { excludeTags = setOf("gl-core") }
    configureAngelicaJava8()
+    dependsOn(":glsm:classes", ":lwjgl3-backend:classes", ":sdl-gpu:classes")
 }

 val downgradeRootMainClasses = tasks.named<DowngradeFiles>("downgradeMainClasses")
@@ -226,7 +232,6 @@ val glCoreTest by tasks.registering(Test::class) {
 }

 tasks.test { finalizedBy(glCoreTest) }
-tasks.check { dependsOn(glCoreTest) }

 tasks.shadowJar {
    dependsOn(embedOnly)
@@ -251,3 +256,11 @@ tasks.shadowJar {
    relocate("com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.lwjgl3", "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.lwjgl3")
    relocate("com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu", "com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu")
 }
+
+tasks.withType<TaskPublishCurseForge>().configureEach {
+    uploadArtifacts.forEach { it.addGameVersion("Client") }
+}
+
+tasks.withType<TaskModrinthUpload>().configureEach {
+    setDependsOn(dependsOn.filterNot { it == "build" } + "assemble")
+}
@@ -10,4 +10,5 @@ repositories {
 // Re-export Gradle's generated typed catalog accessors so applied scripts (dependencies.gradle.kts) can use them.
 dependencies {
    implementation(files(libs.javaClass.superclass.protectionDomain.codeSource.location))
+    implementation(libs.asm.build)
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import org.objectweb.asm.AnnotationVisitor
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassVisitor
+import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter
+import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes
+import java.io.File
+
+private const val LWJGL3_AWARE_DESC = "Lme/eigenraven/lwjgl3ify/api/Lwjgl3Aware;"
+
+/**
+ * Stamps @Lwjgl3Aware onto every class under [classesDir] - classes that already carry the annotation are left untouched.
+ */
+fun injectLwjgl3Aware(classesDir: File) {
+    if (!classesDir.isDirectory) return
+
+    classesDir.walkTopDown()
+        .filter { it.isFile && it.extension == "class" && it.name != "module-info.class" }
+        .forEach { classFile ->
+            val reader = ClassReader(classFile.readBytes())
+            if (hasLwjgl3Aware(reader)) return@forEach
+
+            val writer = ClassWriter(reader, 0)
+            reader.accept(object : ClassVisitor(Opcodes.ASM9, writer) {
+                override fun visit(
+                    version: Int,
+                    access: Int,
+                    name: String?,
+                    signature: String?,
+                    superName: String?,
+                    interfaces: Array<out String>?
+                ) {
+                    super.visit(version, access, name, signature, superName, interfaces)
+                    super.visitAnnotation(LWJGL3_AWARE_DESC, true)?.visitEnd()
+                }
+            }, 0)
+            classFile.writeBytes(writer.toByteArray())
+        }
+}
+
+private fun hasLwjgl3Aware(reader: ClassReader): Boolean {
+    var found = false
+    reader.accept(object : ClassVisitor(Opcodes.ASM9) {
+        override fun visitAnnotation(descriptor: String?, visible: Boolean): AnnotationVisitor? {
+            if (descriptor == LWJGL3_AWARE_DESC) found = true
+            return null
+        }
+    }, ClassReader.SKIP_CODE or ClassReader.SKIP_DEBUG or ClassReader.SKIP_FRAMES)
+    return found
+}
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ configurations.configureEach {
 }

 DependencyHandlerScope.of(dependencies).apply {
-    compileOnly("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Hodgepodge:2.7.166:dev")
-    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Hodgepodge:2.7.166:dev")
+    compileOnly("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Hodgepodge:2.7.187:dev")
+    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Hodgepodge:2.7.187:dev")

    runtimeOnlyNonPublishable(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:biomes-o-plenty-220318:2499612"))

@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@ DependencyHandlerScope.of(dependencies).apply {
    compileOnly(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:xaeros-minimap-263420:5060684"))
    compileOnly(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:security-craft-64760:2818228"))
    compileOnly("ganymedes01.etfuturum:Et-Futurum-Requiem:2.6.49-GTNH:dev")
+    compileOnly("com.github.GTNewHorizons:OpenBlocks:1.12.19-GTNH:dev")
+    compileOnly("com.github.GTNewHorizons:Chisel:2.17.31-GTNH:dev")
    compileOnly(rfg.deobf("curse.maven:biomes-o-plenty-220318:2499612"))

    devOnlyNonPublishable("com.github.GTNewHorizons:CosmeticArmorReworked:1.0.6-GTNH:dev")
@@ -202,6 +204,7 @@ afterEvaluate {

        glsmTestFixtures(testFixtures(project(":glsm")) as ModuleDependency) { isTransitive = false }
        testCompileOnly(testFixtures(project(":glsm")))
+        testImplementation("mega:fluidlogged-mc1.7.10:0.1.2")

        testRuntimeOnly(libs.fastutil)
        testRuntimeOnly(libs.joml)
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 # A specification for models
+
+🌐 **Languages:** [English](model-spec.md) | [Українська](model-spec_uk.md)
+
 This is borrowed from [the unofficial Minecraft wiki](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Tutorials/Models) under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.

 The folder `assets/<namespace>/models/block` holds the model files for all the specified variants. The names of the files can be changed, but must always correspond with the names used in the variant files.
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ The folder `assets/<namespace>/models/block` holds the model files for all the s
    * Can be set to `"builtin/generated"` to use a model that is created out of the specified icon. Note that only the first layer is supported, and rotation can be achieved only by using block states files.
  * `[TAG_byte]` **ambientocclusion**: Whether to use [ambient occlusion](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_occlusion) (`true` - default), or not (`false`). Note:only works on Parent file
  * `[TAG_object]` **display**: Holds the different places where item models are displayed.
-    * `[TAG_compound]` ***Position***: Named `thirdperson_righthand`, `thirdperson_lefthand`, `firstperson_righthand`, `firstperson_lefthand`, `gui`, `head`, `ground`, or `fixed`. Place where an item model is displayed. Holds its rotation, translation and scale for the specified situation. '''fixed''' refers to item frames, while the rest are as their name states. Note that translations are applied to the model before rotations.
+    * `[TAG_compound]` ***Position***: Named `thirdperson_righthand`, `thirdperson_lefthand`, `firstperson_righthand`, `firstperson_lefthand`, `gui`, `head`, `ground`, or `fixed`. Place where an item model is displayed. Holds its rotation, translation and scale for the specified situation. **'''fixed'''** refers to item frames, while the rest are as their name states. Note that translations are applied to the model before rotations.
      * `[TAG_list]` **rotation**: Specifies the rotation of the model according to the scheme `[x, y, z]`.
      * `[TAG_list]` **translation**: Specifies the position of the model according to the scheme `[x, y, z]`. The values are clamped between -80 and 80.
      * `[TAG_list]` **scale**: Specifies the scale of the model according to the scheme `[x, y, z]`. If the value is greater than 4, it is displayed as 4.
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Специфікація моделей
+
+🌐 **Мови:** [English](model-spec.md) | [Українська](model-spec_uk.md)
+
+Запозичено з [неофіційної Minecraft wiki](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Tutorials/Models) на умовах ліцензії CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.
+
+Папка `assets/<namespace>/models/block` містить файли моделей для усіх вказаних варіантів. Назви файлів можна змінювати, але вони завжди повинні відповідати назвам, що використовуються у файлах варіантів.
+
+* `[TAG_compound]` Кореневий тег
+  * `[TAG_string]` **parent**: Завантажує іншу модель із вказаного шляху у формі [локації ресурсу](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Tutorials/Models#File_path). Якщо задано і `"parent"`, і `"elements"`, тег `"elements"` перевизначає тег `"elements"` із попередньої моделі.
+    * Може мати значення `"builtin/generated"`, щоб використовувати модель, створену із вказаної піктограми. Зверніть увагу: підтримується лише перший шар, а обертання можна досягти лише за допомогою файлів станів блоку.
+  * `[TAG_byte]` **ambientocclusion**: Визначає, чи використовувати [розсіяне затінення](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_occlusion) (`true` — за замовчуванням), чи ні (`false`). Примітка: працює лише у батьківському файлі.
+  * `[TAG_object]` **display**: Містить різні місця відображення моделей предметів.
+    * `[TAG_compound]` ***Position***: Має назву `thirdperson_righthand`, `thirdperson_lefthand`, `firstperson_righthand`, `firstperson_lefthand`, `gui`, `head`, `ground` або `fixed`. Місце, де відображається модель предмета. Містить її обертання, зміщення та масштаб для вказаної ситуації. **'''fixed'''** стосується рамок для предметів, а решта відповідають своїм назвам. Зверніть увагу: зміщення застосовується до моделі перед обертанням.
+      * `[TAG_list]` **rotation**: Задає обертання моделі за схемою `[x, y, z]`.
+      * `[TAG_list]` **translation**: Задає зміщення моделі за схемою `[x, y, z]`. Значення обмежені в діапазоні від -80 до 80.
+      * `[TAG_list]` **scale**: Задає масштаб моделі за схемою `[x, y, z]`. Якщо значення більше за 4, воно відображається як 4.
+  * `[TAG_compound]` **textures**: Містить текстури моделі у формі [локації ресурсу](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Tutorials/Models#File_path) або у вигляді іншої текстурної змінної.
+    * `[TAG_string]` **particle**: Текстура, з якої завантажуються частинки. Ця текстура також використовується як оверлей, якщо ви перебуваєте в [порталі Незеру](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Nether_portal), а також для нерухомих текстур [води](https://minecraft.wiki/w/water) та [лави](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Lava).<sup>[[1]](https://bugs.mojang.com/browse/MC-240042)</sup> Ця текстура також вважається текстурною змінною, на яку можна посилатися як `"#particle"`. Примітка: Усі частинки руйнування для блоків без моделей вшиті в код, наприклад, для [бар’єрів](https://minecraft.wiki/w/Barrier).
+    * `[TAG_string]` ***Texture variable***: Визначає текстурну змінну з ім’ям `name` та призначає її текстурі або іншій змінній.
+  * `[TAG_list]` **elements**: Містить усі елементи моделі. Вони можуть мати лише кубічну форму. Якщо задано і `"parent"`, і `"elements"`, тег `"elements"` перевизначає тег `"elements"` із попередньої моделі.
+    * `[TAG_compound]` Елемент.
+      * `[TAG_list]` **from**: Початкова точка кубоїда за схемою `[x, y, z]`. Значення мають бути від -16 до 32.
+      * `[TAG_list]` **to**: Кінцева точка кубоїда за схемою `[x, y, z]`. Значення мають бути від -16 до 32.
+      * `[TAG_compound]` **rotation**: Визначає обертання елемента.
+        * `[TAG_list]` **origin**: Встановлює центр обертання за схемою `[x, y, z]`.
+        * `[TAG_string]` **axis**: Задає вісь обертання: може бути `"x"`, `"y"` або `"z"`.
+        * `[TAG_float]` **angle**: Задає кут обертання. Може бути від 45 до -45 градусів із кроком у 22,5 градуса.
+        * `[TAG_byte]` **rescale**: Визначає, чи масштабувати грані по всьому блоку. Може бути `true` або `false`. За замовчуванням — `false`.
+      * `[TAG_byte]` **shade**: Визначає, чи рендерити тіні (`true` — за замовчуванням), чи ні (`false`).
+      * `[TAG_compound]` **faces**: Містить усі грані кубоїда. Якщо грань пропущено, вона не рендериться.
+        * `[TAG_compound]` ***Face***: Має назву `down`, `up`, `north`, `south`, `west` або `east`. Містить властивості вказаної грані.
+          * `[TAG_list]` **uv**: Визначає ділянку текстури для використання за схемою `[x1, y1, x2, y2]`. Поведінка текстури стає непередбачуваною, якщо значення UV виходять за межі 0 або 16. Якщо значення `x1` та `x2` поміняти місцями (наприклад, з `0, 0, 16, 16` на `16, 0, 0, 16`), текстура віддзеркалюється. Параметр UV є необов’язковим; якщо його не вказано, він автоматично генерується на основі позиції елемента.
+          * `[TAG_string]` **texture**: Вказує текстуру у формі текстурної змінної зі знаком `#` на початку.
+          * `[TAG_string]` **cullface**: Визначає, чи не потрібно рендерити грань, якщо до неї в указаній позиції торкається інший блок. Позиція може бути: `down`, `up`, `north`, `south`, `west` або `east`. Цей параметр також визначає сторону блоку, з якої береться рівень освітлення для цієї грані; якщо параметр не задано, за замовчуванням використовується відповідна сторона.
+          * `[TAG_int]` **rotation**: Обертає текстуру за годинниковою стрілкою на вказаний кут у градусах. Може бути 0, 90, 180 або 270. За замовчуванням — 0. Обертання не впливає на те, яка частина текстури використовується. Натомість воно зводиться до перестановки вершин вибраної текстури (вибраних неявно або явно через `uv`).
+          * `[TAG_int]` **tintindex**: Визначає, чи потрібно тонувати текстуру за допомогою вшитого індексу відтінку. Значення за замовчуванням, -1, вказує на те, що відтінок не використовується. Будь-яке інше число передається в `BlockColors` для отримання значення відтінку, відповідного цьому індексу. Однак більшість блоків не мають визначеного значення відтінку (у такому разі використовується білий колір). Крім того, жоден ванільний блок наразі не використовує кілька значень відтінку, тому значення індексу відтінку ігнорується (якщо воно відмінне від -1); втім, його можна використовувати для модифікованих блоків, яким потрібні кілька різних значень відтінку в одному блоці.
@@ -224,6 +224,9 @@ fun Test.configureGlsmJava8() {
    val extractNatives = rootProject.tasks.named("extractNatives2")
    dependsOn(extractNatives)
    jvmArgs("-Djava.library.path=${extractNatives.get().property("destinationFolder").let { (it as DirectoryProperty).asFile.get().path }}")
+    if (System.getProperty("os.name").lowercase().contains("mac")) {
+        jvmArgs("-Dapple.awt.UIElement=true")
+    }
 }

 tasks.test {
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ public final class SystemProperties {
    private static final Logger LOGGER = LogManager.getLogger("SystemProperties");

    // Backend selection
-    public static final boolean USE_SDL_GPU = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.sdlgpu.enable");
+    public static final String KEY_USE_SDL_GPU = "angelica.sdlgpu.enable";
+    public static final boolean USE_SDL_GPU = Boolean.getBoolean(KEY_USE_SDL_GPU);
    public static final String GL_PROFILE = System.getProperty("angelica.glProfile", "");
    public static final boolean DISABLE_NVIDIA_WORKAROUND = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.disableNvidiaWorkaround");
+    public static final boolean DISABLE_LTW_WORKAROUND = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.disableLtwWorkaround");

    // Redirector
    public static final UnmappedGLMode UNMAPPED_GL = parseEnum("angelica.unmappedGL", UnmappedGLMode.WARN, UnmappedGLMode.WARN, UnmappedGLMode.class);
@@ -33,6 +35,8 @@ public final class SystemProperties {
    public static final boolean SDL_ENCODER_ASSERTIONS_FATAL = ENCODER_ASSERTIONS == SdlAssertionMode.FATAL;
    public static final boolean SDL_VERIFY_STATE_SYNC = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.sdlgpu.verifyStateSync");
    public static final boolean SDL_VERIFY_PER_FRAME_UNIFORM_BLOCK = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.sdlgpu.verifyPerFrameUniformBlock");
+    public static final int SDL_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = Integer.getInteger("angelica.sdlgpu.framesInFlight", 2);
+    public static final boolean DISABLE_SDL_PRESENTER_THREAD = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.sdlgpu.disablePresenterThread");

    // Tracy
    public static final boolean TRACY = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.tracy");
@@ -43,6 +47,7 @@ public final class SystemProperties {
    // Flyby
    public static final String FLYBY_ROUTE = System.getProperty("angelica.flyby.route", "");
    public static final boolean FLYBY_WAIT_FOR_TRACY = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.flyby.waitForTracy");
+    public static final boolean FLYBY_WAIT_FOR_FOCUS = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.flyby.waitForFocus");
    public static final int FLYBY_WARMUP_TICKS = Integer.getInteger("angelica.flyby.warmupTicks", 400);
    public static final int FLYBY_LENGTH = Integer.getInteger("angelica.flyby.length", 0); // Blocks for moving routes, ticks for stationary
    public static final double FLYBY_SPEED = parseDouble("angelica.flyby.speed"); // Travel speed in blocks per tick
@@ -54,7 +59,7 @@ public final class SystemProperties {
    public static final boolean DEBUG_F3_DETAIL = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.f3Detail");
    public static final boolean ENABLE_TEST_BLOCKS = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.testBlocks");
    public static final boolean DUMP_CLASS = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.dumpClass");
-    public static final boolean DUMP_SHADERS = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.dumpShaders") || isDeobf();
+    private static final boolean DUMP_SHADERS_PROP = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.dumpShaders");
    public static final boolean REDIRECTOR_LOGSPAM = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.redirectorLogspam");
    public static final boolean DEBUG_DISPLAY_LISTS = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.displayLists");
    public static final boolean LOG_DISPLAY_LIST_COMPILATION = Boolean.getBoolean("angelica.debug.displayLists.compilation");
@@ -64,8 +69,12 @@ public final class SystemProperties {
    // Set by us, read by celeritas
    public static final String KEY_CELERITAS_ENABLE_GL_DEBUG = "celeritas.enableGLDebug";

+    public static boolean dumpShaders() {
+        return DUMP_SHADERS_PROP || isDeobf();
+    }
+
    public static Path shaderDumpDir(String phase) {
-        return DUMP_SHADERS ? Paths.get(SHADER_DUMP_ROOT, phase) : null;
+        return dumpShaders() ? Paths.get(SHADER_DUMP_ROOT, phase) : null;
    }

    public enum UnmappedGLMode {
@@ -114,7 +123,7 @@ public final class SystemProperties {
        }
    }

-    private static boolean isDeobf() {
+    public static boolean isDeobf() {
        return Launch.blackboard != null && Boolean.TRUE.equals(Launch.blackboard.get("fml.deobfuscatedEnvironment"));
    }

@@ -307,6 +307,11 @@ public class DisplayListManager {
        }
    }

+    public static void recordSecondaryColor(float r, float g, float b) {
+        drawBarrier();
+        currentRecorder.writeSecondaryColor(r, g, b);
+    }
+
    public static void recordColorMask(boolean r, boolean g, boolean b, boolean a) {
        drawBarrier();
        currentRecorder.writeColorMask(r, g, b, a);
@@ -613,6 +618,7 @@ public class DisplayListManager {
            // Get relative transform (changes since glNewList, not absolute matrix state)
            addAccumulatedDraw(tessellator, tessellator.getVertexFormat() != DefaultVertexFormat.POSITION);
        }
+        transformCallback.clearBaked(tessellator);
        tessellator.reset();
    }

@@ -840,7 +846,12 @@ public class DisplayListManager {
        if (hasCommands) {
            DisplayListVBO compiledBuffers = null;
            try {
-                compiledBuffers = new DisplayListVBOBuilder().addDraws(accumulatedDraws).build();
+                final CommandRecorder pausedVbo = pauseRecording();
+                try {
+                    compiledBuffers = new DisplayListVBOBuilder().addDraws(accumulatedDraws).build();
+                } finally {
+                    resumeRecording(pausedVbo);
+                }
                final IndexedDrawBatchBuilder indexedBuilder = commandBuffer.getIndexedDraws();
                final List<IndexedDrawBatch> indexedBatches;
                if (indexedBuilder.isEmpty()) {
@@ -1322,6 +1333,16 @@ public class DisplayListManager {

        private final Matrix4f transformMatrix = new Matrix4f();

+        private DirectTessellator bakedOwner;
+        private int bakedVertices;
+
+        void clearBaked(DirectTessellator tessellator) {
+            if (bakedOwner == tessellator) {
+                bakedOwner = null;
+                bakedVertices = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
        public void scale(float x, float y, float z) {
            transformMatrix.scale(x, y, z);
            markDirty();
@@ -1384,10 +1405,26 @@ public class DisplayListManager {
            return MatrixHelper.isIdentity(transformMatrix);
        }

+        @Override
+        public boolean onStartDrawing(CallbackTessellator tessellator, int drawMode) {
+            bakedOwner = tessellator;
+            bakedVertices = 0;
+            return super.onStartDrawing(tessellator, drawMode);
+        }
+
        @Override
        public boolean onDraw(CallbackTessellator tessellator) {
            if (!tessellator.isEmpty()) {
+                if (!isIdentity()) {
+                    final int baked = bakedOwner == tessellator ? bakedVertices : 0;
+                    if (bakedVertices == 0) {
+                        flushMatrix();
+                    } else if (baked != tessellator.vertexCount) {
+                        GLStateManager.warnOnce("dl-mixed-baked-raw", "Display list {}: draw of {} vertices carries {} transformed ones - the rest lose the pending transform", glListId, tessellator.vertexCount, baked);
+                    }
+                }
                addAccumulatedDraw(tessellator, false);
+                clearBaked(tessellator);
            }
            return true;
        }
@@ -1396,6 +1433,11 @@ public class DisplayListManager {
        public void onVertex(CallbackTessellator tessellator, double x, double y, double z) {
            tessellator.syncVanillaTessellator();
            super.onVertex(tessellator, x, y, z);
+            if (bakedOwner != tessellator) {
+                bakedOwner = tessellator;
+                bakedVertices = 0;
+            }
+            bakedVertices++;
        }

        @Override
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ public class Feature {
        ));
        attribToFeatures.put(GL11.GL_CURRENT_BIT, ImmutableSet.of(
              GLStateManager.getColor()
+            , GLStateManager.getSecondaryColor() // Current secondary color
            , ShaderManager.getNormalStack()    // Current normal vector
            , ShaderManager.getTexCoordStack()  // Current texture coordinates
            // Current color index
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ public class Feature {
            , GLStateManager.getBlendMode()
            , GLStateManager.getColorLogicOpState()
            , GLStateManager.getColorMaterial()
+            , GLStateManager.getColorSumState()
            , GLStateManager.getCullState()
            , GLStateManager.getDepthTest()
            , GLStateManager.getDitherState()
@@ -197,6 +199,7 @@ public class Feature {
        ));
        attribToFeatures.put(GL11.GL_FOG_BIT, ImmutableSet.of(
              GLStateManager.getFogMode()
+            , GLStateManager.getColorSumState()
            , GLStateManager.getFogState()
                                       // ^^ Fog density
                                       // ^^ Linear fog start
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;

 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.stacks.IStateStack;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2IntMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2IntOpenHashMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntOpenHashSet;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntSet;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks.AlphaStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks.BlendStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks.BooleanStateStack;
@@ -18,6 +22,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks.PointStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks.PolygonStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks.StencilStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks.ViewPortStateStack;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.BlendState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.ClipPlaneState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.Color4;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.PixelUnpackState;
@@ -26,10 +31,14 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.TextureUnitArray;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntStack;
 import org.joml.Matrix4fStack;
+import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL13;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL14;

+import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
+import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;

@@ -100,6 +109,9 @@ class GLContextState {
    public final FogStateStack fogState = new FogStateStack();
    public final BooleanStateStack fogMode = track(new BooleanStateStack(GL11.GL_FOG, false, true));
    public final Color4Stack color = new Color4Stack();
+    // GL_CURRENT_SECONDARY_COLOR - alpha is always 1 and unused, the color sum only adds RGB
+    public final Color4Stack secondaryColor = new Color4Stack(new Color4(0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F, 1.0F));
+    public final BooleanStateStack colorSumState = track(new BooleanStateStack(GL14.GL_COLOR_SUM, false, true));
    public final Color4Stack clearColor = new Color4Stack(new Color4(0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F));
    public final ColorMaskStack colorMask = new ColorMaskStack();
    public final IntegerStateStack drawBuffer = new IntegerStateStack(GLStateManager.DEFAULT_DRAW_BUFFER);
@@ -152,6 +164,8 @@ class GLContextState {
    public final BooleanStateStack map2Vertex4State = track(new BooleanStateStack(GL11.GL_MAP2_VERTEX_4, false, true));
    public final BooleanStateStack[] clipPlaneStates = new BooleanStateStack[GLStateManager.MAX_CLIP_PLANES];
    public final ClipPlaneState clipPlaneState = new ClipPlaneState();
+    public final FloatBuffer queryScratch = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
+    public final DoubleBuffer queryScratchDouble = BufferUtils.createDoubleBuffer(16);
    public final MatrixModeStack matrixMode = new MatrixModeStack();
    public final Matrix4fStack modelViewMatrix = new Matrix4fStack(GLStateManager.MAX_MODELVIEW_STACK_DEPTH);
    public final Matrix4fStack projectionMatrix = new Matrix4fStack(GLStateManager.MAX_PROJECTION_STACK_DEPTH);
@@ -170,12 +184,19 @@ class GLContextState {
    public int boundVAO;
    public int boundPixelUnpackBuffer;
    public int boundPixelPackBuffer;
+    public int boundCopyReadBuffer;
+    public int boundCopyWriteBuffer;
+    public final Int2IntMap boundOtherBuffers = new Int2IntOpenHashMap();
+    public final IntSet writeMappedBuffers = new IntOpenHashSet();
    public PixelUnpackState pixelUnpackState = PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT;
    public final int[] clientAttribSavedTextureUnit = new int[GLStateManager.CLIENT_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH];
    public final int[] clientAttribSavedVertexFlags = new int[GLStateManager.CLIENT_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH];
    public int clientAttribStackPointer = 0;
    public final boolean[] restoreUnitChanged = new boolean[GLStateManager.MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS];
-    public boolean restoreDepthChanged, restoreBlendChanged, restoreColorMaskChanged, restoreClearColorChanged, restoreDrawBufferChanged, restoreLogicOpChanged, restoreStencilChanged, restoreViewportChanged, restoreLineChanged, restorePointChanged, restorePolygonChanged, restoreActiveUnitChanged;
+    public boolean restoreDepthChanged, restoreBlendChanged, restoreColorMaskChanged, restoreClearColorChanged, restoreDrawBufferChanged, restoreLogicOpChanged, restoreStencilChanged, restoreViewportChanged, restoreLineChanged, restorePointChanged, restorePolygonChanged, restoreActiveUnitChanged, restoreSecondaryColorChanged;
+    public final BlendState vanillaBlendBefore = new BlendState();
+    public final BlendState vanillaBlendAfter = new BlendState();
+    public boolean vanillaBlendEnabledBefore;
    public int drawFramebuffer = 0;
    public int readFramebuffer = 0;
    public int texGenGeneration;
@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;

 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.BufferedTokenStream;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.CharStreams;
+import org.antlr.v4.runtime.CommonToken;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.CommonTokenStream;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.Token;
+import org.antlr.v4.runtime.WritableToken;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.ParseTree;
 import org.antlr.v4.runtime.tree.TerminalNode;
 import org.taumc.glsl.grammar.GLSLLexer;
@@ -88,6 +90,23 @@ public class GlslTransformUtils {
        return source;
    }

+    public static void restoreReservedWordsInTree(ParseTree tree) {
+        if (tree instanceof TerminalNode terminal) {
+            final Token token = terminal.getSymbol();
+            final String text = token.getText();
+            if (text != null && text.startsWith(RENAMED_PREFIX) && token instanceof WritableToken writable) {
+                final String rest = text.substring(RENAMED_PREFIX.length());
+                if (rest.startsWith("texture") || rest.startsWith("sample")) {
+                    writable.setText(rest);
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < tree.getChildCount(); i++) {
+            restoreReservedWordsInTree(tree.getChild(i));
+        }
+    }
+
    public record QuietParse(GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext full, GLSLPreParser.Translation_unitContext pre) {}

    public static GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext parseFullQuiet(String source) {
@@ -162,21 +181,32 @@ public class GlslTransformUtils {
    public static String getFormattedShader(ParseTree tree, String header) {
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(header + "\n");
        final String[] tabHolder = {""};
-        getFormattedShader(tree, sb, tabHolder);
+        getFormattedShader(tree, sb, tabHolder, false);
        return sb.toString();
    }

-    private static void getFormattedShader(ParseTree tree, StringBuilder stringBuilder, String[] tabHolder) {
-        if (tree instanceof TerminalNode) {
+    public static String getFormattedShaderRebased(ParseTree tree, String header) {
+        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(header + "\n");
+        final String[] tabHolder = {""};
+        getFormattedShader(tree, sb, tabHolder, true);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static void getFormattedShader(ParseTree tree, StringBuilder stringBuilder, String[] tabHolder, boolean rebaseOffsets) {
+        if (tree instanceof TerminalNode terminal) {
            final String text = tree.getText();
            if (text.equals("<EOF>")) {
                return;
            }
            if (text.equals("#")) {
                stringBuilder.append("\n#");
+                rebaseAt(terminal, stringBuilder.length() - 1, text, rebaseOffsets);
                return;
            }
            stringBuilder.append(text);
+            if (!text.equals("}")) {
+                rebaseAt(terminal, stringBuilder.length() - text.length(), text, rebaseOffsets);
+            }
            if (text.equals("{")) {
                stringBuilder.append(" \n\t");
                tabHolder[0] = "\t";
@@ -186,6 +216,7 @@ public class GlslTransformUtils {
                if (stringBuilder.length() >= 2) {
                    stringBuilder.deleteCharAt(stringBuilder.length() - 2);
                }
+                rebaseAt(terminal, stringBuilder.length() - 1, text, rebaseOffsets);
                tabHolder[0] = "";
                stringBuilder.append(" \n");
            } else {
@@ -193,8 +224,17 @@ public class GlslTransformUtils {
            }
        } else {
            for (int i = 0; i < tree.getChildCount(); ++i) {
-                getFormattedShader(tree.getChild(i), stringBuilder, tabHolder);
+                getFormattedShader(tree.getChild(i), stringBuilder, tabHolder, rebaseOffsets);
            }
        }
    }
+
+    private static void rebaseAt(TerminalNode terminal, int startIndex, String text, boolean rebaseOffsets) {
+        if (!rebaseOffsets) return;
+        if (terminal.getSymbol() instanceof CommonToken common) {
+            common.setText(text);
+            common.setStartIndex(startIndex);
+            common.setStopIndex(startIndex + text.length() - 1);
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.PixelUnpackState;
+import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND;
+
+public final class LTWWorkaround {
+
+    private LTWWorkaround() {}
+
+    private static ByteBuffer oneTexel;
+
+    public static boolean isLtwVersionString(String glVersion) {
+        return glVersion != null && glVersion.contains("LTW");
+    }
+
+    public static void onTexImage2D(int target, int level, int format, boolean hasPixels) {
+        if (target != GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D || level != 0 || format != GL12.GL_BGRA || hasPixels) return;
+        if (oneTexel == null) {
+            oneTexel = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(4);
+        }
+        oneTexel.clear();
+        GLStateManager.forcePixelUnpackState(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT);
+        GLStateManager.suspendPixelUnpackBuffer();
+        RENDER_BACKEND.texSubImage2D(target, level, 0, 0, 1, 1, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, oneTexel);
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackBuffer();
+        GLStateManager.restorePixelUnpackState(PixelUnpackState.DEFAULT);
+    }
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;

+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.SystemProperties;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.dsa.DSAARB;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.dsa.DSAAccess;
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.dsa.DSAEXT;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.dsa.DSAUnsupported;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.ShaderManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.texture.TextureInfoCache;
+import com.mitchej123.lwjgl.LWJGLServiceProvider;
 import lombok.Getter;
 import org.jetbrains.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
@@ -59,6 +61,9 @@ public class RenderSystem {
    private static volatile boolean glesDetected;
    private static volatile boolean hasClipCullDistance;

+    private static volatile boolean isLTW;
+    private static volatile boolean ltwDetected;
+
    // Sampler object state tracking (null if unsupported)
    private static int[] samplers;

@@ -107,6 +112,13 @@ public class RenderSystem {

        BackendManager.init();

+        try {
+            // Force init on client thread
+            GLStateManager.LOGGER.info("Celeritas LWJGL service: {}", LWJGLServiceProvider.LWJGL.getClass().getName());
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            GLStateManager.LOGGER.debug("Could not resolve the celeritas LWJGL service: {}", t.toString());
+        }
+
        supportsCompute = supportsCompute();
        supportsTesselation = GLStateManager.capabilities.GL_ARB_tessellation_shader || GLStateManager.capabilities.OpenGL40;

@@ -403,6 +415,26 @@ public class RenderSystem {
        }
    }

+    public static boolean isLTW() {
+        if (!ltwDetected) detectLTW();
+        return isLTW;
+    }
+
+    private static synchronized void detectLTW() {
+        if (ltwDetected) return;
+        if (SystemProperties.DISABLE_LTW_WORKAROUND) {
+            ltwDetected = true;
+            return;
+        }
+        try {
+            final String v = RENDER_BACKEND.getString(GL11.GL_VERSION);
+            if (v == null) return;
+            isLTW = LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString(v);
+            ltwDetected = true;
+        } catch (Throwable ignored) {
+        }
+    }
+
    public static boolean supportsSSBO() {
        return supportsSSBO;
    }
@@ -527,7 +559,7 @@ public class RenderSystem {
    }

    public static void bindBufferBase(int target, int index, int buffer) {
-        RENDER_BACKEND.bindBufferBase(target, index, buffer);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBufferBase(target, index, buffer);
    }

    public static void bufferStorage(int target, long size, int flags) {
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;

 import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.ServiceConfigurationError;
 import java.util.ServiceLoader;

 public final class BackendManager {
@@ -39,8 +38,8 @@ public final class BackendManager {
                if (backend.isAvailable() && (best == null || backend.getPriority() > best.getPriority())) {
                    best = backend;
                }
-            } catch (ServiceConfigurationError | LinkageError e) {
-                LOGGER.debug("Skipping unavailable backend: {}", e.getMessage());
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                LOGGER.debug("Skipping unavailable backend: {}", t.getMessage());
            }
        }

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.ARBDebugOutputCallback;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.ARBDirectStateAccess;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.ARBTimerQuery;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.ContextCapabilities;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.DisplayMode;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.EXTDirectStateAccess;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.EXTShaderImageLoadStore;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLContext;
@@ -114,7 +115,19 @@ public final class Lwjgl2GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    public int getMinGLSLVersion() {return 330;}

    @Override
-    public void setVSyncEnabled(boolean enabled) {Display.setVSyncEnabled(enabled);}
+    protected VSyncMode applyVSyncMode(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        final boolean enabled = preferred.tearFree();
+        Display.setVSyncEnabled(enabled);
+        return enabled ? VSyncMode.ON : VSyncMode.OFF;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int queryDisplayRefreshRateHz() {
+        final DisplayMode mode = Display.getDisplayMode();
+        if (mode != null && mode.getFrequency() > 0) return mode.getFrequency();
+        final DisplayMode desktop = Display.getDesktopDisplayMode();
+        return desktop == null ? 0 : desktop.getFrequency();
+    }

    @Override
    public boolean isAnisotropicSupported() {
@@ -1371,6 +1384,16 @@ public final class Lwjgl2GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        GL11.glGetFloat(pname, params);
    }

+    @Override
+    public double getDouble(int pname) {
+        return GL11.glGetDouble(pname);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void getDouble(int pname, DoubleBuffer params) {
+        GL11.glGetDouble(pname, params);
+    }
+
    @Override
    public boolean getBoolean(int pname) {
        return GL11.glGetBoolean(pname);
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.RenderSystem;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL20;

-import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.SwapchainInvalidatingChange;
-
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
@@ -14,13 +12,14 @@ import java.nio.IntBuffer;
 import java.nio.ShortBuffer;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;

 /**
 * Abstract rendering backend.
 */
 public abstract class RenderBackend {

-    public void onPostWindowCreate(long window, boolean debug) {}
+    public void onPostWindowCreate(long window) {}

    public abstract void init();
    public abstract void shutdown();
@@ -64,7 +63,77 @@ public abstract class RenderBackend {
    public abstract void flush();
    public abstract void finish();

-    public abstract void setVSyncEnabled(boolean enabled);
+    private VSyncMode effectiveVSyncMode = VSyncMode.ON;
+    private VSyncMode preferredTearFreeMode;
+
+    public final void setVSyncEnabled(boolean enabled) {
+        setVSyncMode(enabled ? preferredTearFreeMode() : VSyncMode.OFF);
+    }
+
+    public final void setVSyncMode(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        setVSyncPreference(preferred);
+        publishVSyncMode(applyVSyncMode(preferred));
+    }
+
+    public final void setVSyncPreference(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        if (preferred.tearFree()) preferredTearFreeMode = preferred;
+    }
+
+    public final VSyncMode preferredTearFreeMode() {
+        return resolveTearFreeMode(preferredTearFreeMode, this::supportsVSyncMode);
+    }
+
+    static VSyncMode resolveTearFreeMode(VSyncMode preferred, Predicate<VSyncMode> supported) {
+        if (preferred != null && preferred.tearFree() && supported.test(preferred)) return preferred;
+        return supported.test(VSyncMode.MAILBOX) ? VSyncMode.MAILBOX : VSyncMode.ON;
+    }
+
+    protected abstract VSyncMode applyVSyncMode(VSyncMode preferred);
+
+    public boolean supportsVSyncMode(VSyncMode mode) { return mode != VSyncMode.MAILBOX; }
+
+    protected final void publishVSyncMode(VSyncMode mode) { effectiveVSyncMode = mode; }
+
+    public final VSyncMode getEffectiveVSyncMode() { return effectiveVSyncMode; }
+
+    private static final long REFRESH_POLL_NANOS = 1_000_000_000L;
+
+    private long refreshPollNanos;
+    private int cachedRefreshHz;
+
+    public final int getDisplayRefreshRateHz() {
+        final long now = System.nanoTime();
+        if (refreshPollNanos == 0L || now - refreshPollNanos >= REFRESH_POLL_NANOS) {
+            refreshPollNanos = now;
+            cachedRefreshHz = queryDisplayRefreshRateHz();
+        }
+        return cachedRefreshHz;
+    }
+
+    protected int queryDisplayRefreshRateHz() { return 0; }
+
+    public static int refreshHzFrom(int numerator, int denominator, float fallbackHz) {
+        if (numerator > 0 && denominator > 0) return (numerator + denominator - 1) / denominator;
+        return fallbackHz > 0.0f ? (int) Math.ceil(fallbackHz) : 0;
+    }
+
+    public boolean hasSwapchainBackpressure() { return false; }
+
+    private long frameGateNanos;
+    private long frameGateEndNanos;
+
+    public boolean gateAnchorsNextFrameStart() { return false; }
+
+    public boolean wantsDisplayUpdateGateTiming() { return true; }
+
+    public void recordFrameGate(long durationNanos, long endNanos) {
+        frameGateNanos = durationNanos;
+        frameGateEndNanos = endNanos;
+    }
+
+    public long lastFrameGateNanos() { return frameGateNanos; }
+
+    public long lastFrameGateEndNanos() { return frameGateEndNanos; }

    public void onFrameBegin() {
        if (GLStateManager.takeStateSeedPending()) {
@@ -75,7 +144,7 @@ public abstract class RenderBackend {
    public void onFrameEnd() {}

    /** Fired by lwjgl3ify Display before a mutation that recreates the swapchain. */
-    public void onPreSwapchainInvalidatingChange(SwapchainInvalidatingChange change) {}
+    public void onPreSwapchainInvalidatingChange(Object change) {}

    public boolean handleMakeCurrent(Object drawable) { return false; }
    public boolean handleReleaseContext(Object drawable) { return false; }
@@ -84,6 +153,11 @@ public abstract class RenderBackend {

    public String getTransferDebugInfo() { return null; }

+    public boolean bindVoxelizationRegion(int ssboBinding, int vertexBufferGlId, long openPass, float x, float y, float z) { return false; }
+    public long beginVoxelizationBatch(int ssboBinding) { return 0L; }
+    public void voxelizeRange(long pass, int vertexOffset, int vertexCount) {}
+    public void endVoxelizationBatch(long pass) {}
+
    public abstract void enable(int cap);
    public abstract void enablei(int cap, int index);
    public abstract void disable(int cap);
@@ -389,6 +463,8 @@ public abstract class RenderBackend {
    public void getInteger(int pname, int[] params) { if (params.length > 0) params[0] = getInteger(pname); }
    public abstract float getFloat(int pname);
    public abstract void getFloat(int pname, FloatBuffer params);
+    public double getDouble(int pname) { return getFloat(pname); }
+    public void getDouble(int pname, DoubleBuffer params) { if (params.remaining() > 0) params.put(params.position(), getDouble(pname)); }
    public abstract boolean getBoolean(int pname);
    public abstract void getBoolean(int pname, ByteBuffer params);
    public abstract String getString(int pname);
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend;
+
+public enum VSyncMode {
+    OFF,
+    ON,
+    MAILBOX;
+
+    public boolean tearFree() {
+        return this != OFF;
+    }
+}
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ public final class FFPUniformBlock {
    public static final int TEX_ENV_COLOR_2 = vec4("u_TexEnvColor2");
    public static final int TEX_ENV_COLOR_3 = vec4("u_TexEnvColor3");
    public static final int OVERLAY_COLOR = vec4("u_OverlayColor");
+    public static final int SECONDARY_COLOR = vec3("u_SecondaryColor");
    public static final int FOG_PARAMS = vec4("u_FogParams");
    public static final int FOG_COLOR = vec4("u_FogColor");

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.LightState;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.MaterialState;
+import org.joml.Matrix3f;
+import org.joml.Vector3f;
+import org.joml.Vector4f;
+
+public final class FFPVertexLighting {
+
+    private static final Vector3f scratchNormal = new Vector3f();
+    private static final Vector3f scratchLightVec = new Vector3f();
+    private static final Vector4f scratchEyePos = new Vector4f();
+    private static final Matrix3f scratchNormalMat = new Matrix3f();
+    private static final Vector3f scratchVec = new Vector3f();
+
+    private FFPVertexLighting() {}
+
+    public static boolean modulatesVertexColor(Vector3f destFactor) {
+        destFactor.set(1.0f);
+
+        if (!GLStateManager.getLightingState().isEnabled()) return false;
+        if (!GLStateManager.getColorMaterial().isEnabled()) return false;
+        if (VertexKey.encodeColorMaterialMode(GLStateManager.getColorMaterialParameter().getValue()) != VertexKey.CM_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE) return false;
+
+        final MaterialState material = GLStateManager.getFrontMaterial();
+        if (material.emission.x != 0.0f || material.emission.y != 0.0f || material.emission.z != 0.0f)
+            return false;
+
+        final boolean materialHasSpecular = material.shininess > 0.0f && (material.specular.x != 0.0f || material.specular.y != 0.0f || material.specular.z != 0.0f);
+
+        final Vector4f lightModelAmbient = GLStateManager.getLightModel().ambient;
+        float r = lightModelAmbient.x;
+        float g = lightModelAmbient.y;
+        float b = lightModelAmbient.z;
+
+        final var lightEnables = GLStateManager.getLightStates();
+        final var lightData = GLStateManager.getLightDataStates();
+        boolean normalReady = false;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < VertexKey.FFP_LIGHT_COUNT; i++) {
+            if (!lightEnables[i].isEnabled()) continue;
+            final LightState light = lightData[i];
+            if (materialHasSpecular && (light.specular.x != 0.0f || light.specular.y != 0.0f || light.specular.z != 0.0f))
+                return false;
+            if (!normalReady) {
+                transformCurrentNormal();
+                normalReady = true;
+            }
+            final float nDotVP = Math.max(scratchNormal.dot(lightDirection(light)), 0.0f);
+            r += light.ambient.x + nDotVP * light.diffuse.x;
+            g += light.ambient.y + nDotVP * light.diffuse.y;
+            b += light.ambient.z + nDotVP * light.diffuse.z;
+        }
+
+        if (r == 1.0f && g == 1.0f && b == 1.0f) return false;
+        if (!Float.isFinite(r + g + b)) return false;
+        destFactor.set(r, g, b);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void transformCurrentNormal() {
+        GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().normal(scratchNormalMat);
+        scratchNormal.set(ShaderManager.getCurrentNormal());
+        scratchNormalMat.transform(scratchNormal);
+        if (GLStateManager.getNormalizeState().isEnabled()) {
+            scratchNormal.normalize();
+        } else if (GLStateManager.getRescaleNormalState().isEnabled()) {
+            scratchNormal.mul(Uniforms.rescaleFactor(scratchNormalMat, scratchVec));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static Vector3f lightDirection(LightState light) {
+        if (light.position.w == 0.0f) {
+            scratchLightVec.set(light.position.x, light.position.y, light.position.z);
+        } else {
+            scratchEyePos.set(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f).mul(GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix());
+            scratchLightVec.set(light.position.x - scratchEyePos.x, light.position.y - scratchEyePos.y, light.position.z - scratchEyePos.z);
+        }
+        return scratchLightVec.normalize();
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,583 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.cel.api.util.NormI8;
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormatElement.Usage;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMHooks;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2IntMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2IntOpenHashMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectOpenHashMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntOpenHashSet;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntSet;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.LongOpenHashSet;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.ObjectOpenHashSet;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.ObjectSet;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL31;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.ByteOrder;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAddress0;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAlloc;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memCalloc;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memFree;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetByte;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetInt;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetShort;
+import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND;
+
+/**
+ * Supplies {@code mc_midTexCoord}/{@code at_tangent} for mod geometry drawn through the FFPclient-array path
+ * ({@code glVertexPointer}/{@code glTexCoordPointer} + {@code glDrawArrays}) out of a VBO, which bypasses the
+ * Tessellator and display-list ext-injection paths.
+ *
+ * <p>Tangents are reconstructed from the flat face normal (handler's {@code normalOffset < 0} path).
+ */
+public final class FfpExtendedAttribs {
+
+    private FfpExtendedAttribs() {}
+
+    private static final int POSITION_LOC = Usage.POSITION.getAttributeLocation();
+    private static final int UV_LOC = Usage.PRIMARY_UV.getAttributeLocation();
+    private static final int NORMAL_LOC = Usage.NORMAL.getAttributeLocation();
+    private static final int SRC_TEX_OFFSET = 12;
+    private static final int SRC_NORMAL_OFFSET = 20;
+    private static final int SRC_STRIDE_FLAT = 20;
+    private static final int SRC_STRIDE_SMOOTH = 24;
+    private static final int MAX_CACHE = 1024;
+    private static final int MAX_EXT_VERTS = 1 << 20;
+    private static final int MAX_RESPECS = 8;
+    private static final int RESPEC_DECAY_FRAMES = 2;
+    private static final int MIN_STREAM_SPAN_FRAMES = 4;
+    private static final int STREAM_EXPIRE_FRAMES = 60;
+
+    private static final HashMap<Key, ExtBuffer> cache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static final Key lookup = new Key();
+    private static int internalGlDepth = 0;
+
+    private static final HashMap<EboKey, Boolean> eboPatternCache = new HashMap<>();
+    private static final EboKey eboLookup = new EboKey();
+
+    private static final Int2ObjectMap<ObjectSet<Key>> keysBySource = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+    private static final Int2ObjectMap<ObjectSet<EboKey>> eboKeysBySource = new Int2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
+    private static final Int2IntMap respecCounts = new Int2IntOpenHashMap();
+    private static final Int2IntMap respecFrames = new Int2IntOpenHashMap();
+    private static final Int2IntMap respecRunStart = new Int2IntOpenHashMap();
+    private static final IntSet streamingSources = new IntOpenHashSet();
+    private static final IntSet persistentSources = new IntOpenHashSet();
+    private static int frame;
+
+    public static void endFrame() { frame++; }
+
+    public static boolean isEmpty() {
+        return cache.isEmpty() && eboPatternCache.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    private static int internalDrawDepth = 0;
+
+    public static void beginInternalDraw() { internalDrawDepth++; }
+
+    public static void endInternalDraw() { if (internalDrawDepth > 0) internalDrawDepth--; }
+
+    private static void beginInternalGl() { internalGlDepth++; }
+
+    private static void endInternalGl() { if (internalGlDepth > 0) internalGlDepth--; }
+
+    private static boolean isNotConventionalTexturedArray(VAOManager.Attrib a) {
+        return a == null || !a.enabled || a.genericPointer || a.vboId == 0 || a.size < 2;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isStreaming(int vboId) {
+        if (vboId == 0 || !streamingSources.contains(vboId)) return false;
+        if (persistentSources.contains(vboId)) return true;
+        if (frame - respecFrames.get(vboId) > STREAM_EXPIRE_FRAMES) {
+            streamingSources.remove(vboId);
+            respecFrames.remove(vboId);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean maybeBind(int mode, int first, int count) {
+        final ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler h = GLSMHooks.immediateExtendedHandler;
+        if (h == null) return false;
+        if (internalDrawDepth > 0) return false;
+        final int extPrim = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.extPrimVerts(mode, count);
+        if (extPrim == 0 || first < 0) return false;
+        if (!h.wantsExtended()) return false;
+
+        final VAOManager.Attrib pos = VAOManager.get(POSITION_LOC);
+        final VAOManager.Attrib uv = VAOManager.get(UV_LOC);
+        if (isNotConventionalTexturedArray(pos) || isNotConventionalTexturedArray(uv)) return false;
+        if (isStreaming(pos.vboId) || isStreaming(uv.vboId)) return false;
+
+        VAOManager.Attrib normal = extPrim == 3 ? VAOManager.get(NORMAL_LOC) : null;
+        if (normal != null && (!normal.enabled || normal.genericPointer || normal.vboId == 0 || normal.size < 3
+            || isStreaming(normal.vboId))) {
+            normal = null;
+        }
+
+        return bindExt(h, mode, first, count, extPrim, pos, uv, normal);
+    }
+
+    public static boolean maybeBindIndexed(int mode, int indexCount, int indexType, long indicesOffset) {
+        final ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler h = GLSMHooks.immediateExtendedHandler;
+        if (h == null) return false;
+        if (internalDrawDepth > 0) return false;
+        if (mode != GL11.GL_TRIANGLES || indexCount <= 0 || indexCount % 6 != 0) return false;
+        if (!h.wantsExtended()) return false;
+
+        final VAOManager.Attrib pos = VAOManager.get(POSITION_LOC);
+        final VAOManager.Attrib uv = VAOManager.get(UV_LOC);
+        if (isNotConventionalTexturedArray(pos) || isNotConventionalTexturedArray(uv)) return false;
+        if (isStreaming(pos.vboId) || isStreaming(uv.vboId) || isStreaming(VAOManager.boundEBO)) return false;
+
+        final int indexSize = indexTypeBytes(indexType);
+        if (indexSize == 0) return false;
+        if (indicesOffset % (6L * indexSize) != 0) return false;
+        final int first = (int) (indicesOffset / indexSize) / 6 * 4;
+        final int count = indexCount / 6 * 4;
+
+        if (!isQuadPatternEbo(VAOManager.boundEBO, indicesOffset, indexCount, indexType, indexSize, first)) return false;
+
+        // Build/bind as GL_QUADS (the real primitive): face-normal tangents, 4-vertex tiles, no per-vertex normal.
+        return bindExt(h, GL11.GL_QUADS, first, count, 4, pos, uv, null);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isQuadPatternEbo(int ebo, long offset, int indexCount, int indexType, int indexSize, int firstVertex) {
+        if (ebo == 0) return false;
+        eboLookup.set(ebo, offset, indexCount, indexType);
+        final Boolean cached = eboPatternCache.get(eboLookup);
+        if (cached != null) return cached;
+        if (eboPatternCache.size() >= MAX_CACHE) {
+            eboPatternCache.clear();
+            eboKeysBySource.clear();
+        }
+
+        final ByteBuffer buf = memCalloc(indexCount, indexSize);
+        RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, offset, buf);
+        final long addr = memAddress0(buf);
+        boolean match = true;
+        for (int q = 0, quadCount = indexCount / 6; q < quadCount; q++) {
+            final int base = firstVertex + q * 4;
+            final long p = addr + (long) q * 6 * indexSize;
+            if (readIndex(p, 0, indexSize) != base
+                || readIndex(p, 1, indexSize) != base + 1
+                || readIndex(p, 2, indexSize) != base + 2
+                || readIndex(p, 3, indexSize) != base + 2
+                || readIndex(p, 4, indexSize) != base + 3
+                || readIndex(p, 5, indexSize) != base) {
+                match = false;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        memFree(buf);
+        final EboKey stored = eboLookup.copy();
+        eboPatternCache.put(stored, match);
+        ObjectSet<EboKey> ebos = eboKeysBySource.get(stored.ebo);
+        if (ebos == null) eboKeysBySource.put(stored.ebo, ebos = new ObjectOpenHashSet<>());
+        ebos.add(stored);
+        return match;
+    }
+
+    private static long readIndex(long base, int i, int indexSize) {
+        return switch (indexSize) {
+            case 1 -> memGetByte(base + i) & 0xFFL;
+            case 2 -> memGetShort(base + (long) i * 2) & 0xFFFFL;
+            default -> memGetInt(base + (long) i * 4) & 0xFFFFFFFFL;
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static int indexTypeBytes(int indexType) {
+        return switch (indexType) {
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE -> 1;
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT -> 2;
+            case GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_INT -> 4;
+            default -> 0;
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static boolean bindExt(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler h, int mode, int first, int count, int extPrim,
+                                   VAOManager.Attrib pos, VAOManager.Attrib uv, VAOManager.Attrib normal) {
+        final int extVbo = getOrBuild(h, pos, uv, normal, first, count, extPrim, mode);
+        if (extVbo == 0) return false;
+
+        final int savedVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, extVbo);
+        ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.setupExtAttribPointers(0L, ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, savedVBO);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public static void unbind() {
+        GLStateManager.glDisableVertexAttribArray(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.LOC_MID_TEX);
+        GLStateManager.glDisableVertexAttribArray(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.LOC_TANGENT);
+        setNeutralCurrentValues();
+    }
+
+    public static void setNeutralCurrentValues() {
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttrib2f(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.LOC_MID_TEX, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttrib4f(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.LOC_TANGENT, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+    }
+
+    public static void onDeleteBuffer(int vboId) {
+        if (internalGlDepth > 0 || vboId == 0) return;
+        dropDerivedFrom(vboId);
+        respecCounts.remove(vboId);
+        respecFrames.remove(vboId);
+        respecRunStart.remove(vboId);
+        streamingSources.remove(vboId);
+        persistentSources.remove(vboId);
+    }
+
+    public static void onBufferRespecified(int vboId) {
+        if (internalGlDepth > 0 || vboId == 0) return;
+        if (streamingSources.contains(vboId)) {
+            respecFrames.put(vboId, frame);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!dropDerivedFrom(vboId)) return;
+        final boolean sameRun = respecCounts.containsKey(vboId) && frame - respecFrames.get(vboId) <= RESPEC_DECAY_FRAMES;
+        if (!sameRun) {
+            startRespecRun(vboId);
+            return;
+        }
+        final int respecs = respecCounts.get(vboId) + 1;
+        final int span = frame - respecRunStart.get(vboId);
+        if (respecs >= MAX_RESPECS && span >= MIN_STREAM_SPAN_FRAMES && span <= respecs) {
+            markStreaming(vboId);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (span > respecs) {
+            startRespecRun(vboId);
+            return;
+        }
+        respecCounts.put(vboId, respecs);
+        respecFrames.put(vboId, frame);
+    }
+
+    private static void startRespecRun(int vboId) {
+        respecCounts.put(vboId, 1);
+        respecRunStart.put(vboId, frame);
+        respecFrames.put(vboId, frame);
+    }
+
+    public static void markStreaming(int vboId) {
+        if (internalGlDepth > 0 || vboId == 0) return;
+        respecCounts.remove(vboId);
+        respecRunStart.remove(vboId);
+        respecFrames.put(vboId, frame);
+        if (streamingSources.add(vboId)) dropDerivedFrom(vboId);
+    }
+
+    public static void markPersistent(int vboId) {
+        if (internalGlDepth > 0 || vboId == 0) return;
+        markStreaming(vboId);
+        persistentSources.add(vboId);
+    }
+
+    public static void reset() {
+        invalidateAll();
+        respecCounts.clear();
+        respecFrames.clear();
+        respecRunStart.clear();
+        streamingSources.clear();
+        persistentSources.clear();
+    }
+
+    private static boolean dropDerivedFrom(int srcId) {
+        final ObjectSet<EboKey> ebos = eboKeysBySource.remove(srcId);
+        if (ebos != null) {
+            for (EboKey k : ebos) eboPatternCache.remove(k);
+        }
+        final ObjectSet<Key> keys = keysBySource.get(srcId);
+        if (keys == null || keys.isEmpty()) return ebos != null;
+        IntArrayList toFree = null;
+        for (Key k : keys.toArray(new Key[0])) {
+            final ExtBuffer buf = cache.remove(k);
+            if (buf != null && buf.vbo != 0) {
+                if (toFree == null) toFree = new IntArrayList();
+                toFree.add(buf.vbo);
+            }
+            unindexKey(k);
+        }
+        freeExtVbos(toFree);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void indexKey(Key k) {
+        addToBucket(k.posVBO, k);
+        if (k.uvVBO != k.posVBO) addToBucket(k.uvVBO, k);
+        if (k.normalVBO != k.posVBO && k.normalVBO != k.uvVBO) addToBucket(k.normalVBO, k);
+    }
+
+    private static void unindexKey(Key k) {
+        removeFromBucket(k.posVBO, k);
+        if (k.uvVBO != k.posVBO) removeFromBucket(k.uvVBO, k);
+        if (k.normalVBO != k.posVBO && k.normalVBO != k.uvVBO) removeFromBucket(k.normalVBO, k);
+    }
+
+    private static void addToBucket(int src, Key k) {
+        if (src == 0) return;
+        ObjectSet<Key> set = keysBySource.get(src);
+        if (set == null) keysBySource.put(src, set = new ObjectOpenHashSet<>());
+        set.add(k);
+    }
+
+    private static void removeFromBucket(int src, Key k) {
+        if (src == 0) return;
+        final ObjectSet<Key> set = keysBySource.get(src);
+        if (set != null && set.remove(k) && set.isEmpty()) keysBySource.remove(src);
+    }
+
+    private static int getOrBuild(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler h, VAOManager.Attrib pos, VAOManager.Attrib uv,
+                                  VAOManager.Attrib normal, int first, int count, int extPrim, int mode) {
+        if (first + count > MAX_EXT_VERTS) return 0;
+        lookup.set(pos, uv, normal, mode, first % extPrim);
+        ExtBuffer buf = cache.get(lookup);
+        if (buf == null) {
+            if (cache.size() >= MAX_CACHE) invalidateExtBuffers();
+            buf = new ExtBuffer();
+            final Key stored = lookup.copy();
+            cache.put(stored, buf);
+            indexKey(stored);
+        }
+
+        final long range = (long) first << 32 | (count & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
+        if (buf.vbo != 0 && buf.builtRanges.contains(range)) return buf.vbo;
+        if (!ensureCapacity(buf, first + count)) return 0;
+        buildRange(h, buf.vbo, pos, uv, normal, first, count, extPrim);
+        buf.builtRanges.add(range);
+        return buf.vbo;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean ensureCapacity(ExtBuffer buf, int neededVerts) {
+        if (buf.vbo != 0 && buf.capacityVerts >= neededVerts) return true;
+        final int extStride = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE;
+        final int newCap = Math.min(MAX_EXT_VERTS, Math.max(neededVerts, buf.capacityVerts * 2));
+        beginInternalGl();
+        try {
+            final int vbo = GLStateManager.glGenBuffers();
+            if (vbo == 0) return false;
+            final int savedVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+            GLStateManager.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, (long) newCap * extStride, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, savedVBO);
+            if (buf.vbo != 0) {
+                final int savedRead = GLStateManager.getBoundCopyReadBuffer();
+                final int savedWrite = GLStateManager.getBoundCopyWriteBuffer();
+                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL31.GL_COPY_READ_BUFFER, buf.vbo);
+                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL31.GL_COPY_WRITE_BUFFER, vbo);
+                GLStateManager.glCopyBufferSubData(GL31.GL_COPY_READ_BUFFER, GL31.GL_COPY_WRITE_BUFFER, 0L, 0L,
+                    (long) buf.capacityVerts * extStride);
+                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL31.GL_COPY_READ_BUFFER, savedRead);
+                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL31.GL_COPY_WRITE_BUFFER, savedWrite);
+                GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(buf.vbo);
+            }
+            buf.vbo = vbo;
+            buf.capacityVerts = newCap;
+            return true;
+        } finally {
+            endInternalGl();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void buildRange(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler h, int extVbo, VAOManager.Attrib pos,
+                                   VAOManager.Attrib uv, VAOManager.Attrib normal, int first, int count, int extPrim) {
+        final int posStride = pos.effectiveStride();
+        final int uvStride = uv.effectiveStride();
+        final boolean smooth = normal != null;
+        final int normalStride = smooth ? normal.effectiveStride() : 0;
+        final int srcStride = smooth ? SRC_STRIDE_SMOOTH : SRC_STRIDE_FLAT;
+        final int srcNormalOffset = smooth ? SRC_NORMAL_OFFSET : -1;
+
+        final ByteBuffer posBuf = readRange(pos, first, count, posStride);
+        final ByteBuffer uvBuf = readRange(uv, first, count, uvStride);
+        final ByteBuffer normalBuf = smooth ? readRange(normal, first, count, normalStride) : null;
+
+        final ByteBuffer src = memAlloc(count * srcStride).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+            final int pb = i * posStride, ub = i * uvStride, d = i * srcStride;
+            src.putFloat(d, pos.readComponent(posBuf, pb, 0));
+            src.putFloat(d + 4, pos.readComponent(posBuf, pb, 1));
+            src.putFloat(d + 8, pos.size >= 3 ? pos.readComponent(posBuf, pb, 2) : 0f);
+            src.putFloat(d + SRC_TEX_OFFSET, uv.readComponent(uvBuf, ub, 0));
+            src.putFloat(d + SRC_TEX_OFFSET + 4, uv.readComponent(uvBuf, ub, 1));
+            if (smooth) {
+                final int nb = i * normalStride;
+                src.putInt(d + SRC_NORMAL_OFFSET, NormI8.pack(
+                    normal.readComponent(normalBuf, nb, 0),
+                    normal.readComponent(normalBuf, nb, 1),
+                    normal.readComponent(normalBuf, nb, 2)));
+            }
+        }
+
+        final int extStride = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE;
+        final ByteBuffer ext = memCalloc(count, extStride);
+        h.buildPacked(memAddress0(src), srcStride, 0, SRC_TEX_OFFSET, srcNormalOffset, count, extPrim, memAddress0(ext), extStride);
+
+        beginInternalGl();
+        try {
+            final int savedVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, extVbo);
+            ext.position(0).limit(count * extStride);
+            GLStateManager.glBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, (long) first * extStride, ext);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, savedVBO);
+        } finally {
+            endInternalGl();
+        }
+
+        memFree(posBuf);
+        memFree(uvBuf);
+        if (normalBuf != null) memFree(normalBuf);
+        memFree(src);
+        memFree(ext);
+    }
+
+    private static ByteBuffer readRange(VAOManager.Attrib a, int first, int count, int stride) {
+        final int elementBytes = a.size * a.typeSizeBytes();
+        final int bytes = (count - 1) * stride + elementBytes;
+        final ByteBuffer dst = memAlloc(bytes).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
+        dst.position(0).limit(bytes);
+        final int savedVBO = GLStateManager.getBoundVBO();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, a.vboId);
+        RENDER_BACKEND.getBufferSubData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, a.offset + (long) first * stride, dst);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, savedVBO);
+        dst.position(0).limit(bytes);
+        return dst;
+    }
+
+    private static void invalidateAll() {
+        eboPatternCache.clear();
+        eboKeysBySource.clear();
+        invalidateExtBuffers();
+    }
+
+    private static void invalidateExtBuffers() {
+        if (cache.isEmpty()) return;
+        final IntArrayList toFree = new IntArrayList(cache.size());
+        for (ExtBuffer buf : cache.values()) {
+            if (buf.vbo != 0) toFree.add(buf.vbo);
+        }
+        cache.clear();
+        keysBySource.clear();
+        freeExtVbos(toFree);
+    }
+
+    private static void freeExtVbos(IntArrayList vbos) {
+        if (vbos == null || vbos.isEmpty()) return;
+        beginInternalGl();
+        try {
+            for (int i = 0; i < vbos.size(); i++) {
+                GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(vbos.getInt(i));
+            }
+        } finally {
+            endInternalGl();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class ExtBuffer {
+        int vbo;
+        int capacityVerts;
+        final LongOpenHashSet builtRanges = new LongOpenHashSet();
+    }
+
+    private static final class EboKey {
+        int ebo, count, type;
+        long offset;
+
+        void set(int ebo, long offset, int count, int type) {
+            this.ebo = ebo;
+            this.offset = offset;
+            this.count = count;
+            this.type = type;
+        }
+
+        EboKey copy() {
+            final EboKey k = new EboKey();
+            k.set(ebo, offset, count, type);
+            return k;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof EboKey k)) return false;
+            return ebo == k.ebo && count == k.count && type == k.type && offset == k.offset;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int h = ebo;
+            h = h * 31 + count;
+            h = h * 31 + type;
+            h = h * 31 + Long.hashCode(offset);
+            return h;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class Key {
+        int posVBO, uvVBO, normalVBO, posStride, uvStride, normalStride, posFmt, uvFmt, normalFmt, mode, phase;
+        long posOffset, uvOffset, normalOffset;
+
+        void set(VAOManager.Attrib pos, VAOManager.Attrib uv, VAOManager.Attrib normal, int mode, int phase) {
+            posVBO = pos.vboId; posOffset = pos.offset; posStride = pos.effectiveStride(); posFmt = fmt(pos);
+            uvVBO = uv.vboId; uvOffset = uv.offset; uvStride = uv.effectiveStride(); uvFmt = fmt(uv);
+            if (normal != null) {
+                normalVBO = normal.vboId; normalOffset = normal.offset;
+                normalStride = normal.effectiveStride(); normalFmt = fmt(normal);
+            } else {
+                normalVBO = 0; normalOffset = 0; normalStride = 0; normalFmt = 0;
+            }
+            this.mode = mode;
+            this.phase = phase;
+        }
+
+        private static int fmt(VAOManager.Attrib a) {
+            return (a.size & 0x7F) | (a.normalized ? 0x80 : 0) | (a.type << 8);
+        }
+
+        Key copy() {
+            final Key k = new Key();
+            k.posVBO = posVBO; k.posOffset = posOffset; k.posStride = posStride; k.posFmt = posFmt;
+            k.uvVBO = uvVBO; k.uvOffset = uvOffset; k.uvStride = uvStride; k.uvFmt = uvFmt;
+            k.normalVBO = normalVBO; k.normalOffset = normalOffset; k.normalStride = normalStride; k.normalFmt = normalFmt;
+            k.mode = mode; k.phase = phase;
+            return k;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof Key k)) return false;
+            return posVBO == k.posVBO && uvVBO == k.uvVBO && normalVBO == k.normalVBO
+                && posStride == k.posStride && uvStride == k.uvStride && normalStride == k.normalStride
+                && posFmt == k.posFmt && uvFmt == k.uvFmt && normalFmt == k.normalFmt
+                && mode == k.mode && phase == k.phase
+                && posOffset == k.posOffset && uvOffset == k.uvOffset && normalOffset == k.normalOffset;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            int h = posVBO;
+            h = h * 31 + uvVBO;
+            h = h * 31 + normalVBO;
+            h = h * 31 + posStride;
+            h = h * 31 + uvStride;
+            h = h * 31 + normalStride;
+            h = h * 31 + posFmt;
+            h = h * 31 + uvFmt;
+            h = h * 31 + normalFmt;
+            h = h * 31 + mode;
+            h = h * 31 + phase;
+            h = h * 31 + Long.hashCode(posOffset);
+            h = h * 31 + Long.hashCode(uvOffset);
+            h = h * 31 + Long.hashCode(normalOffset);
+            return h;
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL13;
 * Packed-long fragment shader permutation key for FFP emulation.
 *
 * Layout:
- *   long[0]: global bits (12) + unit 0 (47 bits at offset 12)
+ *   long[0]: global bits (13) + unit 0 (47 bits at offset 13)
 *   long[1..3]: unit 1..3 (47 bits each, low-aligned)
 * Only max(1, nrEnabledUnits) longs are significant.
 *
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
    public static final int FOG_EXP    = 2;
    public static final int FOG_EXP2   = 3;

-    private static final int GLOBAL_BITS = 12;
+    private static final int GLOBAL_BITS = 13;
    private static final int BIT_FOG_MODE          = 0;  // 2 bits
    private static final int BIT_ALPHA_TEST        = 2;  // 1 bit
    private static final int BIT_ALPHA_FUNC        = 3;  // 3 bits
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
    private static final int BIT_NR_ENABLED_UNITS  = 7;  // 3 bits
    private static final int BIT_OVERLAY_ENABLED   = 10; // 1 bit
    private static final int BIT_LINE_STIPPLE      = 11; // 1 bit
+    private static final int BIT_COLOR_SUM         = 12; // 1 bit

    private static final int U_ENABLED         = 0;
    private static final int U_MODE            = 1;   // 3 bits
@@ -130,10 +131,12 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
            global |= (1L << BIT_LINE_STIPPLE);
        }

-        // Separate specular
+        // Separate specular / color sum
        if (GLStateManager.getLightingState().isEnabled()
            && GLStateManager.getLightModel().colorControl == GL12.GL_SEPARATE_SPECULAR_COLOR) {
            global |= (1L << BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR);
+        } else if (GLStateManager.getColorSumState().isEnabled()) {
+            global |= (1L << BIT_COLOR_SUM);
        }

        // Per-unit state
@@ -238,6 +241,7 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
    public boolean alphaTestEnabled() { return ((packed[0] >> BIT_ALPHA_TEST) & 1) != 0; }
    public int alphaTestFunc()        { return (int) ((packed[0] >> BIT_ALPHA_FUNC) & 0x7); }
    public boolean separateSpecular() { return ((packed[0] >> BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR) & 1) != 0; }
+    public boolean colorSum()         { return ((packed[0] >> BIT_COLOR_SUM) & 1) != 0; }
    public boolean lineStipple()      { return ((packed[0] >> BIT_LINE_STIPPLE) & 1) != 0; }
    public int nrEnabledUnits()       { return (int) ((packed[0] >> BIT_NR_ENABLED_UNITS) & 0x7); }
    public boolean overlayEnabled()   { return ((packed[0] >> BIT_OVERLAY_ENABLED) & 1) != 0; }
@@ -374,10 +378,10 @@ public final class FragmentKey {
            default -> "?";
        };
        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
-        sb.append(String.format("FFPFragmentKey[fog=%s alpha=%b(%s) specSep=%b overlay=%b units=%d",
+        sb.append(String.format("FFPFragmentKey[fog=%s alpha=%b(%s) specSep=%b colorSum=%b overlay=%b units=%d",
            fogName, alphaTestEnabled(),
            alphaTestEnabled() ? String.format("0x%04X", decodeAlphaFunc(alphaTestFunc())) : "-",
-            separateSpecular(), overlayEnabled(), nrEnabledUnits()));
+            separateSpecular(), colorSum(), overlayEnabled(), nrEnabledUnits()));
        for (int i = 0; i < nrEnabledUnits(); i++) {
            if (!unitEnabled(i)) {
                sb.append(String.format(" u%d=OFF", i));
@@ -276,6 +276,10 @@ public final class FragmentShaderGenerator {
            sb.append("  // Add separate specular\n");
            sb.append("  color.rgb += v_SpecularColor;\n");
        }
+        if (key.colorSum()) {
+            sb.append("  // Color sum - GL_COLOR_SUM with the current secondary color\n");
+            sb.append("  color.rgb += u_SecondaryColor;\n");
+        }
    }

    private static void emitAlphaTest(StringBuilder sb, FragmentKey key) {
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp;

 public final class InstancedAttribs {

-    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL0 = 7;
-    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL1 = 8;
-    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL2 = 9;
-    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL3 = 10;
-    public static final int LOC_COLOR = 11;
-    public static final int LOC_LIGHTMAP = 12;
+    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL0 = 5;
+    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL1 = 6;
+    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL2 = 7;
+    public static final int LOC_MATRIX_COL3 = 8;
+    public static final int LOC_COLOR = 9;
+    public static final int LOC_LIGHTMAP = 10;

    public static final int OFFSET_MATRIX = 0;
    public static final int OFFSET_COLOR = 64;
@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ public final class ShaderManager {
        warmUp();
        enabled = true;

+        if (GLStateManager.getActiveProgram() == 0) {
+            activate();
+        }
+
        GLStateManager.LOGGER.info("FFP shader emulation enabled");
    }

@@ -179,6 +183,7 @@ public final class ShaderManager {
        sm.lastFramePreDrawCalls = sm.preDrawCalls;
        sm.preDrawCalls = 0;
        sm.uniforms.endFrame();
+        FfpExtendedAttribs.endFrame();
    }

    public static void setCurrentNormal(float x, float y, float z) {
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memCalloc;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memFree;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memGetInt;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memPutInt;
-import static com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND;

 /**
 * Maintains the shared {@link FFPUniformBlock} image from GLSM cached state and streams it to the UBO ring.
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ public class Uniforms {
                ring = new UniformRingBuffer(RING_CAPACITY, FFPUniformBlock.SIZE);
            }
            final int offset = ring.writeBlock(staging);
-            RENDER_BACKEND.bindBufferRange(GL31.GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, FFPUniformBlock.BINDING_POINT,
+            GLStateManager.glBindBufferRange(GL31.GL_UNIFORM_BUFFER, FFPUniformBlock.BINDING_POINT,
                ring.getBufferId(), offset, FFPUniformBlock.SIZE);
            bound = true;
            blockWrites++;
@@ -232,8 +231,12 @@ public class Uniforms {
    private void stageNormalMatrix() {
        GLStateManager.getModelViewMatrix().normal(normalMatrix);
        putMat3(FFPUniformBlock.NORMAL_MATRIX, normalMatrix);
-        final float scale = 1.0f / normalMatrix.getColumn(0, tempVec3).length();
-        putFloat(FFPUniformBlock.NORMAL_SCALE, scale);
+        putFloat(FFPUniformBlock.NORMAL_SCALE, rescaleFactor(normalMatrix, tempVec3));
+    }
+
+    static float rescaleFactor(Matrix3f normalMatrix, Vector3f scratch) {
+        final float f = normalMatrix.getColumn(2, scratch).lengthSquared();
+        return f > 1.0e-12f ? 1.0f / (float) Math.sqrt(f) : 1.0f;
    }

    private void stageTextureMatrices() {
@@ -327,6 +330,9 @@ public class Uniforms {
            GLStateManager.getOverlayR(), GLStateManager.getOverlayG(),
            GLStateManager.getOverlayB(), GLStateManager.getOverlayA());

+        final var secondary = GLStateManager.getSecondaryColor();
+        putVec3(FFPUniformBlock.SECONDARY_COLOR, secondary.getRed(), secondary.getGreen(), secondary.getBlue());
+
        // Mesa STATE_FOG_PARAMS_OPTIMIZED
        final FogState fog = GLStateManager.getFogState();
        final float start = fog.getStart();
@@ -20,38 +20,36 @@ public final class VertexKey {

    public static final int MAX_UNITS = 4;

+    public static final int FFP_LIGHT_COUNT = 2;
+
    private final long packed;

    private static final int BIT_LIGHTING            = 0;
-    private static final int BIT_LIGHT0              = 1;
-    private static final int BIT_LIGHT1              = 2;
-    private static final int BIT_LIGHT0_DIR          = 3;
-    private static final int BIT_LIGHT1_DIR          = 4;
-    private static final int BIT_COLOR_MATERIAL      = 5;
-    private static final int BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR   = 6;
-    private static final int BIT_FOG                 = 7;
-    private static final int BIT_FOG_DIST_MODE       = 8;  // 2 bits: 8-9
-    private static final int BIT_NORMALIZE           = 10;
-    private static final int BIT_RESCALE_NORMAL      = 11;
-    // Per-unit texcoord enable: bits 12-15 (unit 0..3). Unit 1 doubles as the lightmap flag.
-    private static final int BIT_UNIT_TEX_BASE       = 12;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_COLOR    = 16;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_NORMAL   = 17;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_TEX      = 18;
-    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_LIGHTMAP = 19;
-    private static final int BIT_COLOR_MAT_MODE      = 20;  // 3 bits: 20-22
-    // TexGen modes (unit 0 only, for now): 3 bits each (0=NONE, 1=OBJ_LINEAR, 2=EYE_LINEAR).
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_S            = 23;  // 3 bits: 23-25
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_T            = 26;  // 3 bits: 26-28
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_R            = 29;  // 3 bits: 29-31
-    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_Q            = 32;  // 3 bits: 32-34
-    private static final int BIT_CLIP_PLANES         = 35;
-    private static final int BIT_WIDE_LINE           = 36;
-    // Per-unit texmat enable: bits 37-40 (unit 0..3). Unit 1 is the lightmap matrix.
-    private static final int BIT_UNIT_TEXMAT_BASE    = 37;
-    private static final int BIT_UNIT23_UV_FROM_UNIT0 = 41;
-    private static final int BIT_LINE_STIPPLE        = 42;
-    private static final int BIT_INSTANCED           = 44;
+    private static final int BIT_LIGHT_BASE          = BIT_LIGHTING + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_LIGHT_DIR_BASE      = BIT_LIGHT_BASE + FFP_LIGHT_COUNT;
+    private static final int BIT_COLOR_MATERIAL      = BIT_LIGHT_DIR_BASE + FFP_LIGHT_COUNT;
+    private static final int BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR   = BIT_COLOR_MATERIAL + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_FOG                 = BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_FOG_DIST_MODE       = BIT_FOG + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_NORMALIZE           = BIT_FOG_DIST_MODE + 2;
+    private static final int BIT_RESCALE_NORMAL      = BIT_NORMALIZE + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_UNIT_TEX_BASE       = BIT_RESCALE_NORMAL + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_COLOR    = BIT_UNIT_TEX_BASE + MAX_UNITS;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_NORMAL   = BIT_HAS_VERTEX_COLOR + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_TEX      = BIT_HAS_VERTEX_NORMAL + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_HAS_VERTEX_LIGHTMAP = BIT_HAS_VERTEX_TEX + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_COLOR_MAT_MODE      = BIT_HAS_VERTEX_LIGHTMAP + 1;
+    // TexGen modes are unit 0 only, for now.
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_S            = BIT_COLOR_MAT_MODE + 3;
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_T            = BIT_TEXGEN_S + 3;
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_R            = BIT_TEXGEN_T + 3;
+    private static final int BIT_TEXGEN_Q            = BIT_TEXGEN_R + 3;
+    private static final int BIT_CLIP_PLANES         = BIT_TEXGEN_Q + 3;
+    private static final int BIT_WIDE_LINE           = BIT_CLIP_PLANES + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_UNIT_TEXMAT_BASE    = BIT_WIDE_LINE + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_UNIT23_UV_FROM_UNIT0 = BIT_UNIT_TEXMAT_BASE + MAX_UNITS;
+    private static final int BIT_LINE_STIPPLE        = BIT_UNIT23_UV_FROM_UNIT0 + 1;
+    private static final int BIT_INSTANCED           = BIT_LINE_STIPPLE + 1;

    public static final int TG_NONE                  = 0;
    public static final int TG_OBJ_LINEAR            = 1;
@@ -70,10 +68,8 @@ public final class VertexKey {
    public long pack() { return packed; }

    public boolean lightingEnabled()       { return bit(BIT_LIGHTING); }
-    public boolean light0Enabled()         { return bit(BIT_LIGHT0); }
-    public boolean light1Enabled()         { return bit(BIT_LIGHT1); }
-    public boolean light0Directional()     { return bit(BIT_LIGHT0_DIR); }
-    public boolean light1Directional()     { return bit(BIT_LIGHT1_DIR); }
+    public boolean lightEnabled(int light)     { return bit(BIT_LIGHT_BASE + light); }
+    public boolean lightDirectional(int light) { return bit(BIT_LIGHT_DIR_BASE + light); }
    public boolean colorMaterialEnabled()  { return bit(BIT_COLOR_MATERIAL); }
    public boolean separateSpecular()      { return bit(BIT_SEPARATE_SPECULAR); }
    public boolean fogEnabled()            { return bit(BIT_FOG); }
@@ -136,17 +132,12 @@ public final class VertexKey {
        if (lighting) {
            bits |= (1L << BIT_LIGHTING);

-            if (GLStateManager.getLightStates()[0].isEnabled()) {
-                bits |= (1L << BIT_LIGHT0);
+            for (int i = 0; i < FFP_LIGHT_COUNT; i++) {
+                if (!GLStateManager.getLightStates()[i].isEnabled()) continue;
+                bits |= (1L << (BIT_LIGHT_BASE + i));
                // position.w == 0 means directional
-                if (GLStateManager.getLightDataStates()[0].position.w == 0.0f) {
-                    bits |= (1L << BIT_LIGHT0_DIR);
-                }
-            }
-            if (GLStateManager.getLightStates()[1].isEnabled()) {
-                bits |= (1L << BIT_LIGHT1);
-                if (GLStateManager.getLightDataStates()[1].position.w == 0.0f) {
-                    bits |= (1L << BIT_LIGHT1_DIR);
+                if (GLStateManager.getLightDataStates()[i].position.w == 0.0f) {
+                    bits |= (1L << (BIT_LIGHT_DIR_BASE + i));
                }
            }

@@ -265,7 +256,7 @@ public final class VertexKey {
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return String.format("FFPVertexKey[0x%011X: lit=%b l0=%b l1=%b cm=%b fog=%b tex=%d%d%d%d texmat=%d%d%d%d col=%b nrm=%b vtex=%b vlm=%b tg=%d/%d/%d/%d clip=%b wline=%b inst=%b]",
-            packed, lightingEnabled(), light0Enabled(), light1Enabled(),
+            packed, lightingEnabled(), lightEnabled(0), lightEnabled(1),
            colorMaterialEnabled(), fogEnabled(),
            unitTexCoordEnabled(0)?1:0, unitTexCoordEnabled(1)?1:0, unitTexCoordEnabled(2)?1:0, unitTexCoordEnabled(3)?1:0,
            unitTexMatEnabled(0)?1:0, unitTexMatEnabled(1)?1:0, unitTexMatEnabled(2)?1:0, unitTexMatEnabled(3)?1:0,
@@ -182,11 +182,10 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {
        }

        // Per-light accumulation
-        if (key.light0Enabled()) {
-            emitLightContribution(sb, key, 0);
-        }
-        if (key.light1Enabled()) {
-            emitLightContribution(sb, key, 1);
+        for (int i = 0; i < VertexKey.FFP_LIGHT_COUNT; i++) {
+            if (key.lightEnabled(i)) {
+                emitLightContribution(sb, key, i);
+            }
        }

        sb.append("  v_Color = vec4(clamp(color0, 0.0, 1.0), outAlpha);\n");
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ public final class VertexShaderGenerator {

    private static void emitLightContribution(StringBuilder sb, VertexKey key, int lightIndex) {
        final String li = String.valueOf(lightIndex);
-        final boolean directional = (lightIndex == 0) ? key.light0Directional() : key.light1Directional();
+        final boolean directional = key.lightDirectional(lightIndex);
        final String posUniform = "u_Light" + li + "Position";

        sb.append("  { // Light ").append(li).append('\n');
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks;

 public interface DeferredBlendHandler {
    boolean isBlendLocked();
+    boolean isOverrideHeld();
    void deferBlendModeToggle(boolean enabled);
    void deferBlendFunc(int srcRgb, int dstRgb, int srcAlpha, int dstAlpha);
    void flushDeferredBlend();
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks;

 public interface DeferredDepthColorHandler {
    boolean isDepthColorLocked();
+    boolean isOverrideHeld();
    void deferDepthEnable(boolean enabled);
    void deferColorMask(boolean r, boolean g, boolean b, boolean a);
 }
@@ -6,8 +6,17 @@ public final class GLSMConfig {
    public static float lastBrightnessX;
    public static float lastBrightnessY;

+    public static int packBrightness(float x, float y) {
+        return ((int) y << 16) | ((int) x & 0xFFFF);
+    }
+
+    public static int packedLastBrightness() {
+        return packBrightness(lastBrightnessX, lastBrightnessY);
+    }
+
    public static boolean hudCacheOverride;

+    public static boolean extendedAttribsExpected;
    public static volatile boolean expandVertexFormats;

    private GLSMConfig() {}
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ public final class GLSMHooks {
    public static DeferredAlphaHandler alphaHandler;
    public static DeferredDepthColorHandler depthColorHandler;
    public static GlintColorHandler glintColorHandler;
+    public static ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler immediateExtendedHandler;
    public static ShaderWorkSubmitter shaderWorkSubmitter;
    public static ShaderTransformPostProcessor postTransformProcessor;
    public static PerFrameUniformBlock perFrameUniformBlock;
@@ -25,6 +26,8 @@ public final class GLSMHooks {
    public static final EventBus<LightmapCoordsEvent> LIGHTMAP_COORDS = EventBus.create(LightmapCoordsEvent.class);
    public static final EventBus<AlphaStateChangeEvent> ALPHA_STATE_CHANGE = EventBus.create(AlphaStateChangeEvent.class);
    public static final EventBus<ShaderColorChangeEvent> SHADER_COLOR_CHANGE = EventBus.create(ShaderColorChangeEvent.class);
+    public static final EventBus<ForeignDrawEndEvent> FOREIGN_DRAW_END = EventBus.create(ForeignDrawEndEvent.class);
+    public static final EventBus<VanillaBlendChangeEvent> VANILLA_BLEND_CHANGE = EventBus.create(VanillaBlendChangeEvent.class);
    public static final EventBus<LoadingCheckpointEvent> LOADING_CHECKPOINT = EventBus.create(LoadingCheckpointEvent.class);

    // Reusable event instances
@@ -38,6 +41,8 @@ public final class GLSMHooks {
    public static final LightmapCoordsEvent lightmapCoordsEvent = new LightmapCoordsEvent();
    public static final AlphaStateChangeEvent alphaStateChangeEvent = new AlphaStateChangeEvent();
    public static final ShaderColorChangeEvent shaderColorChangeEvent = new ShaderColorChangeEvent();
+    public static final ForeignDrawEndEvent foreignDrawEndEvent = new ForeignDrawEndEvent();
+    public static final VanillaBlendChangeEvent vanillaBlendChangeEvent = new VanillaBlendChangeEvent();
    public static final LoadingCheckpointEvent loadingCheckpointEvent = new LoadingCheckpointEvent();

    private GLSMHooks() {}
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormat;
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormatElement;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+
+public interface ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler {
+
+    int EXT_STRIDE = 12;
+    int LOC_MC_ENTITY = 11;
+    int LOC_MID_TEX = 12;
+    int LOC_TANGENT = 13;
+    int LOC_MIDBLOCK = 14;
+
+    int RAW_NORMAL_INDEX = 6;
+
+    boolean wantsExtended();
+
+    boolean wantsTangent();
+
+    boolean wantsExtendedCapture();
+
+    void build(int[] rawBuffer, int vertexCount, int vertsPerPrim, int normalIntIndex, long dstAddr, int dstStride);
+
+    void buildPacked(long srcBase, int stride, int posOffset, int texOffset, int normalOffset,
+                     int vertexCount, int vertsPerPrim, long dstAddr, int dstStride);
+
+    static int extPrimVerts(int drawMode) {
+        if (drawMode == GL11.GL_QUADS) return 4;
+        if (drawMode == GL11.GL_TRIANGLES) return 3;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    static int extPrimVerts(int drawMode, int vertexCount) {
+        final int p = extPrimVerts(drawMode);
+        return (p != 0 && vertexCount > 0 && vertexCount % p == 0) ? p : 0;
+    }
+
+    static int texOffset(VertexFormat format) {
+        int offset = 0;
+        for (VertexFormatElement element : format.elementsArray) {
+            if (element.getUsage() == VertexFormatElement.Usage.PRIMARY_UV) return offset;
+            offset += element.getByteSize();
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    static int normalOffset(VertexFormat format) {
+        int offset = 0;
+        for (VertexFormatElement element : format.elementsArray) {
+            if (element.getUsage() == VertexFormatElement.Usage.NORMAL) return offset;
+            offset += element.getByteSize();
+        }
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    static void setupExtAttribPointers(long baseOffset, int stride) {
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(LOC_MID_TEX);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(LOC_MID_TEX, 2, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, stride, baseOffset);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(LOC_TANGENT);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(LOC_TANGENT, 4, GL11.GL_BYTE, true, stride, baseOffset + 8);
+    }
+}
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks;

 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.shader.ShaderType;
+import org.taumc.glsl.grammar.GLSLParser;

@FunctionalInterface
 public interface ShaderTransformPostProcessor {
    void onTransformed(String transformedSource, ShaderType shaderType);
+
+    default void onTransformed(String transformedSource, GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext bodyTree, int headerLen, ShaderType shaderType) {
+        onTransformed(transformedSource, shaderType);
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks;
+
+public interface VanillaBooleanLayer {
+
+    boolean isOverrideHeld();
+    boolean getVanilla();
+    void setVanilla(boolean enabled);
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks;
+
+public interface VanillaStateLayer<T> {
+
+    boolean isOverrideHeld();
+    void readVanilla(T into);
+    void writeVanilla(T from);
+
+    static boolean isHeld(VanillaStateLayer<?> layer) {
+        return layer != null && layer.isOverrideHeld();
+    }
+
+    static <T> void capture(VanillaStateLayer<T> layer, T slot) {
+        if (isHeld(layer)) layer.readVanilla(slot);
+    }
+
+    static <T> boolean restore(VanillaStateLayer<T> layer, T saved) {
+        if (!isHeld(layer)) return false;
+        layer.writeVanilla(saved);
+        return true;
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events;
+
+import net.minecraftforge.eventbus.api.event.MutableEvent;
+
+public final class ForeignDrawEndEvent extends MutableEvent {
+}
@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ import net.minecraftforge.eventbus.api.event.MutableEvent;

 public final class TextureUnitStateEvent extends MutableEvent {
    public int unit;
+    public int cap;
    public boolean enabled;
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.events;
+
+import net.minecraftforge.eventbus.api.event.MutableEvent;
+
+public final class VanillaBlendChangeEvent extends MutableEvent {
+}
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ public final class EcosystemNarrowRules {
            "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM.StructureLootHooks"
        )),

-        new NarrowRule("Xaeros_common", "xaero.common.core", List.of(
+        new NarrowRule("Xaeros", "xaero.common.core", List.of(
            "xaero.common.core.transformer"
        )),

-        new NarrowRule("Xaeros_map", "xaero.map.core", List.of(
+        new NarrowRule("Xaeros", "xaero.map.core", List.of(
            "xaero.map.core.transformer"
        )),

@@ -78,6 +78,13 @@ public final class EcosystemNarrowRules {
            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.fixes.CorporeaInputFix",
            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.fixes.GodAttributesHooks",
            "alfheim.common.core.asm.hook.fixes.RecipeAncientWillsFix"
+        )),
+
+        new NarrowRule("LegendsMod", "com.tihyo.legends.management.asm", List.of(
+            "com.tihyo.legends.management.asm.LegendsLoadingPlugin",
+            "com.tihyo.legends.management.asm.AbstractTransformer",
+            "com.tihyo.legends.management.asm.ASMHelper",
+            "com.tihyo.legends.management.asm.Transformer"
        ))
    );

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public final class TransformerNarrower {

    /**
     * A rule that replaces a broad transformer exclusion with narrower ones.
-     * @param name       Human-readable name for logging (e.g. "DragonAPI")
+     * @param name       Blackboard/config key suffix. (e.g. "DragonAPI").
     * @param broad      The broad exclusion to remove (e.g. "Reika.DragonAPI.ASM")
     * @param narrow     Narrower exclusions to add in its place
     */
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.profiling;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public final class SectionRegistry {
+
+    public interface Emitter {
+        long enter(int category, String text);
+        void leave(long nativeId);
+        void setup(int category, String name);
+        boolean isConnected();
+    }
+
+    private static final class Category {
+        final int id;
+        final String name;
+
+        Category(int id, String name) {
+            this.id = id;
+            this.name = name;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static final class Section {
+        final long token;
+        final int category;
+        final String text;
+        long nativeId;
+
+        Section(long token, int category, String text, long nativeId) {
+            this.token = token;
+            this.category = category;
+            this.text = text;
+            this.nativeId = nativeId;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final Emitter emitter;
+    private final List<Category> categories = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final List<Section> open = new ArrayList<>();
+    private long nextToken;
+    private boolean connected;
+
+    public SectionRegistry(Emitter emitter) {
+        this.emitter = emitter;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void registerCategory(int category, String name) {
+        categories.add(new Category(category, name));
+    }
+
+    public synchronized long enter(int category, String text) {
+        syncConnection();
+        final long token = ++nextToken;
+        open.add(new Section(token, category, text, emitter.enter(category, text)));
+        return token;
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void leave(long token) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < open.size(); i++) {
+            final Section section = open.get(i);
+            if (section.token == token) {
+                open.remove(i);
+                if (section.nativeId != 0L) emitter.leave(section.nativeId);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void poll() {
+        syncConnection();
+    }
+
+    private void syncConnection() {
+        final boolean now = emitter.isConnected();
+        if (now == connected) return;
+        connected = now;
+        if (now) replay();
+    }
+
+    private void replay() {
+        for (int i = 0; i < categories.size(); i++) {
+            final Category category = categories.get(i);
+            emitter.setup(category.id, category.name);
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < open.size(); i++) {
+            final Section section = open.get(i);
+            section.nativeId = emitter.enter(section.category, section.text);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -44,6 +44,18 @@ public final class Tracy {
    public static final int COLOR_IRIS = 0x9E862E; // gold
    public static final int COLOR_FFP = 0x7A4E9E; // purple

+    public static final int SECTION_WORLD = 1;
+    public static final int SECTION_SHADERS = 2;
+    public static final int SECTION_BENCHMARK = 3;
+    public static final int SECTION_UI = 4;
+
+    private static final SectionRegistry SECTIONS = new SectionRegistry(new SectionRegistry.Emitter() {
+        @Override public long enter(int category, String text) { return BACKEND.sectionEnter(category, text); }
+        @Override public void leave(long nativeId) { BACKEND.sectionLeave(nativeId); }
+        @Override public void setup(int category, String name) { BACKEND.sectionSetup(category, name); }
+        @Override public boolean isConnected() { return BACKEND.isConnected(); }
+    });
+
    private static final ThreadLocal<ZoneStack> STACK = new ThreadLocal<>() {
        @Override
        protected ZoneStack initialValue() {
@@ -62,6 +74,10 @@ public final class Tracy {
        FINE_ZONES = ENABLED && SystemProperties.TRACY_FINE_ZONES;
        if (ENABLED) {
            Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(Tracy::shutdown, "Tracy-Shutdown"));
+            SECTIONS.registerCategory(SECTION_WORLD, "World");
+            SECTIONS.registerCategory(SECTION_SHADERS, "Shaders");
+            SECTIONS.registerCategory(SECTION_BENCHMARK, "Benchmark");
+            SECTIONS.registerCategory(SECTION_UI, "UI");
            LOGGER.info("Tracy profiling enabled");
        }
    }
@@ -95,6 +111,7 @@ public final class Tracy {
            LOGGER.warn("Tracy requested (-Dangelica.tracy=true) but no TracyBackend service present");
            return null;
        }
+        if (!implementsCurrentAbi(found)) return null;
        final TracyBackend backend = found;
        final CountDownLatch done = new CountDownLatch(1);
        final AtomicReference<Boolean> result = new AtomicReference<>();
@@ -120,10 +137,28 @@ public final class Tracy {
        return backend;
    }

+    private static final String ABI_SENTINEL = "sectionEnter";
+
+    private static boolean implementsCurrentAbi(TracyBackend backend) {
+        try {
+            backend.getClass().getMethod(ABI_SENTINEL, int.class, String.class);
+            return true;
+        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+            LOGGER.warn("Tracy backend {} was built against an older TracyBackend interface; profiling disabled", backend.getClass().getName());
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
    private record InitRunner(TracyBackend backend, CountDownLatch done, AtomicReference<Boolean> result) implements Runnable {
        @Override
        public void run() {
-            final boolean ok = backend.init();
+            boolean ok;
+            try {
+                ok = backend.init();
+            } catch (LinkageError e) {
+                LOGGER.warn("Tracy backend {} failed to link; profiling disabled: {}", backend.getClass().getName(), e);
+                ok = false;
+            }
            if (!result.compareAndSet(null, ok) && ok) {
                backend.shutdown();
            }
@@ -168,7 +203,7 @@ public final class Tracy {
            final String name = stack.poppedName();
            if (name != null && WARNED_LEAKS.add(name)) {
                LOGGER.warn("Tracy: unbalanced profiler section '{}' left open (leaked by its caller); closed at next root", name);
-                BACKEND.message("unbalanced profiler section '" + name + "' closed at root");
+                BACKEND.message("unbalanced profiler section '" + name + "' closed at root", TracyBackend.SEVERITY_WARNING);
            }
        }
    }
@@ -274,6 +309,7 @@ public final class Tracy {
            threadNameRefreshed = true;
            BACKEND.setCurrentThreadName(Thread.currentThread().getName());
        }
+        SECTIONS.poll();
        BACKEND.frameMark();
    }

@@ -330,8 +366,22 @@ public final class Tracy {
    }

    public static void message(String text) {
+        message(text, TracyBackend.SEVERITY_INFO);
+    }
+
+    public static void message(String text, int severity) {
        if (!ENABLED || SHUTTING_DOWN || !CaptureGate.markersThisFrame) return;
-        BACKEND.message(text);
+        BACKEND.message(text, severity);
+    }
+
+    public static long sectionEnter(int category, String text) {
+        if (!ENABLED || SHUTTING_DOWN) return 0L;
+        return SECTIONS.enter(category, text);
+    }
+
+    public static void sectionLeave(long token) {
+        if (token == 0L || !ENABLED || SHUTTING_DOWN) return;
+        SECTIONS.leave(token);
    }

    public static boolean isConnected() {
@@ -5,6 +5,13 @@ public interface TracyBackend {
    int PLOT_FORMAT_MEMORY = 1;
    int PLOT_FORMAT_PERCENTAGE = 2;

+    int SEVERITY_TRACE = 0;
+    int SEVERITY_DEBUG = 1;
+    int SEVERITY_INFO = 2;
+    int SEVERITY_WARNING = 3;
+    int SEVERITY_ERROR = 4;
+    int SEVERITY_FATAL = 5;
+
    boolean init();

    long internSrcLoc(String name, int color);
@@ -24,7 +31,14 @@ public interface TracyBackend {

    void plotInt(long namePtr, long value);
    void plot(long namePtr, double value);
-    void message(String text);
+
+    void message(String text, int severity);
+    default void message(String text) { message(text, SEVERITY_INFO); }
+
+    long sectionEnter(int category, String text);
+    void sectionLeave(long id);
+    void sectionSetup(int category, String name);
+
    void setCurrentThreadName(String name);
    boolean isConnected();
    void shutdown();
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.profiling;

 public final class ZoneStack {
    public static final long EMPTY = -1L;
-    static final int MAX_DEPTH = 512;
+    public static final int MAX_DEPTH = 512;

    private long[] stack = new long[64];
    private boolean[] gpu = new boolean[64];
@@ -274,6 +274,13 @@ public final class CommandBufferExecutor {
                    ptr += 16;
                    GLStateManager.glColor4f(r, g, b, a);
                }
+                case GLCommand.SECONDARY_COLOR -> {
+                    final float r = memGetFloat(ptr);
+                    final float g = memGetFloat(ptr + 4);
+                    final float b = memGetFloat(ptr + 8);
+                    ptr += 12;
+                    GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(r, g, b);
+                }
                case GLCommand.CLEAR_COLOR -> {
                    final float r = memGetFloat(ptr);
                    final float g = memGetFloat(ptr + 4);
@@ -356,6 +356,14 @@ public final class CommandRecorder {
        writeFloat(a);
    }

+    public void writeSecondaryColor(float r, float g, float b) {
+        ensureCapacity(16);
+        writeInt(GLCommand.SECONDARY_COLOR);
+        writeFloat(r);
+        writeFloat(g);
+        writeFloat(b);
+    }
+
    public void writeClearColor(float r, float g, float b, float a) {
        ensureCapacity(20);
        writeInt(GLCommand.CLEAR_COLOR);
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;

 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vao.IVertexArrayObject;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.FfpExtendedAttribs;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.VAOManager;

 /**
@@ -9,15 +13,26 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.VAOManager;
 public final class DisplayListVBO {

    private final SubVBO[] vbos;
+    private final int[] extVbos;

    DisplayListVBO(SubVBO[] vbos) {
+        this(vbos, null);
+    }
+
+    DisplayListVBO(SubVBO[] vbos, int[] extVbos) {
        this.vbos = vbos;
+        this.extVbos = extVbos;
    }

    public void delete() {
        for (SubVBO vbo : vbos) {
            vbo.delete();
        }
+        if (extVbos != null) {
+            for (int extVbo : extVbos) {
+                if (extVbo != 0) GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(extVbo);
+            }
+        }
    }

    public SubVBO[] getVBOs() {
@@ -39,6 +54,9 @@ public final class DisplayListVBO {
        private final int start;
        private final int count;
        private final int vertexFlags;
+        private int pendingExtVbo = 0;
+
+        void setPendingExtVbo(int extVbo) { this.pendingExtVbo = extVbo; }

        public SubVBO(IVertexArrayObject vao, int drawMode, int start, int count, int vertexFlags) {
            this.vao = vao;
@@ -67,9 +85,20 @@ public final class DisplayListVBO {
        public void render() {
            if (vao == null) return;
            vao.bind();
+            if (pendingExtVbo != 0) {
+                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, pendingExtVbo);
+                ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.setupExtAttribPointers(0L, ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE);
+                GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+                pendingExtVbo = 0;
+            }
            if (count <= 0) { vao.unbind(); return; }
            VAOManager.setCurrentVertexFlags(vertexFlags);
-            vao.draw(drawMode, start, count);
+            FfpExtendedAttribs.beginInternalDraw();
+            try {
+                vao.draw(drawMode, start, count);
+            } finally {
+                FfpExtendedAttribs.endInternalDraw();
+            }
            vao.unbind();
        }

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording;

+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vao.BaseVAO;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vao.IVertexArrayObject;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vao.IndexBuffer;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vao.IndexedVAO;
@@ -8,7 +9,13 @@ import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vbo.IVertexBuffer;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.DefaultVertexFormat;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFlags;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormat;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMConfig;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMHooks;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;

 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -16,6 +23,7 @@ import java.util.List;

 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAddress0;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAlloc;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memCalloc;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memCopy;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memFree;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.nmemFree;
@@ -48,15 +56,29 @@ public final class DisplayListVBOBuilder {
    }

    public DisplayListVBO build() {
+        final ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler extHandler = GLSMHooks.immediateExtendedHandler;
        final DisplayListVBO.SubVBO[] vbos = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO[count];
        final ArrayList<ByteBuffer> allBuffers = new ArrayList<>();
+        final IntArrayList extVbos = new IntArrayList();
        for (int i = 0; i < VertexFlags.BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
            List<FormatData> formatData = formats[i];
            if (formatData == null) continue;
            final VertexFormat format = DefaultVertexFormat.ALL_FORMATS[i];
+            final boolean wantExt = extHandler != null && format.hasTexture();
+            if (extHandler == null && GLSMConfig.extendedAttribsExpected && format.hasTexture()) {
+                GLStateManager.warnOnce("dl-ext-no-handler",
+                    "Textured display list compiled before the immediate ext-attribute handler was installed! POM data will be missing for this geometry.");
+            }
            int start = 0;
            final IVertexArrayObject vao = VAOManager.createStorageVAO(format, -1, 0); // drawMode will be ignored
            final IVertexBuffer vbo = vao.getVBO();
+
+            // SubVBO slots that need the ext attributes attached on their first draw.
+            final IntArrayList extDrawIndexes = wantExt ? new IntArrayList() : null;
+            final IntArrayList extStarts = wantExt ? new IntArrayList() : null;
+            final IntArrayList extCounts = wantExt ? new IntArrayList() : null;
+            final IntArrayList extPrims = wantExt ? new IntArrayList() : null;
+
            for (FormatData data : formatData) {
                int vertexCount;
                final List<ByteBuffer> drawBuffers = data.buffers;
@@ -76,6 +98,23 @@ public final class DisplayListVBOBuilder {
                if (data.drawMode == GL11.GL_QUADS) {
                    final IVertexArrayObject indexedVAO = new IndexedVAO(vbo, IndexBuffer.convertQuadsToTrigs(start, start + vertexCount));
                    vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(indexedVAO, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 0, vertexCount / 4 * 6, flags);
+                    if (wantExt) {
+                        extDrawIndexes.add(data.drawIndex);
+                        extStarts.add(start);
+                        extCounts.add(vertexCount);
+                        extPrims.add(4);
+                    }
+                } else if (data.drawMode == GL11.GL_TRIANGLES) {
+                    if (wantExt) {
+                        final IVertexArrayObject triVao = new BaseVAO(vbo);
+                        vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(triVao, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, start, vertexCount, flags);
+                        extDrawIndexes.add(data.drawIndex);
+                        extStarts.add(start);
+                        extCounts.add(vertexCount);
+                        extPrims.add(3);
+                    } else {
+                        vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(vao, GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, start, vertexCount, flags);
+                    }
                } else if (data.drawMode == GL11.GL_QUAD_STRIP) {
                    // GL_QUAD_STRIP is removed in core profile; an even-length GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP produces the same quads
                    vbos[data.drawIndex] = new DisplayListVBO.SubVBO(vao, GL11.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, start, vertexCount & ~1, flags);
@@ -91,11 +130,55 @@ public final class DisplayListVBOBuilder {
            }
            ByteBuffer bigBuffer = mergeAndDelete(allBuffers);
            vbo.allocate(bigBuffer, start);
+
+            if (wantExt && !extDrawIndexes.isEmpty()) {
+                final int extVbo = buildExt(extHandler, format, bigBuffer, extStarts, extCounts, extPrims);
+                if (extVbo != 0) {
+                    extVbos.add(extVbo);
+                    for (int e = 0; e < extDrawIndexes.size(); e++) {
+                        vbos[extDrawIndexes.getInt(e)].setPendingExtVbo(extVbo);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
            memFree(bigBuffer);

            allBuffers.clear();
        }
-        return new DisplayListVBO(vbos);
+        return new DisplayListVBO(vbos, extVbos.toIntArray());
+    }
+
+    private static int buildExt(ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler handler, VertexFormat format, ByteBuffer bigBuffer,
+                                IntArrayList extStarts, IntArrayList extCounts, IntArrayList extPrims) {
+        final int extStride = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE;
+        final int stride = format.getVertexSize();
+        final int posOffset = 0;
+        final int texOffset = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.texOffset(format);
+        final int normalOffset = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.normalOffset(format);
+
+        int extVerts = 0;
+        for (int q = 0; q < extStarts.size(); q++) {
+            extVerts = Math.max(extVerts, extStarts.getInt(q) + extCounts.getInt(q));
+        }
+
+        final ByteBuffer ext = memCalloc(extVerts, extStride);
+        final long extAddr = memAddress0(ext);
+        final long srcBase = memAddress0(bigBuffer);
+        for (int q = 0; q < extStarts.size(); q++) {
+            final int rStart = extStarts.getInt(q);
+            final int rCount = extCounts.getInt(q);
+            final int rPrim = extPrims.getInt(q);
+            handler.buildPacked(srcBase + (long) rStart * stride, stride, posOffset, texOffset, normalOffset, rCount, rPrim,
+                extAddr + (long) rStart * extStride, extStride);
+        }
+
+        final int extVbo = GLStateManager.glGenBuffers();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, extVbo);
+        ext.position(0).limit(extVerts * extStride);
+        GLStateManager.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, ext, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+        memFree(ext);
+        return extVbo;
    }

    private static ByteBuffer mergeAndDelete(List<ByteBuffer> buffers) {
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ public final class GLCommand {
    public static final int COLOR = 54;              // [cmd:4][r:4f][g:4f][b:4f][a:4f]
    public static final int CLEAR_COLOR = 55;        // [cmd:4][r:4f][g:4f][b:4f][a:4f]
    public static final int BLEND_COLOR = 56;        // [cmd:4][r:4f][g:4f][b:4f][a:4f]
+    public static final int SECONDARY_COLOR = 57;    // [cmd:4][r:4f][g:4f][b:4f]

    // === Mixed int+float commands ===
    public static final int ALPHA_FUNC = 60;         // [cmd:4][func:4][ref:4f]
@@ -155,6 +156,7 @@ public final class GLCommand {
            case COLOR -> "COLOR";
            case CLEAR_COLOR -> "CLEAR_COLOR";
            case BLEND_COLOR -> "BLEND_COLOR";
+            case SECONDARY_COLOR -> "SECONDARY_COLOR";
            case ALPHA_FUNC -> "ALPHA_FUNC";
            case FOGF -> "FOGF";
            case LIGHTF -> "LIGHTF";
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ public final class GLCommand {
            // Three int commands (16 bytes)
            case GLCommand.STENCIL_FUNC, GLCommand.STENCIL_OP, GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERI,
                 GLCommand.LIGHTF, GLCommand.LIGHTI,
-                 GLCommand.MATERIALF, GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERF -> 16;
+                 GLCommand.MATERIALF, GLCommand.TEX_PARAMETERF, GLCommand.SECONDARY_COLOR -> 16;

            // Four int commands (20 bytes)
            case GLCommand.VIEWPORT, GLCommand.BLEND_FUNC, GLCommand.COLOR_MASK,
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
    private static final String GLU = "org/lwjgl/util/glu/GLU";
    private static final String OpenGlHelper = "net/minecraft/client/renderer/OpenGlHelper";
    private static final String EXTBlendFunc = "org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTBlendFuncSeparate";
+    private static final String EXTSecondaryColor = "org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTSecondaryColor";
    private static final String ARBMultiTexture = "org/lwjgl/opengl/ARBMultitexture";
    private static final String ARBShaderObjects = "org/lwjgl/opengl/ARBShaderObjects";
    private static final String ARBInstancedArrays = "org/lwjgl/opengl/ARBInstancedArrays";
@@ -162,6 +163,7 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
    private static final String EXTGpuShader4 = "org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTGpuShader4";
    private static final String EXTGPUShader4 = "org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTGPUShader4";
    private static final String ARBTimerQuery = "org/lwjgl/opengl/ARBTimerQuery";
+    private static final String EXTTimerQuery = "org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTTimerQuery";

    // Redirect VAO related calls from NHLib
    private static final String UniversalVAO = "com/gtnewhorizon/gtnhlib/client/opengl/UniversalVAO";
@@ -236,6 +238,9 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
            .add("glFogi")
            .add("glFrustum")
            .add("glGetBoolean")
+            .add("glGetClipPlane")
+            .add("glGetDouble")
+            .add("glGetDoublev", "glGetDouble")
            .add("glGetFloat")
            .add("glGetFloatv", "glGetFloat")
            .add("glGetInteger")
@@ -399,7 +404,12 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
            .add("glBlendEquation")
            .add("glMultiDrawArrays")
            .add("glPointParameterf")
-            .add("glPointParameteri");
+            .add("glPointParameteri")
+            // Removed in core profile - emulated by the FFP shaders, calling through would abort the JVM
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3f")
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3d")
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3b")
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3ub");
        final var gl15 = RedirectMap.newMap()
            .add("glGenBuffers")
            .add("glBindBuffer")
@@ -507,7 +517,8 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
            .add("glFramebufferRenderbuffer")
            .add("glIsFramebuffer")
            .add("glIsRenderbuffer")
-            .add("glBindBufferBase");
+            .add("glBindBufferBase")
+            .add("glBindBufferRange");
        final var gl31 = RedirectMap.newMap()
            .add("glDrawElementsInstanced")
            .add("glDrawArraysInstanced")
@@ -585,6 +596,11 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
            .add("isFramebufferEnabled")
        );
        methodRedirects.put(EXTBlendFunc, RedirectMap.newMap().add("glBlendFuncSeparateEXT", "tryBlendFuncSeparate"));
+        methodRedirects.put(EXTSecondaryColor, RedirectMap.newMap()
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3bEXT", "glSecondaryColor3b")
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3fEXT", "glSecondaryColor3f")
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3dEXT", "glSecondaryColor3d")
+            .add("glSecondaryColor3ubEXT", "glSecondaryColor3ub"));

        // ARB
        methodRedirects.put(ARBMultiTexture, RedirectMap.newMap()
@@ -629,6 +645,10 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
            .add("glQueryCounter")
            .add("glGetQueryObjectui64")
        );
+        methodRedirects.put(EXTTimerQuery, RedirectMap.newMap()
+            .add("glGetQueryObjectuEXT", "glGetQueryObjectui64")
+            .add("glGetQueryObjectui64EXT", "glGetQueryObjectui64")
+        );

        glDescRedirects.put("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL32C glFenceSync(II)J", "glFenceSync");
        glDescRedirects.put("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL32C glClientWaitSync(JIJ)I", "glClientWaitSync");
@@ -703,6 +723,7 @@ public class GLSMRedirector {
        );
        final var uniformBufferObject = RedirectMap.newMap()
            .add("glBindBufferBase")
+            .add("glBindBufferRange")
            .add("glGetUniformBlockIndex")
            .add("glUniformBlockBinding");
        methodRedirects.put(ARBUniformBufferObject, uniformBufferObject);
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ public final class GlslVulkanPreprocess {
        return out;
    }

-    public record Metadata(Set<String> boolUniforms, Set<String> explicitVsInputs) {}
+    public record Metadata(Set<String> boolUniforms, Set<String> explicitVsInputs, boolean needsSamplerless) {}

    public static Metadata collectEdits(String source, GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext root, int glShaderType, String debugName, boolean separateReadOnlyImages, List<Edit> edits) {
        final boolean isVertex = glShaderType == GL20.GL_VERTEX_SHADER;
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ public final class GlslVulkanPreprocess {
            }
        }, root);

-        if (needsSamplerless[0]) {
+        if (needsSamplerless[0] && source != null) {
            final int at = versionDirectiveEnd(source);
            if (at >= 0) edits.add(new Edit(at, at - 1, "\n" + SAMPLERLESS_EXTENSION));
        }
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ public final class GlslVulkanPreprocess {
            }
        }

-        return new Metadata(bools, explicitInputs);
+        return new Metadata(bools, explicitInputs, needsSamplerless[0]);
    }

    public static void clearCache() {
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks;

 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.stacks.IStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.VanillaStateLayer;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.AlphaState;
+import lombok.Setter;

 public class AlphaStateStack extends AlphaState implements IStateStack<AlphaState> {

@@ -10,6 +12,8 @@ public class AlphaStateStack extends AlphaState implements IStateStack<AlphaStat

    protected int pointer;

+    @Setter private VanillaStateLayer<AlphaState> vanillaLayer;
+
    public AlphaStateStack() {
        stack = new AlphaState[GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH];
        for (int i = 0; i < GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH; i++) {
@@ -22,7 +26,7 @@ public class AlphaStateStack extends AlphaState implements IStateStack<AlphaStat
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack overflow size " + (pointer + 1) + " reached");
        }

-        stack[pointer++].set(this);
+        VanillaStateLayer.capture(vanillaLayer, stack[pointer++].set(this));
        return this;
    }

@@ -31,10 +35,19 @@ public class AlphaStateStack extends AlphaState implements IStateStack<AlphaStat
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack underflow");
        }

-        set(stack[--pointer]);
+        final AlphaState saved = stack[--pointer];
+        if (!VanillaStateLayer.restore(vanillaLayer, saved)) {
+            set(saved);
+        }
        return this;
    }

+    public AlphaState readEffective(AlphaState out) {
+        out.set(this);
+        VanillaStateLayer.capture(vanillaLayer, out);
+        return out;
+    }
+
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return pointer == 0;
    }
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks;

 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.stacks.IStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.VanillaStateLayer;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.BlendState;
+import lombok.Setter;

 public class BlendStateStack extends BlendState implements IStateStack<BlendStateStack> {

@@ -10,6 +12,8 @@ public class BlendStateStack extends BlendState implements IStateStack<BlendStat

    protected int pointer;

+    @Setter private VanillaStateLayer<BlendState> vanillaLayer;
+
    public BlendStateStack() {
        stack = new BlendState[GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH];
        for (int i = 0; i < GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH; i++) {
@@ -22,7 +26,7 @@ public class BlendStateStack extends BlendState implements IStateStack<BlendStat
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack overflow size " + (pointer + 1) + " reached");
        }

-        stack[pointer++].set(this);
+        VanillaStateLayer.capture(vanillaLayer, stack[pointer++].set(this));
        return this;
    }

@@ -31,10 +35,21 @@ public class BlendStateStack extends BlendState implements IStateStack<BlendStat
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack underflow");
        }

-        set(stack[--pointer]);
+        final BlendState saved = stack[--pointer];
+        if (VanillaStateLayer.restore(vanillaLayer, saved)) {
+            setExceptFunc(saved);
+        } else {
+            set(saved);
+        }
        return this;
    }

+    public BlendState readEffective(BlendState out) {
+        out.set(this);
+        VanillaStateLayer.capture(vanillaLayer, out);
+        return out;
+    }
+
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return pointer == 0;
    }
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks;

 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.stacks.IStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.VanillaBooleanLayer;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.BooleanState;
+import lombok.Setter;

 /**
 * A stack for boolean GL state with lazy copy-on-write optimization.
@@ -14,6 +16,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.BooleanState;
 public class BooleanStateStack extends BooleanState implements IStateStack<BooleanStateStack> {

    protected final boolean[] stack;
+    @Setter private VanillaBooleanLayer vanillaLayer;

    /**
     * The depth at which state has been saved. Compared against GLStateManager.getAttribDepth()
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ public class BooleanStateStack extends BooleanState implements IStateStack<Boole
        if (savedDepth >= stack.length) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack overflow size " + (savedDepth + 1) + " reached");
        }
-        stack[savedDepth++] = enabled;
+        stack[savedDepth++] = vanillaValue();
        return this;
    }

@@ -65,12 +68,26 @@ public class BooleanStateStack extends BooleanState implements IStateStack<Boole
        if (savedDepth == 0) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack underflow");
        }
-        final boolean oldValue = stack[--savedDepth];
-        // Call setEnabledDirect to avoid triggering beforeModify during restore
-        setEnabledDirect(oldValue);
+        restore(stack[--savedDepth]);
        return this;
    }

+    public boolean isEffectivelyEnabled() {
+        return (vanillaLayer != null && vanillaLayer.isOverrideHeld()) ? vanillaLayer.getVanilla() : enabled;
+    }
+
+    private boolean vanillaValue() {
+        return isEffectivelyEnabled();
+    }
+
+    private void restore(boolean value) {
+        if (vanillaLayer != null && vanillaLayer.isOverrideHeld()) {
+            vanillaLayer.setVanilla(value);
+        } else {
+            setEnabledDirect(value);
+        }
+    }
+
    @Override
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return savedDepth == 0;
@@ -92,8 +109,7 @@ public class BooleanStateStack extends BooleanState implements IStateStack<Boole
    public BooleanStateStack popDepth() {
        // We're only called if we were modified, so savedDepth should match
        if (savedDepth > 0) {
-            final boolean oldValue = stack[--savedDepth];
-            setEnabledDirect(oldValue);
+            restore(stack[--savedDepth]);
        }
        return this;
    }
@@ -106,7 +122,7 @@ public class BooleanStateStack extends BooleanState implements IStateStack<Boole
    public void beforeModify() {
        final int globalDepth = GLStateManager.getAttribDepth();
        if (savedDepth < globalDepth) {
-            stack[savedDepth++] = enabled;
+            stack[savedDepth++] = vanillaValue();
            GLStateManager.registerModifiedState(this);
        }
    }
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks;

 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.stacks.IStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.VanillaStateLayer;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.ColorMask;
+import lombok.Setter;

 public class ColorMaskStack extends ColorMask implements IStateStack<ColorMaskStack> {

@@ -10,6 +12,8 @@ public class ColorMaskStack extends ColorMask implements IStateStack<ColorMaskSt

    protected int pointer;

+    @Setter private VanillaStateLayer<ColorMask> vanillaLayer;
+
    public ColorMaskStack() {
        stack = new ColorMask[GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH];
        for (int i = 0; i < GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH; i++) {
@@ -22,7 +26,7 @@ public class ColorMaskStack extends ColorMask implements IStateStack<ColorMaskSt
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack overflow size " + (pointer + 1) + " reached");
        }

-        stack[pointer++].set(this);
+        VanillaStateLayer.capture(vanillaLayer, stack[pointer++].set(this));
        return this;
    }

@@ -31,7 +35,10 @@ public class ColorMaskStack extends ColorMask implements IStateStack<ColorMaskSt
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack underflow");
        }

-        set(stack[--pointer]);
+        final ColorMask saved = stack[--pointer];
+        if (!VanillaStateLayer.restore(vanillaLayer, saved)) {
+            set(saved);
+        }
        return this;
    }

@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.stacks;

 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.stacks.IStateStack;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.VanillaStateLayer;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.states.DepthState;
+import lombok.Setter;

 public class DepthStateStack extends DepthState implements IStateStack<DepthStateStack> {

@@ -10,6 +12,10 @@ public class DepthStateStack extends DepthState implements IStateStack<DepthStat

    protected int pointer;

+    @Setter private VanillaStateLayer<DepthState> vanillaLayer;
+
+    private final DepthState effective = new DepthState();
+
    public DepthStateStack() {
        stack = new DepthState[GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH];
        for (int i = 0; i < GLStateManager.MAX_ATTRIB_STACK_DEPTH; i++) {
@@ -22,7 +28,7 @@ public class DepthStateStack extends DepthState implements IStateStack<DepthStat
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack overflow size " + (pointer + 1) + " reached");
        }

-        stack[pointer++].set(this);
+        VanillaStateLayer.capture(vanillaLayer, stack[pointer++].set(this));
        return this;
    }

@@ -31,10 +37,21 @@ public class DepthStateStack extends DepthState implements IStateStack<DepthStat
            throw new IllegalStateException("Stack underflow");
        }

-        set(stack[--pointer]);
+        final DepthState saved = stack[--pointer];
+        if (VanillaStateLayer.restore(vanillaLayer, saved)) {
+            setExceptMask(saved);
+        } else {
+            set(saved);
+        }
        return this;
    }

+    public boolean isEffectiveMaskEnabled() {
+        if (!VanillaStateLayer.isHeld(vanillaLayer)) return isEnabled();
+        vanillaLayer.readVanilla(effective);
+        return effective.isEnabled();
+    }
+
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return pointer == 0;
    }
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ public class TextureUnitBooleanStateStack extends BooleanStateStack {

            if (GLSMHooks.TEXTURE_UNIT_STATE.hasListeners()) {
                GLSMHooks.textureUnitStateEvent.unit = unitIndex;
+                GLSMHooks.textureUnitStateEvent.cap = glCap;
                GLSMHooks.textureUnitStateEvent.enabled = enabled;
                GLSMHooks.TEXTURE_UNIT_STATE.post(GLSMHooks.textureUnitStateEvent);
            }
@@ -55,6 +55,15 @@ public class BlendState implements ISettableState<BlendState> {
        return this;
    }

+    public void setExceptFunc(BlendState state) {
+        final int sRgb = srcRgb, dRgb = dstRgb, sAlpha = srcAlpha, dAlpha = dstAlpha;
+        set(state);
+        this.srcRgb = sRgb;
+        this.dstRgb = dRgb;
+        this.srcAlpha = sAlpha;
+        this.dstAlpha = dAlpha;
+    }
+
    @Override
    public boolean sameAs(Object state) {
        if (this == state) return true;
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
 import org.joml.Vector4f;

+import java.nio.DoubleBuffer;
 import java.nio.FloatBuffer;

 /**
@@ -31,4 +32,10 @@ public class ClipPlaneState {
        final float[] p = eyePlanes[index];
        buf.put(p[0]).put(p[1]).put(p[2]).put(p[3]);
    }
+
+    public void getEyePlane(int index, DoubleBuffer buf) {
+        final float[] p = eyePlanes[index];
+        final int pos = buf.position();
+        buf.put(pos, p[0]).put(pos + 1, p[1]).put(pos + 2, p[2]).put(pos + 3, p[3]);
+    }
 }
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ public class DepthState implements ISettableState<DepthState> {
        return this;
    }

+    public void setExceptMask(DepthState state) {
+        final boolean mask = enabled;
+        set(state);
+        this.enabled = mask;
+    }
+
    @Override
    public boolean sameAs(Object state) {
        if (this == state) return true;
@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@ import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.DirectTessellator;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.DefaultVertexFormat;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFlags;
 import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormat;
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormatElement;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.SystemProperties;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.QuadConverter;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.RenderSystem;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.FfpExtendedAttribs;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp.ShaderManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMConfig;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMHooks;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.profiling.Tracy;
 import net.minecraft.client.renderer.Tessellator;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
@@ -22,6 +26,7 @@ import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAddress0;
 import static org.joml.Math.clamp;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memAlloc;
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memCopy;
 import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.bytebuf.MemoryUtilities.memFree;

 /**
@@ -36,6 +41,7 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
    private static final Tracy.ZoneId Z_SDL_STREAM_DRAW = Tracy.zoneId("sdlStreamDraw", Tracy.COLOR_FFP);

    private static final Logger LOGGER = LogManager.getLogger("TessellatorStreamingDrawer");
+
    private static final int FORMAT_COUNT = VertexFlags.BITSET_SIZE; // 16

    private static PersistentStreamingBuffer persistentBuffer;
@@ -44,6 +50,12 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
    private static final int[] persistentVAOs = new int[FORMAT_COUNT];
    private static final int[] orphanVAOs = new int[FORMAT_COUNT];

+    private static final int[] extendedPersistentVAOs = new int[FORMAT_COUNT];
+    private static final int[] extendedOrphanVAOs = new int[FORMAT_COUNT];
+    private static ByteBuffer extScratch;
+    private static long extScratchAddress;
+    private static int extScratchCapacity;
+
    private static ByteBuffer repackBuffer;
    private static long repackAddress;
    private static int repackCapacity;
@@ -108,7 +120,7 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {

                final int defaultBrightness;
                if (!tess.hasBrightness) {
-                    defaultBrightness = ((int) GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessY << 16) | ((int) GLSMConfig.lastBrightnessX & 0xFFFF);
+                    defaultBrightness = GLSMConfig.packedLastBrightness();
                } else {
                    defaultBrightness = 0;
                }
@@ -153,7 +165,25 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
            repackBuffer.position(0);
            repackBuffer.limit((int)(writePtr - repackAddress));

-            uploadAndDraw(repackBuffer, effectiveFlags, format, vertexSize, tess.drawMode, vertexCount);
+            final ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler extHandler = GLSMHooks.immediateExtendedHandler;
+            final int extPrim = extHandler == null ? 0 : ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.extPrimVerts(tess.drawMode, vertexCount);
+            final boolean wantsExt = extHandler != null && extHandler.wantsExtended();
+            final boolean doExt = extPrim != 0 && tess.hasTexture && wantsExt;
+            if (doExt) {
+                final int combinedStride = vertexSize + ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE;
+                final int combinedBytes = vertexCount * combinedStride;
+                ensureExtScratch(combinedBytes);
+                interleaveBase(repackAddress, extScratchAddress, vertexCount, vertexSize, combinedStride);
+                // format expansion backfills a normal into rawBuffer, so trust effectiveFlags rather than tess.hasNormals
+                final int normalIndex = (effectiveFlags & VertexFlags.NORMAL_BIT) != 0 ? ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.RAW_NORMAL_INDEX : -1;
+                extHandler.build(tess.rawBuffer, vertexCount, extPrim, normalIndex, extScratchAddress + vertexSize, combinedStride);
+                extScratch.position(0);
+                extScratch.limit(combinedBytes);
+                uploadAndDrawExtended(extScratch, effectiveFlags, format, combinedStride, tess.drawMode, vertexCount);
+                shrinkExtScratchIfOversized(combinedBytes);
+            } else {
+                uploadAndDraw(repackBuffer, effectiveFlags, format, vertexSize, tess.drawMode, vertexCount);
+            }
        } finally {
            if (locked) GLStateManager.releaseDrawLock();
        }
@@ -184,6 +214,7 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
        final ByteBuffer buffer = dt.getWriteBuffer();
        final int vertexSize = format.getVertexSize();

+        if (tryExtendedPacked(buffer, flags, format, vertexSize, drawMode, vertexCount)) return;
        uploadAndDraw(buffer, flags, format, vertexSize, drawMode, vertexCount);
    }

@@ -197,9 +228,37 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
    public static void drawPacked(ByteBuffer packedData, int drawMode, int flags, int vertexCount) {
        final VertexFormat format = DefaultVertexFormat.ALL_FORMATS[flags];
        final int vertexSize = format.getVertexSize();
+        if (tryExtendedPacked(packedData, flags, format, vertexSize, drawMode, vertexCount)) return;
        uploadAndDraw(packedData, flags, format, vertexSize, drawMode, vertexCount);
    }

+    private static boolean tryExtendedPacked(ByteBuffer packed, int flags, VertexFormat format, int vertexSize, int drawMode, int vertexCount) {
+        final ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler extHandler = GLSMHooks.immediateExtendedHandler;
+        if (extHandler == null || !extHandler.wantsExtended()) return false;
+        final int extPrim = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.extPrimVerts(drawMode, vertexCount);
+        if (extPrim == 0 || !format.hasTexture()) return false;
+
+        final long srcBase = memAddress0(packed) + packed.position();
+        final int texOffset = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.texOffset(format);
+        final int normalOffset = ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.normalOffset(format);
+        final int combinedStride = vertexSize + ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE;
+        final int combinedBytes = vertexCount * combinedStride;
+        ensureExtScratch(combinedBytes);
+        interleaveBase(srcBase, extScratchAddress, vertexCount, vertexSize, combinedStride);
+        extHandler.buildPacked(srcBase, vertexSize, 0, texOffset, normalOffset, vertexCount, extPrim, extScratchAddress + vertexSize, combinedStride);
+        extScratch.position(0);
+        extScratch.limit(combinedBytes);
+        uploadAndDrawExtended(extScratch, flags, format, combinedStride, drawMode, vertexCount);
+        shrinkExtScratchIfOversized(combinedBytes);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void interleaveBase(long src, long dst, int vertexCount, int vertexSize, int combinedStride) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < vertexCount; i++) {
+            memCopy(src + (long) i * vertexSize, dst + (long) i * combinedStride, vertexSize);
+        }
+    }
+
    private static String cachedDebugInfo = "Stream: not initialized";
    private static long lastDebugUpdateNanos;
    private static final long DEBUG_UPDATE_INTERVAL_NS = 500_000_000L; // 500ms
@@ -282,6 +341,7 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
            }

            drawWithQuadConversion(drawMode, firstVertex, vertexCount);
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
        } finally {
            if (locked) GLStateManager.releaseDrawLock();
            Tracy.endZone();
@@ -293,10 +353,89 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
    }

    private static void drawWithQuadConversion(int drawMode, int firstVertex, int vertexCount) {
-        if (drawMode == GL11.GL_QUADS) {
-            QuadConverter.drawQuadsAsTriangles(firstVertex, vertexCount);
+        FfpExtendedAttribs.beginInternalDraw();
+        try {
+            if (drawMode == GL11.GL_QUADS) {
+                QuadConverter.drawQuadsAsTriangles(firstVertex, vertexCount);
+            } else {
+                GLStateManager.glDrawArrays(drawMode, firstVertex, vertexCount);
+            }
+        } finally {
+            FfpExtendedAttribs.endInternalDraw();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void uploadAndDrawExtended(ByteBuffer combined, int flags, VertexFormat format, int combinedStride, int drawMode, int vertexCount) {
+        ensureVAO(flags, format);
+        ensureExtendedVAOs(flags, format);
+
+        int firstVertex = -1;
+
+        if (persistentBuffer != null) {
+            firstVertex = persistentBuffer.upload(combined, combinedStride);
+        }
+
+        if (firstVertex >= 0) {
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(extendedPersistentVAOs[flags]);
        } else {
-            GLStateManager.glDrawArrays(drawMode, firstVertex, vertexCount);
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(extendedOrphanVAOs[flags]);
+            orphanBuffers[flags].upload(combined);
+            firstVertex = 0;
+        }
+
+        drawWithQuadConversion(drawMode, firstVertex, vertexCount);
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+    }
+
+    private static void ensureExtendedVAOs(int flags, VertexFormat format) {
+        if (extendedOrphanVAOs[flags] == 0) {
+            extendedOrphanVAOs[flags] = GLStateManager.glGenVertexArrays();
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(extendedOrphanVAOs[flags]);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, orphanBuffers[flags].getBufferId());
+            setupExtendedBufferState(format);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        }
+
+        if (persistentBuffer != null && extendedPersistentVAOs[flags] == 0) {
+            extendedPersistentVAOs[flags] = GLStateManager.glGenVertexArrays();
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(extendedPersistentVAOs[flags]);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, persistentBuffer.getBufferId());
+            setupExtendedBufferState(format);
+            GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
+            GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void setupExtendedBufferState(VertexFormat format) {
+        final int combinedStride = format.getVertexSize() + ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.EXT_STRIDE;
+        long offset = 0;
+        for (final VertexFormatElement element : format.elementsArray) {
+            element.setupBufferState(offset, combinedStride);
+            offset += element.getByteSize();
+        }
+        ImmediateExtendedAttribHandler.setupExtAttribPointers(offset, combinedStride);
+    }
+
+    private static void ensureExtScratch(int requiredBytes) {
+        if (extScratch != null && requiredBytes <= extScratchCapacity) return;
+
+        int newCapacity = Math.max(0x4000, extScratchCapacity);
+        while (newCapacity < requiredBytes) {
+            newCapacity *= 2;
+        }
+        if (extScratch != null) memFree(extScratch);
+        extScratch = memAlloc(newCapacity);
+        extScratchAddress = memAddress0(extScratch);
+        extScratchCapacity = newCapacity;
+    }
+
+    private static void shrinkExtScratchIfOversized(int lastRequiredBytes) {
+        if (extScratchCapacity > 0x20000 && lastRequiredBytes < (extScratchCapacity >> 3)) {
+            memFree(extScratch);
+            extScratchCapacity = 0x4000;
+            extScratch = memAlloc(extScratchCapacity);
+            extScratchAddress = memAddress0(extScratch);
        }
    }

@@ -357,8 +496,16 @@ public class TessellatorStreamingDrawer {
        for (int i = 0; i < FORMAT_COUNT; i++) {
            if (persistentVAOs[i] != 0) { GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(persistentVAOs[i]); persistentVAOs[i] = 0; }
            if (orphanVAOs[i] != 0) { GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(orphanVAOs[i]); orphanVAOs[i] = 0; }
+            if (extendedPersistentVAOs[i] != 0) { GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(extendedPersistentVAOs[i]); extendedPersistentVAOs[i] = 0; }
+            if (extendedOrphanVAOs[i] != 0) { GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(extendedOrphanVAOs[i]); extendedOrphanVAOs[i] = 0; }
            if (orphanBuffers[i] != null) { orphanBuffers[i].destroy(); orphanBuffers[i] = null; }
        }
+        if (extScratch != null) {
+            memFree(extScratch);
+            extScratch = null;
+            extScratchAddress = 0;
+            extScratchCapacity = 0;
+        }
        if (persistentBuffer != null) {
            persistentBuffer.destroy();
            persistentBuffer = null;
@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ public class TextureInfo {

    @Getter @Setter protected boolean generateMipmap = false;

+    @Getter protected int uploadGeneration;
+
+    void bumpUploadGeneration() {
+        uploadGeneration++;
+    }
+
    protected TextureInfo(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ public class TextureInfoCache {
            info.resolvedInternalFormat = isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(internalformat) ? -1 : internalformat;
            info.width = width;
            info.height = height;
+            info.bumpUploadGeneration();
        }
    }

@@ -65,9 +66,29 @@ public class TextureInfoCache {
            info.resolvedInternalFormat = isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(internalformat) ? -1 : internalformat;
            info.width = width;
            info.height = height;
+            info.bumpUploadGeneration();
        }
    }

+    public void onTexStorage2D(int target, int internalformat, int width, int height) {
+        if (!isTrackedTarget(target)) return;
+        final TextureInfo info = getInfo(GLStateManager.getBoundTextureForServerState());
+        if (info == null) return;
+        info.setTarget(target);
+        info.internalFormat = internalformat;
+        info.resolvedInternalFormat = isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(internalformat) ? -1 : internalformat;
+        info.width = width;
+        info.height = height;
+        info.bumpUploadGeneration();
+    }
+
+    public void onTexSubImage2D(int target, int level) {
+        if (!isTrackedTarget(target) || level != 0) return;
+        final TextureInfo info = getInfo(GLStateManager.getBoundTextureForServerState());
+        if (info == null) return;
+        info.bumpUploadGeneration();
+    }
+
    public static boolean isGenericCompressedInternalFormat(int internalFormat) {
        return switch (internalFormat) {
            case GL30.GL_COMPRESSED_RED,
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.Arguments;
 import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.MethodSource;
+import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL14;

+import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;

 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
@@ -22,6 +25,7 @@ public class GLSM_CoreRemovedCaps_GLTest {
            cap("GL_POLYGON_STIPPLE", GL11.GL_POLYGON_STIPPLE),
            cap("GL_INDEX_LOGIC_OP", GL11.GL_INDEX_LOGIC_OP),
            cap("GL_AUTO_NORMAL", GL11.GL_AUTO_NORMAL),
+            cap("GL_COLOR_SUM", GL14.GL_COLOR_SUM),
            cap("GL_MAP1_COLOR_4", GL11.GL_MAP1_COLOR_4),
            cap("GL_MAP1_INDEX", GL11.GL_MAP1_INDEX),
            cap("GL_MAP1_NORMAL", GL11.GL_MAP1_NORMAL),
@@ -46,6 +50,14 @@ public class GLSM_CoreRemovedCaps_GLTest {
        return Arguments.of(name, value);
    }

+    private static void assertSecondaryColor(float red, float green, float blue) {
+        final FloatBuffer params = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(4);
+        GLStateManager.glGetFloat(GL14.GL_CURRENT_SECONDARY_COLOR, params);
+        assertEquals(red, params.get(0), "red must round-trip through the cache");
+        assertEquals(green, params.get(1), "green must round-trip through the cache");
+        assertEquals(blue, params.get(2), "blue must round-trip through the cache");
+    }
+
    private static void assertNoGlError(String what) {
        final int error = GL11.glGetError();
        assertEquals(GL11.GL_NO_ERROR, error, () -> what + " raised 0x" + Integer.toHexString(error));
@@ -83,6 +95,71 @@ public class GLSM_CoreRemovedCaps_GLTest {
        }
    }

+    @Test
+    void secondaryColorIsCacheOnly() {
+        try {
+            // Calling through to the driver here aborts the JVM in a core profile - the color sum is emulated by the FFP shaders
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(0.25F, 0.5F, 0.75F);
+            assertNoGlError("glSecondaryColor3f");
+
+            assertSecondaryColor(0.25F, 0.5F, 0.75F);
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F);
+            while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void secondaryColorIsRestoredByPopAttrib() {
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(0.125F, 0.25F, 0.375F);
+            GLStateManager.glPushAttrib(GL11.GL_CURRENT_BIT);
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(1.0F, 1.0F, 1.0F);
+            GLStateManager.glPopAttrib();
+            assertNoGlError("glPushAttrib/glSecondaryColor3f/glPopAttrib");
+
+            assertSecondaryColor(0.125F, 0.25F, 0.375F);
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F);
+            while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void colorSumIsRestoredByFogBitPopAttrib() {
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glPushAttrib(GL11.GL_FOG_BIT);
+            GLStateManager.glEnable(GL14.GL_COLOR_SUM);
+            GLStateManager.glPopAttrib();
+            assertNoGlError("glPushAttrib(GL_FOG_BIT)/glEnable(GL_COLOR_SUM)/glPopAttrib");
+            assertFalse(GLStateManager.glIsEnabled(GL14.GL_COLOR_SUM));
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glDisable(GL14.GL_COLOR_SUM);
+            while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void secondaryColorReplaysFromDisplayList() {
+        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        try {
+            GLStateManager.glNewList(list, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(0.5F, 0.625F, 0.75F);
+            GLStateManager.glEndList();
+            assertNoGlError("glSecondaryColor3f display list compile");
+
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F);
+            GLStateManager.glCallList(list);
+            assertNoGlError("glSecondaryColor3f display list replay");
+
+            assertSecondaryColor(0.5F, 0.625F, 0.75F);
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(list, 1);
+            GLStateManager.glSecondaryColor3f(0.0F, 0.0F, 0.0F);
+            while (GL11.glGetError() != GL11.GL_NO_ERROR) {}
+        }
+    }
+
    @Test
    void displayListReplayIsCacheOnly() {
        final int list = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.TessellatorManager;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.CompiledDisplayList;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.GLCommand;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntList;
+import net.minecraft.client.renderer.Tessellator;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+@GLCoreTest
+class GLSM_DisplayList_RawTessellatorTransform_Test {
+
+    private int testList = -1;
+
+    @AfterEach
+    void cleanup() {
+        if (testList > 0) {
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteLists(testList, 1);
+            testList = -1;
+        }
+        GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+    }
+
+    private static void rawQuad(float size) {
+        final Tessellator tess = Tessellator.instance;
+        final float[][] corners = { { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { size, 0.0f }, { size, size }, { 0.0f, size } };
+        tess.rawBuffer = new int[4 * 8];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            final int base = i * 8;
+            tess.rawBuffer[base] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(corners[i][0]);
+            tess.rawBuffer[base + 1] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(corners[i][1]);
+            tess.rawBuffer[base + 3] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(i == 1 || i == 2 ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
+            tess.rawBuffer[base + 4] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(i >= 2 ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
+        }
+        tess.isDrawing = true;
+        tess.drawMode = GL11.GL_QUADS;
+        tess.hasTexture = true;
+        tess.rawBufferIndex = 4 * 8;
+        tess.vertexCount = 4;
+        TessellatorManager.interceptDraw(tess);
+    }
+
+    private static void immediateQuad(float size) {
+        GLStateManager.glBegin(GL11.GL_QUADS);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(size, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(size, size, 0.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(0.0f, size, 0.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glEnd();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void pendingTransformIsEmittedBeforeARawDraw() {
+        testList = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(testList, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+        rawQuad(1.0f);
+
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final CompiledDisplayList compiled = DisplayListManager.getDisplayList(testList);
+        assertNotNull(compiled);
+
+        final IntList opcodes = compiled.getCommandOpcodes();
+        final int scaleIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.SCALE);
+        final int drawIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
+
+        assertTrue(scaleIndex >= 0, "The pending scale must be recorded");
+        assertTrue(drawIndex >= 0, "The raw draw must be recorded");
+        assertTrue(scaleIndex < drawIndex, "Scale must be emitted before the draw it applies to");
+        assertEquals(1, compiled.getCommandCounts().getOrDefault(GLCommand.SCALE, 0), "Scale emitted once, not again by the end-of-list flush");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void pendingTransformIsNotEmittedBeforeABakedDraw() {
+        testList = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(testList, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+        immediateQuad(1.0f);
+
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final CompiledDisplayList compiled = DisplayListManager.getDisplayList(testList);
+        assertNotNull(compiled);
+
+        final IntList opcodes = compiled.getCommandOpcodes();
+        final int scaleIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.SCALE);
+        final int drawIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
+
+        assertTrue(drawIndex >= 0, "The immediate mode draw must be recorded");
+        assertTrue(scaleIndex < 0 || drawIndex < scaleIndex, "Baked geometry must draw before the delta reaches the stream");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void aRawDrawAfterABakedDrawStillGetsTheTransform() {
+        testList = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(testList, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+        immediateQuad(1.0f);
+        rawQuad(1.0f);
+
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final CompiledDisplayList compiled = DisplayListManager.getDisplayList(testList);
+        assertNotNull(compiled);
+
+        final IntList opcodes = compiled.getCommandOpcodes();
+        final int scaleIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.SCALE);
+        final int lastDrawIndex = opcodes.lastIndexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
+        final int firstDrawIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
+
+        assertTrue(scaleIndex >= 0, "The pending scale must be recorded");
+        assertTrue(firstDrawIndex < scaleIndex, "The baked draw stays ahead of the transform");
+        assertTrue(scaleIndex < lastDrawIndex, "The raw draw still gets the transform");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void aRawDrawDoesNotFlushWhileBakedGeometryIsPending() {
+        testList = GLStateManager.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(testList, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+        GLStateManager.glBegin(GL11.GL_QUADS);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+
+        rawQuad(1.0f);
+
+        GLStateManager.glEnd();
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        final CompiledDisplayList compiled = DisplayListManager.getDisplayList(testList);
+        assertNotNull(compiled);
+
+        final IntList opcodes = compiled.getCommandOpcodes();
+        final int scaleIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.SCALE);
+        final int drawIndex = opcodes.indexOf(GLCommand.DRAW_RANGE);
+
+        assertTrue(drawIndex >= 0, "Draws must be recorded");
+        assertTrue(scaleIndex < 0 || drawIndex < scaleIndex, "No flush while baked geometry is pending");
+    }
+}
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;

+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.TessellatorManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.CompiledDisplayList;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.recording.GLCommand;
+import net.minecraft.client.renderer.Tessellator;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2IntMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntList;
 import org.joml.Matrix4f;
@@ -837,6 +839,47 @@ class GLSM_DisplayList_TransformCollapsing_Test {
        }
    }

+    @Test
+    void testRawTessellatorDrawPlaysBackWithTheTransform() {
+        testList = GL11.glGenLists(1);
+        GLStateManager.glNewList(testList, GL11.GL_COMPILE);
+
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
+
+        final Tessellator tess = Tessellator.instance;
+        final float[][] corners = { { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 0.0f }, { 1.0f, 1.0f }, { 0.0f, 1.0f } };
+        tess.rawBuffer = new int[4 * 8];
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            final int base = i * 8;
+            tess.rawBuffer[base] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(corners[i][0]);
+            tess.rawBuffer[base + 1] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(corners[i][1]);
+            tess.rawBuffer[base + 3] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(i == 1 || i == 2 ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
+            tess.rawBuffer[base + 4] = Float.floatToRawIntBits(i >= 2 ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
+        }
+        tess.isDrawing = true;
+        tess.drawMode = GL11.GL_QUADS;
+        tess.hasTexture = true;
+        tess.rawBufferIndex = 4 * 8;
+        tess.vertexCount = 4;
+        TessellatorManager.interceptDraw(tess);
+
+        GLStateManager.glEndList();
+
+        CompiledDisplayList compiled = DisplayListManager.getDisplayList(testList);
+        assertNotNull(compiled);
+
+        GLStateManager.glPushMatrix();
+        GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+        GLStateManager.glCallList(testList);
+
+        FloatBuffer matrixBuf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(16);
+        GLStateManager.glGetFloat(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, matrixBuf);
+        assertEquals(0.5f, matrixBuf.get(0), 0.0001f, "Scale X after playback");
+        assertEquals(0.5f, matrixBuf.get(5), 0.0001f, "Scale Y after playback");
+
+        GLStateManager.glPopMatrix();
+    }
+
    // ==================== Optimizer Push/Pop Reset Tests ====================

    @Test
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.texture.TextureInfo;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.texture.TextureInfoCache;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotSame;
+
+@GLCoreTest
+public class GLSM_TextureUploadGeneration_GLTest {
+
+    private static int allocate(int size) {
+        final int texId = GLStateManager.glGenTextures();
+        GLStateManager.glBindTexture(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, texId);
+        GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA8, size, size, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(size * size * 4));
+        return texId;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void anUploadLeavesANonZeroGeneration() {
+        final int texId = allocate(4);
+        try {
+            assertNotEquals(0, TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.getInfo(texId).getUploadGeneration());
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(texId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void recreatingATextureAtAReusedIdYieldsAFreshInfo() {
+        final int texId = allocate(4);
+        try {
+            final TextureInfo first = TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.getInfo(texId);
+            final int firstGeneration = first.getUploadGeneration();
+
+            TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.onDeleteTexture(texId);
+            final ByteBuffer pixels = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(4 * 4 * 4);
+            GLStateManager.glTexImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA8, 4, 4, 0, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
+
+            final TextureInfo second = TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.getInfo(texId);
+            assertNotSame(first, second, "a deleted id drops its entry, so the replacement must be a distinct instance");
+            assertEquals(firstGeneration, second.getUploadGeneration(), "generations alias across a delete/recreate cycle, which is exactly why identity has to carry the distinction");
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(texId);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void anInPlaceRewriteBumpsTheGeneration() {
+        final int texId = allocate(4);
+        try {
+            final TextureInfo info = TextureInfoCache.INSTANCE.getInfo(texId);
+            final int afterAlloc = info.getUploadGeneration();
+
+            GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(2 * 2 * 4));
+            assertNotEquals(afterAlloc, info.getUploadGeneration(), "content changed, so anything caching the pixels is stale");
+
+            final int afterSub = info.getUploadGeneration();
+            GLStateManager.glTexSubImage2D(GL11.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(4));
+            assertEquals(afterSub, info.getUploadGeneration(), "only level 0 is tracked");
+        } finally {
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteTextures(texId);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@ class GLVersionParseTest {
        assertEquals(-1, RenderSystem.parseMajorMinor("OpenGL ES 3.2"));
    }

+    @Test
+    void detectsLtwWrapper() {
+        assertTrue(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString("3.3 OpenLTW (Built on: May 21 2026/12:38:14)"));
+        assertFalse(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString(null));
+        assertFalse(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString(""));
+        assertFalse(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString("4.6.0 NVIDIA 551.61"));
+        assertFalse(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString("4.6 (Core Profile) Mesa 24.0.3"));
+        assertFalse(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString("4.1 Metal - 88"));
+        assertFalse(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString("OpenGL ES 3.2 ANGLE (Vulkan)"));
+        assertFalse(LTWWorkaround.isLtwVersionString("2.1 gl4es wrapper"));
+    }
+
    @Test
    void isContextValid() {
        assertTrue(RenderSystem.isContextValid(4, 4, 46, true));
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.taumc.glsl.grammar.GLSLParser;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class ReservedWordRestoreTest {
+
+    private static void assertTreeRestoreMatchesStringRestore(String label, String renamedSource) {
+        final GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext treeA = GlslTransformUtils.parseFullQuiet(renamedSource);
+        final String legacy = GlslTransformUtils.restoreReservedWords(GlslTransformUtils.getFormattedShader(treeA, ""));
+
+        final GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext treeB = GlslTransformUtils.parseFullQuiet(renamedSource);
+        GlslTransformUtils.restoreReservedWordsInTree(treeB);
+        final String inTree = GlslTransformUtils.getFormattedShader(treeB, "");
+
+        assertEquals(legacy, inTree, "in-tree restore diverged from string restore for " + label);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void allThreeRenamesRestoreIdentically() {
+        final String src = "float angelica_renamed_sample = 1.0;\n"
+            + "uniform sampler2D angelica_renamed_sampler;\n"
+            + "vec4 angelica_renamed_texture = vec4(0.0);\n"
+            + "void main() {\n"
+            + "    vec4 c = angelica_renamed_texture + vec4(angelica_renamed_sample);\n"
+            + "}\n";
+        assertTreeRestoreMatchesStringRestore("all-three", src);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void renamedNewStaysRenamed() {
+        final String src = "float angelica_renamed_new = 2.0;\n"
+            + "void main() { float x = angelica_renamed_new; }\n";
+        assertTreeRestoreMatchesStringRestore("new-identifier", src);
+
+        final GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext tree = GlslTransformUtils.parseFullQuiet(src);
+        GlslTransformUtils.restoreReservedWordsInTree(tree);
+        final String out = GlslTransformUtils.getFormattedShader(tree, "");
+        assertTrue(out.contains("angelica_renamed_new"), "new is reserved in every GLSL version and must stay renamed");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void renamedTextureFunctionCallRestores() {
+        final String src = "uniform sampler2D tex;\n"
+            + "void main() {\n"
+            + "    vec4 c = angelica_renamed_texture2D(tex, vec2(0.5));\n"
+            + "}\n";
+        assertTreeRestoreMatchesStringRestore("texture2D-call", src);
+
+        final GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext tree = GlslTransformUtils.parseFullQuiet(src);
+        GlslTransformUtils.restoreReservedWordsInTree(tree);
+        final String out = GlslTransformUtils.getFormattedShader(tree, "");
+        assertTrue(out.contains("texture2D"), "suffixed rename must strip only the prefix");
+        assertFalse(out.contains("angelica_renamed_"), "no renamed remnants expected");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void untouchedSourcePrintsIdentically() {
+        final String src = "layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;\n"
+            + "void main() { fragColor = vec4(1.0); }\n";
+        assertTreeRestoreMatchesStringRestore("no-renames", src);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class BackendPolicyTest {
+
+    @Test
+    void onlyImmediateCanTear() {
+        assertTrue(VSyncMode.ON.tearFree());
+        assertTrue(VSyncMode.MAILBOX.tearFree());
+        assertFalse(VSyncMode.OFF.tearFree());
+    }
+
+    private static final Predicate<VSyncMode> NO_MAILBOX = mode -> mode != VSyncMode.MAILBOX;
+    private static final Predicate<VSyncMode> EVERYTHING = mode -> true;
+
+    @Test
+    void mailboxIsTakenWhenTheBackendOffersIt() {
+        assertEquals(VSyncMode.MAILBOX, RenderBackend.resolveTearFreeMode(null, EVERYTHING));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void vsyncIsTheFallbackWhenMailboxIsUnsupported() {
+        assertEquals(VSyncMode.ON, RenderBackend.resolveTearFreeMode(null, NO_MAILBOX));
+        assertEquals(VSyncMode.ON, RenderBackend.resolveTearFreeMode(VSyncMode.MAILBOX, NO_MAILBOX));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void anExplicitSupportedPreferenceWins() {
+        assertEquals(VSyncMode.ON, RenderBackend.resolveTearFreeMode(VSyncMode.ON, EVERYTHING));
+        assertEquals(VSyncMode.MAILBOX, RenderBackend.resolveTearFreeMode(VSyncMode.MAILBOX, EVERYTHING));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void offIsNeverATearFreePreference() {
+        assertEquals(VSyncMode.MAILBOX, RenderBackend.resolveTearFreeMode(VSyncMode.OFF, EVERYTHING));
+        assertEquals(VSyncMode.ON, RenderBackend.resolveTearFreeMode(VSyncMode.OFF, NO_MAILBOX));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void refreshPrefersTheExactRational() {
+        assertEquals(144, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(144, 1, 0.0f));
+        assertEquals(60, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(60000, 1001, 0.0f));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void refreshRoundsUp() {
+        assertEquals(144, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(0, 0, 143.98f));
+        assertEquals(60, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(0, 0, 59.94f));
+        assertEquals(60, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(0, 0, 60.0f));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void refreshIsZeroWhenUnknown() {
+        assertEquals(0, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(0, 0, 0.0f));
+        assertEquals(0, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(-1, -1, -1.0f));
+        assertEquals(0, RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(144, 0, 0.0f));
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp;
+
+import com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFormatElement;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLCoreTest;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
+import org.joml.Vector3f;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.lwjgl.BufferUtils;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL12;
+import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL15;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
+
+import static com.gtnewhorizon.gtnhlib.client.renderer.vertex.VertexFlags.COLOR_BIT;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+@GLCoreTest
+class FFPVertexLightingGLTest {
+
+    private static final int POSITION_LOC = VertexFormatElement.Usage.POSITION.getAttributeLocation();
+    private static final int COLOR_LOC = VertexFormatElement.Usage.COLOR.getAttributeLocation();
+    private static final int STRIDE = 16;
+
+    private static final int VERTEX_COLOR = 0xFF808080;
+    private static final float VERTEX_CHANNEL = 0x80 / 255.0f;
+
+    private static final Vector3f IDENTITY_FACTOR = new Vector3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+
+    private final Vector3f factor = new Vector3f();
+
+    private int vao;
+    private int vbo;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUpState() {
+        GLStateManager.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_PROJECTION);
+        GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+        GLStateManager.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
+        GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+        GLStateManager.glViewport(0, 0, 800, 600);
+        GLStateManager.disableDepthTest();
+        GLStateManager.disableCull();
+        GLStateManager.disableBlend();
+        GLStateManager.disableTexture();
+        GLStateManager.glNormal3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+        standardItemLighting();
+
+        GLStateManager.glMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_EMISSION, floats(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        GLStateManager.glMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_SPECULAR, floats(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        GLStateManager.glMaterialf(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_SHININESS, 0.0f);
+    }
+
+    @AfterEach
+    void cleanup() {
+        GLStateManager.glDisable(GL11.GL_NORMALIZE);
+        GLStateManager.glDisable(GL12.GL_RESCALE_NORMAL);
+        GLStateManager.glMatrixMode(GL11.GL_MODELVIEW);
+        GLStateManager.glLoadIdentity();
+        GLStateManager.glDisable(GL11.GL_LIGHTING);
+        GLStateManager.glDisable(GL11.GL_LIGHT0);
+        GLStateManager.glDisable(GL11.GL_LIGHT1);
+        GLStateManager.glDisable(GL11.GL_LIGHT2);
+        GLStateManager.glDisable(GL11.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
+        final ShaderManager sm = ShaderManager.getInstance();
+        if (sm.isActive()) sm.deactivate();
+        sm.disable();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(0);
+        if (vbo != 0) {
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteBuffers(vbo);
+            vbo = 0;
+        }
+        if (vao != 0) {
+            GLStateManager.glDeleteVertexArrays(vao);
+            vao = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void standardItemLighting() {
+        GLStateManager.glEnable(GL11.GL_LIGHTING);
+        GLStateManager.glEnable(GL11.GL_LIGHT0);
+        GLStateManager.glEnable(GL11.GL_LIGHT1);
+        GLStateManager.glEnable(GL11.GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);
+        GLStateManager.glColorMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE);
+        GLStateManager.glLightModel(GL11.GL_LIGHT_MODEL_AMBIENT, floats(0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f, 1.0f));
+        light(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, 0.2f, 1.0f, -0.7f);
+        light(GL11.GL_LIGHT1, -0.2f, 1.0f, 0.7f);
+    }
+
+    private static void light(int light, float x, float y, float z) {
+        GLStateManager.glLight(light, GL11.GL_POSITION, floats(x, y, z, 0.0f));
+        GLStateManager.glLight(light, GL11.GL_DIFFUSE, floats(0.6f, 0.6f, 0.6f, 1.0f));
+        GLStateManager.glLight(light, GL11.GL_AMBIENT, floats(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+        GLStateManager.glLight(light, GL11.GL_SPECULAR, floats(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
+    }
+
+    private static String gateState() {
+        final var material = GLStateManager.getFrontMaterial();
+        return "lighting=" + GLStateManager.getLightingState().isEnabled()
+            + " colorMaterial=" + GLStateManager.getColorMaterial().isEnabled()
+            + " cmParam=0x" + Integer.toHexString(GLStateManager.getColorMaterialParameter().getValue())
+            + " emission=" + material.emission
+            + " specular=" + material.specular
+            + " shininess=" + material.shininess
+            + " lmAmbient=" + GLStateManager.getLightModel().ambient
+            + " light0=" + GLStateManager.getLightStates()[0].isEnabled()
+            + " light1=" + GLStateManager.getLightStates()[1].isEnabled();
+    }
+
+    private static FloatBuffer floats(float... values) {
+        final FloatBuffer buf = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(values.length);
+        buf.put(values).flip();
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    private void buildTriangle() {
+        vao = GLStateManager.glGenVertexArrays();
+        GLStateManager.glBindVertexArray(vao);
+
+        final ByteBuffer data = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(3 * STRIDE);
+        putVertex(data, -0.9f, -0.9f);
+        putVertex(data, 0.9f, -0.9f);
+        putVertex(data, 0.0f, 0.9f);
+        data.flip();
+
+        vbo = GLStateManager.glGenBuffers();
+        GLStateManager.glBindBuffer(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+        GLStateManager.glBufferData(GL15.GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, data, GL15.GL_STATIC_DRAW);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(POSITION_LOC);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(POSITION_LOC, 3, GL11.GL_FLOAT, false, STRIDE, 0L);
+        GLStateManager.glEnableVertexAttribArray(COLOR_LOC);
+        GLStateManager.glVertexAttribPointer(COLOR_LOC, 4, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, true, STRIDE, 12L);
+        VAOManager.setCurrentVertexFlags(COLOR_BIT);
+    }
+
+    private static void putVertex(ByteBuffer buf, float x, float y) {
+        final int base = buf.position();
+        buf.putFloat(base, x).putFloat(base + 4, y).putFloat(base + 8, 0.0f);
+        buf.putInt(base + 12, VERTEX_COLOR);
+        buf.position(base + STRIDE);
+    }
+
+    private float[] drawAndReadCenter() {
+        buildTriangle();
+        final ShaderManager sm = ShaderManager.getInstance();
+        sm.enable();
+        sm.activate();
+
+        GLStateManager.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glClear(GL11.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+        GLStateManager.glDrawArrays(GL11.GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 3);
+        assertEquals(GL11.GL_NO_ERROR, GL11.glGetError(), "FFP draw must not raise a GL error");
+
+        final ByteBuffer pixel = BufferUtils.createByteBuffer(4);
+        GL11.glReadPixels(400, 200, 1, 1, GL11.GL_RGBA, GL11.GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixel);
+        return new float[] { (pixel.get(0) & 0xFF) / 255.0f, (pixel.get(1) & 0xFF) / 255.0f, (pixel.get(2) & 0xFF) / 255.0f };
+    }
+
+    private void assertSolverMatchesShader(String context) {
+        assertTrue(FFPVertexLighting.modulatesVertexColor(factor), context + ": expected a representable factor");
+        final float[] actual = drawAndReadCenter();
+        final float[] expected = { Math.min(1.0f, VERTEX_CHANNEL * factor.x), Math.min(1.0f, VERTEX_CHANNEL * factor.y), Math.min(1.0f, VERTEX_CHANNEL * factor.z) };
+        for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+            assertEquals(expected[c], actual[c], 2.0f / 255.0f, context + ": channel " + c + " solver=" + expected[c] + " shader=" + actual[c] + " factor=" + factor);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void faceOnNormalMatchesGeneratedShader() {
+        GLStateManager.glNormal3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+        assertSolverMatchesShader("face-on normal");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void signNormalMatchesGeneratedShader() {
+        GLStateManager.glNormal3f(0.0f, 0.0f, -0.010416667f);
+        assertSolverMatchesShader("sign normal");
+        assertTrue(factor.x < 0.45f, "a 0.0104-long normal must stay at the 0.4 light model ambient floor rather than pick up 0.6 per light, got " + factor.x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void tiltedNormalMatchesGeneratedShader() {
+        GLStateManager.glNormal3f(0.3f, 0.8f, 0.5f);
+        assertSolverMatchesShader("tilted normal");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void rescaleNormalMatchesGeneratedShader() {
+        GLStateManager.glEnable(GL12.GL_RESCALE_NORMAL);
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(1.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+        assertSolverMatchesShader("rescale normal");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void normalizeMatchesGeneratedShader() {
+        GLStateManager.glEnable(GL11.GL_NORMALIZE);
+        GLStateManager.glScalef(1.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glNormal3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+        assertSolverMatchesShader("normalize");
+        assertTrue(factor.x > 1.2f, "normalize restores the unit normal, which must pick up more diffuse than rescale's 0.5-long one, got " + factor.x);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void materialEmissionIsNotRepresentable() {
+        GLStateManager.glMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_EMISSION, floats(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f));
+        assertFalse(FFPVertexLighting.modulatesVertexColor(factor), "emission is additive, so the lit colour is not vertexColor * factor");
+        assertEquals(IDENTITY_FACTOR, factor, "a rejected solve must leave an identity factor");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void specularContributionIsNotRepresentable() {
+        GLStateManager.glMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_SPECULAR, floats(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
+        GLStateManager.glMaterialf(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_SHININESS, 16.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glLight(GL11.GL_LIGHT0, GL11.GL_SPECULAR, floats(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
+        assertFalse(FFPVertexLighting.modulatesVertexColor(factor), "specular is additive, so the lit colour is not vertexColor * factor");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void nonAmbientAndDiffuseColorMaterialIsNotRepresentable() {
+        GLStateManager.glColorMaterial(GL11.GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL11.GL_EMISSION);
+        assertFalse(FFPVertexLighting.modulatesVertexColor(factor), "only AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE makes the lit colour scale with the vertex colour");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void lightsBeyondTheFfpCountAreIgnored() {
+        assertTrue(FFPVertexLighting.modulatesVertexColor(factor), FFPVertexLightingGLTest::gateState);
+        final Vector3f twoLights = new Vector3f(factor);
+
+        light(GL11.GL_LIGHT2, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+        GLStateManager.glEnable(GL11.GL_LIGHT2);
+        assertTrue(FFPVertexLighting.modulatesVertexColor(factor), FFPVertexLightingGLTest::gateState);
+
+        assertEquals(twoLights, factor, "VertexShaderGenerator emits only GL_LIGHT0/GL_LIGHT1, so text must not see GL_LIGHT2 either");
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.ffp;
+
+import org.joml.Matrix3f;
+import org.joml.Matrix4f;
+import org.joml.Vector3f;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+class UniformsRescaleTest {
+
+    private static float rescaleFactorFor(float sx, float sy, float sz) {
+        final Matrix3f normalMatrix = new Matrix3f();
+        new Matrix4f().rotateY(0.7f).scale(sx, sy, sz).normal(normalMatrix);
+        return Uniforms.rescaleFactor(normalMatrix, new Vector3f());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void rescaleFactorUsesTheInverseModelviewBottomRow() {
+        assertEquals(8.0f, rescaleFactorFor(4.0f, 2.0f, 8.0f), 1.0e-5f, "wrong normal matrix column");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void uniformScaleIsRowIndependent() {
+        assertEquals(2.0f, rescaleFactorFor(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), 1.0e-5f);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void singularMatrixFallsBackToUnitScale() {
+        assertEquals(1.0f, rescaleFactorFor(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), 1.0e-5f, "a degenerate normal matrix must not divide by zero");
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.loading;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class TransformerNarrowerTest {
+
+    private static final String LEGENDS_BROAD = "com.tihyo.legends.management.asm";
+    private static final String LEGENDS_HOOK = LEGENDS_BROAD + ".ASMClientMethods";
+
+    private static Set<String> exceptionsWith(String... entries) {
+        return new HashSet<>(Set.of(entries));
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isExcluded(Set<String> exceptions, String className) {
+        return exceptions.stream().anyMatch(className::startsWith);
+    }
+
+    private static int narrow(Set<String> exceptions, Map<String, Object> blackboard) {
+        return TransformerNarrower.narrow(exceptions, blackboard, "angelica", "Angelica", EcosystemNarrowRules.ALL);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void legendsHooksBecomeTransformableButTransformersDoNot() {
+        final Set<String> exceptions = exceptionsWith(LEGENDS_BROAD);
+        assertEquals(1, narrow(exceptions, new HashMap<>()));
+
+        assertFalse(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_HOOK));
+        assertFalse(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".ASMMethods"));
+
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".LegendsLoadingPlugin"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".AbstractTransformer"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".ASMHelper"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".TransformerRenderPlayer"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".TransformerEntityRenderer"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".TransformerMethodProcess"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_BROAD + ".TransformerGuiInventory"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void disabledRuleLeavesBroadExclusionIntact() {
+        final Set<String> exceptions = exceptionsWith(LEGENDS_BROAD);
+        final Map<String, Object> blackboard = new HashMap<>();
+        blackboard.put("angelica.narrow.LegendsMod", Boolean.FALSE);
+
+        assertEquals(0, narrow(exceptions, blackboard));
+        assertTrue(exceptions.contains(LEGENDS_BROAD));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(exceptions, LEGENDS_HOOK));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void sharedXaerosKeyGovernsBothExclusions() {
+        final Set<String> enabled = exceptionsWith("xaero.common.core", "xaero.map.core");
+        assertEquals(2, narrow(enabled, new HashMap<>()));
+        assertFalse(isExcluded(enabled, "xaero.common.gui.GuiMap"));
+        assertFalse(isExcluded(enabled, "xaero.map.gui.GuiMap"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(enabled, "xaero.common.core.transformer.Foo"));
+        assertTrue(isExcluded(enabled, "xaero.map.core.transformer.Foo"));
+
+        final Set<String> disabled = exceptionsWith("xaero.common.core", "xaero.map.core");
+        final Map<String, Object> blackboard = new HashMap<>();
+        blackboard.put("angelica.narrow.Xaeros", Boolean.FALSE);
+        assertEquals(0, narrow(disabled, blackboard));
+        assertTrue(disabled.contains("xaero.common.core"));
+        assertTrue(disabled.contains("xaero.map.core"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void narrowingIsIdempotent() {
+        final Set<String> exceptions = exceptionsWith(LEGENDS_BROAD);
+        assertEquals(1, narrow(exceptions, new HashMap<>()));
+
+        final Set<String> afterFirst = new HashSet<>(exceptions);
+        assertEquals(0, narrow(exceptions, new HashMap<>()));
+        assertEquals(afterFirst, exceptions);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void absentBroadExclusionIsNoOp() {
+        final Set<String> exceptions = exceptionsWith("some.unrelated.package");
+        assertEquals(0, narrow(exceptions, new HashMap<>()));
+        assertEquals(Set.of("some.unrelated.package"), exceptions);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.profiling;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+class SectionRegistryTest {
+
+    private static final class RecordingEmitter implements SectionRegistry.Emitter {
+        final List<String> setups = new ArrayList<>();
+        final List<String> enters = new ArrayList<>();
+        final List<Long> leaves = new ArrayList<>();
+        long nextId;
+        boolean connected;
+
+        @Override
+        public long enter(int category, String text) {
+            enters.add(category + ":" + text);
+            return connected ? ++nextId : 0L;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void leave(long nativeId) {
+            leaves.add(nativeId);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void setup(int category, String name) {
+            setups.add(category + ":" + name);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean isConnected() {
+            return connected;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private final RecordingEmitter emitter = new RecordingEmitter();
+    private final SectionRegistry registry = new SectionRegistry(emitter);
+
+    private void reconnect() {
+        emitter.connected = false;
+        registry.poll();
+        emitter.connected = true;
+        registry.poll();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void tokensOutliveEveryReplayAndLeaveUsesTheNewestId() {
+        final long openedWhileDisconnected = registry.enter(1, "world");
+        assertNotEquals(0L, openedWhileDisconnected, "token must be valid while disconnected");
+        assertEquals(0L, emitter.nextId, "no native id while disconnected");
+
+        emitter.connected = true;
+        registry.poll();
+        final long openedWhileConnected = registry.enter(2, "shaders");
+        assertNotEquals(openedWhileDisconnected, openedWhileConnected);
+
+        reconnect();
+        emitter.leaves.clear();
+        registry.leave(openedWhileDisconnected);
+        registry.leave(openedWhileConnected);
+
+        assertEquals(List.of(3L, 4L), emitter.leaves, "leave must use the post-reconnect ids");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void aSectionEnteredOnTheConnectingFrameIsNotEnteredTwice() {
+        emitter.connected = true;
+        registry.enter(2, "shaders pack / Overworld");
+        registry.poll();
+
+        assertEquals(List.of("2:shaders pack / Overworld"), emitter.enters, "must not re-enter a section already live on this connection");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void reconnectReplaysEveryCategoryAndEveryOpenSection() {
+        registry.registerCategory(1, "World");
+        registry.registerCategory(4, "UI");
+        emitter.connected = true;
+        registry.poll();
+        registry.enter(1, "world");
+        registry.enter(4, "pause");
+        emitter.setups.clear();
+        emitter.enters.clear();
+
+        reconnect();
+
+        assertEquals(List.of("1:World", "4:UI"), emitter.setups, "all categories re-registered");
+        assertEquals(List.of("1:world", "4:pause"), emitter.enters, "all open sections re-entered");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void leftSectionsAreNotResurrectedByAReconnect() {
+        emitter.connected = true;
+        registry.poll();
+        final long token = registry.enter(1, "transient");
+        registry.leave(token);
+        emitter.enters.clear();
+        emitter.leaves.clear();
+
+        reconnect();
+        registry.leave(token);
+
+        assertTrue(emitter.enters.isEmpty(), "closed sections must not be re-entered");
+        assertTrue(emitter.leaves.isEmpty(), "closed tokens must not be left twice");
+    }
+}
@@ -331,6 +331,9 @@ class GLSMRedirectorTest {
    void phase2NameKeyedGapsRedirect() {
        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL33C", "glQueryCounter", "(II)V", "glQueryCounter");
        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL33C", "glGetQueryObjectui64", "(II)J", "glGetQueryObjectui64");
+        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/ARBTimerQuery", "glGetQueryObjectui64", "(II)J", "glGetQueryObjectui64");
+        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTTimerQuery", "glGetQueryObjectuEXT", "(II)J", "glGetQueryObjectui64");
+        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/EXTTimerQuery", "glGetQueryObjectui64EXT", "(II)J", "glGetQueryObjectui64");
        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL30C", "glBindFragDataLocation", "(IILjava/lang/CharSequence;)V", "glBindFragDataLocation");
        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL11C", "glGetIntegerv", "(I[I)V", "glGetInteger");
        assertRedirected("org/lwjgl/opengl/GL20C", "glUniform4fv", "(I[F)V", "glUniform4");
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ log4j = "2.0-beta9"
 asmCompile = "5.0.3"
 # End Frozen

-lwjgl3 = "3.4.2-20260602.093430-9"
+lwjgl3 = "3.4.2"
 lwjgl3ify = "3.0.31"

-celeritas = "2.5.9-GTNH"
+celeritas = "2.5.10-GTNH"
 gtnhlib = "0.11.36"
 eventbus = "7.0-beta.15"
 glslTransformLib = "0.2.0-33.g3ec381e"
 antlr4Runtime = "4.13.2"
 jcpp = "1.4.14"
-tracy = "0.13.1"
+tracy = "0.14.0"
 retroFuturaBootstrap = "1.1.0"

 lombok = "1.18.46"
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ commonsLang3 = "3.17.0"
 jvmDowngrader = "1.3.5"
 junit = "5.14.1"
 asmTest = "9.7"
+asmBuild = "9.7"
 mockito = "3.12.4"
 archunit = "1.4.1"
 ant = "1.8.2"
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ archunit-junit5 = { module = "com.tngtech.archunit:archunit-junit5", version.ref
 ant = { module = "org.apache.ant:ant", version.ref = "ant" }
 asm-tree-compile = { module = "org.ow2.asm:asm-tree", version.ref = "asmCompile" }
 asm-tree-test = { module = "org.ow2.asm:asm-tree", version.ref = "asmTest" }
+asm-build = { module = "org.ow2.asm:asm", version.ref = "asmBuild" }
 lwjgl2 = { module = "org.lwjgl.lwjgl:lwjgl", version.ref = "lwjgl2" }
 lwjgl2-util = { module = "org.lwjgl.lwjgl:lwjgl_util", version.ref = "lwjgl2" }
 lwjgl3 = { module = "org.lwjgl:lwjgl", version.ref = "lwjgl3" }
@@ -74,6 +74,11 @@ dependencies {
    compileOnly(libs.annotations)
 }

+tasks.named<JavaCompile>("compileJava") {
+    val classesDir = destinationDirectory
+    doLast { injectLwjgl3Aware(classesDir.get().asFile) }
+}
+
 tasks.named<Jar>("jar") {
    manifest {
        attributes(
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLESCaps;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.RenderSystem;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.DebugMessageHandler;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.RenderBackend;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.VSyncMode;
 import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.Lwjgl3Aware;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.EXTPolygonOffsetClamp;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.EXTShaderImageLoadStore;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLCapabilities;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GLDebugMessageCallback;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_DisplayMode;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_DropEvent;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_EventFilter;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLEvents;
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLVideo;
 import org.lwjgl.system.JNI;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
+import org.lwjglx.opengl.Display;

 import java.nio.Buffer;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
@@ -169,7 +172,21 @@ public final class Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    public int getMinGLSLVersion() {return 330;}

    @Override
-    public void setVSyncEnabled(boolean enabled) {SDLVideo.SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(enabled ? 1 : 0);}
+    protected VSyncMode applyVSyncMode(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        final boolean enabled = preferred.tearFree();
+        SDLVideo.SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(enabled ? 1 : 0);
+        return enabled ? VSyncMode.ON : VSyncMode.OFF;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected int queryDisplayRefreshRateHz() {
+        final long window = Display.getWindow();
+        final int displayId = window == 0 ? SDLVideo.SDL_GetPrimaryDisplay() : SDLVideo.SDL_GetDisplayForWindow(window);
+        if (displayId == 0) return 0;
+        final SDL_DisplayMode mode = SDLVideo.SDL_GetCurrentDisplayMode(displayId);
+        if (mode == null) return 0;
+        return refreshHzFrom(mode.refresh_rate_numerator(), mode.refresh_rate_denominator(), mode.refresh_rate());
+    }

    @Override
    public boolean isAnisotropicSupported() {
@@ -1504,6 +1521,16 @@ public final class Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        GL11C.glGetFloatv(pname, params);
    }

+    @Override
+    public double getDouble(int pname) {
+        return GL11C.glGetDouble(pname);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void getDouble(int pname, DoubleBuffer params) {
+        GL11C.glGetDoublev(pname, params);
+    }
+
    @Override
    public boolean getBoolean(int pname) {
        return GL11C.glGetBoolean(pname);
@@ -1613,9 +1640,9 @@ public final class Lwjgl3GLRenderBackend extends RenderBackend {

    @Override
    public void bindImageTexture(int unit, int texture, int level, boolean layered, int layer, int access, int format) {
-        if (GLStateManager.capabilities.OpenGL42 || GLStateManager.capabilities.GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store) {
+        if (caps.OpenGL42 || caps.GL_ARB_shader_image_load_store) {
            GL42C.glBindImageTexture(unit, texture, level, layered, layer, access, format);
-        } else if (GLStateManager.capabilities.GL_EXT_shader_image_load_store) {
+        } else if (caps.GL_EXT_shader_image_load_store) {
            EXTShaderImageLoadStore.glBindImageTextureEXT(unit, texture, level, layered, layer, access, format);
        } else {
            GLStateManager.warnOnce("bindImageTexture", "glBindImageTexture ignored: no image load/store support");
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ dependencies {
    api(project(":glsm"))

    compileOnly(libs.lwjgl3ify) { artifact { classifier = "dev" }; isTransitive = false }
+    compileOnly(libs.retrofuturabootstrap) { isTransitive = false }
    compileOnly(libs.celeritas.common) { isTransitive = false }

    // GL enum constants (compileOnly -- no runtime GL dependency)
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ dependencies {
    testImplementation(platform(libs.junit.bom))
    testImplementation(libs.junit.jupiter)
    testImplementation(testFixtures(project(":glsm")))
+    testImplementation(libs.celeritas.common) { isTransitive = false }
    testImplementation(libs.lwjgl3.opengl)
    // GL.<clinit> loads liblwjgl_opengl.so. Test scope only: a root-level runtimeOnly collides with lwjgl3Bindings.
    testRuntimeOnly(libs.lwjgl3.opengl) { artifact { classifier = lwjglNatives } }
@@ -91,6 +93,11 @@ tasks.test {
    }
 }

+tasks.named<JavaCompile>("compileJava") {
+    val classesDir = destinationDirectory
+    doLast { injectLwjgl3Aware(classesDir.get().asFile) }
+}
+
 tasks.named<Jar>("jar") {
    manifest {
        attributes(
@@ -2,11 +2,19 @@ package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu;

 import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLVideo.SDL_PROP_WINDOW_CREATE_METAL_BOOLEAN;

+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.SystemProperties;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.BackendManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.RenderBackend;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.device.Device;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.shader.ShaderManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLLog;
+import org.taumc.glsl.grammar.GLSLParser;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLProperties;
 import org.lwjgl.system.Platform;
 import org.lwjglx.Sys;
+import org.lwjglx.input.Mouse;
 import org.lwjglx.opengl.ContextAttribs;
 import org.lwjglx.opengl.Display;
 import org.lwjglx.opengl.PixelFormat;
@@ -14,21 +22,67 @@ import org.lwjglx.opengl.PixelFormat;
 import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.DisplayEvents;
 import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.DisplayWindowContext;
 import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.SwapchainInvalidatingChange;
+import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.client.MainThreadExec;

+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;

 public final class SDLGPUGate {

+    private static final Logger LOG = LogManager.getLogger("Angelica/SDLGPU");
+
    private SDLGPUGate() {}

-    private static volatile boolean fatalInit;
+    private static Device device;

-    public static void markFatalInit() { fatalInit = true; }
+    private static volatile Boolean deviceReady;
+    private static volatile boolean engaged;
+    private static volatile boolean disarmed;
+    private static volatile Throwable initFailure;
+    private static boolean listenersRegistered;
+    private static ByteBuffer[] windowIcons;

-    public static boolean isFatalInit() { return fatalInit; }
+    public static void rememberIcons(ByteBuffer[] icons) {
+        windowIcons = icons;
+    }
+
+    public static synchronized Device device() {
+        if (device == null) device = new Device();
+        return device;
+    }
+
+    private static final boolean SDL_GPU_AVAILABLE = SDLGPUGate.class.getClassLoader().getResource("org/lwjgl/sdl/SDLGPU.class") != null;

    public static boolean isSDLGPUAvailable() {
-        return SDLGPUGate.class.getClassLoader().getResource("org/lwjgl/sdl/SDLGPU.class") != null;
+        return SDL_GPU_AVAILABLE;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isDeviceReady() {
+        final Boolean ready = deviceReady;
+        return ready != null ? ready : probe();
+    }
+
+    private static synchronized boolean probe() {
+        if (deviceReady != null) return deviceReady;
+        if (!SystemProperties.USE_SDL_GPU || !isSDLGPUAvailable()) {
+            deviceReady = false;
+            return false;
+        }
+        boolean ok;
+        try {
+            Sys.initialize();
+            ok = MainThreadExec.runOnMainThread(device()::createDevice);
+        } catch (Throwable t) {
+            LOG.error("SDL GPU device probe failed", t);
+            ok = false;
+        }
+        if (!ok) resetSdlLogging();
+        deviceReady = ok;
+        return ok;
+    }
+
+    public static boolean isEngaged() {
+        return engaged;
    }

    public static boolean isActive() {
@@ -37,24 +91,96 @@ public final class SDLGPUGate {
        return rb instanceof SDLGPURenderBackend;
    }

-    public static Consumer<DisplayWindowContext> sdlGpuPreWindowCreateCallback() {
-        if (Platform.get() != Platform.MACOSX) return null;
-        return ctx -> Sys.checkSdl(SDLProperties.SDL_SetBooleanProperty(ctx.props(), SDL_PROP_WINDOW_CREATE_METAL_BOOLEAN, true));
+    public static void ensureDrawableInstalled() {
+        if (!isActive()) return;
+        SDLGPUDisplayBridge.ensureDrawableInstalled();
    }

-    public static Consumer<DisplayWindowContext> sdlGpuPostWindowCreateCallback(boolean debug) {
-        return ctx -> BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND.onPostWindowCreate(ctx.window(), debug);
+    public static void prewarmSpirv(String transformedSource, int glShaderType) {
+        if (!isActive()) return;
+        ShaderManager.prewarmSpirv(transformedSource, glShaderType);
+    }
+
+    public static void prewarmSpirv(String transformedSource, GLSLParser.Translation_unitContext bodyTree, int headerLen, int glShaderType) {
+        if (!isActive()) return;
+        ShaderManager.prewarmSpirv(transformedSource, bodyTree, headerLen, glShaderType);
+    }
+
+    public static void clearShaderPrewarmCache() {
+        if (!isActive()) return;
+        ShaderManager.clearPrewarmCache();
    }

    public static Consumer<SwapchainInvalidatingChange> sdlGpuPreSwapchainInvalidatingCallback() {
        return change -> BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND.onPreSwapchainInvalidatingChange(change);
    }

-    public static void createSDLGPUDisplay(Object format, Object attribs, boolean debug) {
+    public static boolean createSDLGPUDisplay(Object format, Object attribs) {
+        if (!isDeviceReady()) return false;
+
+        initFailure = null;
+        disarmed = false;
+        registerListeners();
+
        DisplayEvents.setCreateGLContext(false);
-        final Consumer<DisplayWindowContext> pre = sdlGpuPreWindowCreateCallback(); // null on non-Mac
-        if (pre != null) DisplayEvents.addPreWindowCreateListener(pre);
-        DisplayEvents.addPostWindowCreateListener(sdlGpuPostWindowCreateCallback(debug));
        Display.create((PixelFormat) format, (ContextAttribs) attribs, /*sharedWindow*/ 0L);
+
+        final Throwable failure = initFailure;
+        if (failure != null) {
+            initFailure = null;
+            LOG.error("SDL GPU could not take the window", failure);
+            return false;
+        }
+        return engaged;
+    }
+
+    private static void registerListeners() {
+        if (listenersRegistered) return;
+        listenersRegistered = true;
+
+        if (Platform.get() == Platform.MACOSX) {
+            DisplayEvents.addPreWindowCreateListener((DisplayWindowContext ctx) -> {
+                if (disarmed) return;
+                Sys.checkSdl(SDLProperties.SDL_SetBooleanProperty(ctx.props(), SDL_PROP_WINDOW_CREATE_METAL_BOOLEAN, true));
+            });
+        }
+
+        DisplayEvents.addPostWindowCreateListener((DisplayWindowContext ctx) -> {
+            if (disarmed) return;
+            try {
+                device().claimWindow(ctx.window());
+                engaged = true;
+                BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND.onPostWindowCreate(ctx.window());
+            } catch (Throwable t) {
+                initFailure = t;
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    public static void fallBackToGL() {
+        if (SDLGPULWJGLService.isOfferedAsAvailable()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Celeritas already selected the SDL GPU LWJGL service; falling back to OpenGL would leave it bound to a dead backend");
+        }
+        disarmed = true;
+        engaged = false;
+        deviceReady = false;
+
+        device().destroyDevice();
+        resetSdlLogging();
+
+        Mouse.setGrabbed(false);
+
+        DisplayEvents.setCreateGLContext(true);
+        if (Display.isCreated()) {
+            Display.destroy();
+        }
+        Display.isCloseRequested();
+        if (windowIcons != null) {
+            Display.setIcon(windowIcons);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void resetSdlLogging() {
+        SDLLog.SDL_ResetLogPriorities();
    }
 }
@@ -19,11 +19,17 @@ import java.util.Arrays;

 /** SDL GPU implementation of {@link LWJGLService} for Celeritas */
 public final class SDLGPULWJGLService extends LWJGLService {
+
+    private static volatile boolean offeredAsAvailable;
+
+    public static boolean isOfferedAsAvailable() { return offeredAsAvailable; }
+
    @Override public int getPriority() {
-        if (SystemProperties.USE_SDL_GPU && SDLGPUGate.isSDLGPUAvailable()) {
-            return 200;
+        if (!SystemProperties.USE_SDL_GPU || !SDLGPUGate.isSDLGPUAvailable() || !SDLGPUGate.isEngaged()) {
+            return PRIORITY_UNAVAILABLE;
        }
-        return Integer.MIN_VALUE;
+        offeredAsAvailable = true;
+        return 200;
    }

    @Override public boolean isOpenGLVersionSupported(int major, int minor) {
@@ -148,22 +154,30 @@ public final class SDLGPULWJGLService extends LWJGLService {
    }
    @Override public void glDeleteSync(long sync) { BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND.deleteSync(sync); }

-    private long[] queryTimestamps = new long[64];
+    private long[] queryElapsed = new long[64];
+    private int activeQueryId = -1;
+    private long activeQueryStart;

    private void ensureQueryCapacity(int id) {
-        if (id >= queryTimestamps.length) {
-            queryTimestamps = Arrays.copyOf(queryTimestamps, Math.max(id + 1, queryTimestamps.length * 2));
+        if (id >= queryElapsed.length) {
+            queryElapsed = Arrays.copyOf(queryElapsed, Math.max(id + 1, queryElapsed.length * 2));
        }
    }

    @Override public int glGenQueries() { return BackendManager.RENDER_BACKEND.genQueries(); }
    @Override public void glDeleteQueries(int query) { }
-    @Override public void glQueryCounter(int id, int target) {
+    @Override public void glBeginQuery(int target, int id) {
        ensureQueryCapacity(id);
-        queryTimestamps[id] = System.nanoTime();
+        activeQueryId = id;
+        activeQueryStart = System.nanoTime();
+    }
+    @Override public void glEndQuery(int target) {
+        if (activeQueryId < 0) return;
+        queryElapsed[activeQueryId] = System.nanoTime() - activeQueryStart;
+        activeQueryId = -1;
    }
    @Override public long glGetQueryObjectui64(int id, int pname) {
-        if (id >= 0 && id < queryTimestamps.length) return queryTimestamps[id];
+        if (id >= 0 && id < queryElapsed.length) return queryElapsed[id];
        return 0;
    }

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.CaptureGate;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.GLStateManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.profiling.Tracy;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.GLDebugMessageListener;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.VSyncMode;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.RenderBackend;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.hooks.GLSMConfig;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.texture.TextureInfoCache;
@@ -17,6 +18,8 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame.ContextState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame.FenceTracker;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame.FrameManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame.FrameManager.FrameState;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame.Presenter;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.retrofuturabootstrap.MainStartOnFirstThread;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.pipeline.DrawDispatch;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.pipeline.PipelineApplier;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.pipeline.PipelineCache;
@@ -40,9 +43,10 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.sampler.StorageBufferBinder;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.sampler.StorageTextureBinder;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.shader.ShaderManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.splash.SplashDispatcher;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.splash.SplashOffscreenTarget;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame.OffscreenTarget;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.util.DebugLabels;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.util.DebugMessageRelay;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.util.ThreadRegistry;

 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.Int2ObjectOpenHashMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntOpenHashSet;
@@ -79,12 +83,11 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.function.BiConsumer;

 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLGPU;
-import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLSurface;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_GPUBlitInfo;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_GPUBufferLocation;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_GPUTextureLocation;
@@ -96,7 +99,6 @@ import org.lwjglx.opengl.Display;
 import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.DisplayEvents;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.compat.Lwjgl3GLCapabilitiesShim;
 import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.GLCapabilitiesOverride;
-import me.eigenraven.lwjgl3ify.api.SwapchainInvalidatingChange;

 import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLGPU.*;

@@ -106,8 +108,9 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {

    private static final Tracy.ZoneId Z_SDL_INDIRECT_DRAW = Tracy.zoneId("sdlIndirectDraw", Tracy.COLOR_TERRAIN);

-    private final Device device = new Device();
+    private final Device device = SDLGPUGate.device();
    private final FrameManager frameManager = new FrameManager(device);
+    private volatile Presenter presenter;
    private final ResourceManager resourceManager = new ResourceManager(device, frameManager);
    private final Image3DClear image3DClear = new Image3DClear();
    private final ShaderManager shaderManager = new ShaderManager(device);
@@ -151,33 +154,31 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {

    private volatile boolean shutdown;

-    private SplashOffscreenTarget splashTarget;
+    private volatile OffscreenTarget splashTarget;
+    private volatile boolean splashTeardownPending;

-    private static final CopyOnWriteArrayList<ContextState> registeredStates = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
-    private static final ThreadLocal<ContextState> tlState = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> {
+    private static final ThreadRegistry<ContextState> registeredStates = new ThreadRegistry<>(new ContextState[0]);
+    private static final ThreadLocal<ContextState> tlState = new ThreadLocal<>();
+
+    private static ContextState s() {
+        final ContextState sole = registeredStates.sole();
+        if (sole != null && sole.owner == Thread.currentThread()) return sole;
+        final ContextState st = tlState.get();
+        return st != null ? st : registerState();
+    }
+
+    private static ContextState registerState() {
        final ContextState st = new ContextState();
        for (int i = 0; i < ContextState.MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS; i++) st.attribDefaults[i * 4 + 3] = 1.0f;
        st.attribDefaults[4] = 1.0f; st.attribDefaults[5] = 1.0f;
        st.attribDefaults[6] = 1.0f;
+        tlState.set(st);
        registeredStates.add(st);
-        refreshSoleState();
        return st;
-    });
-
-    private static volatile ContextState soleState;
-
-    private static void refreshSoleState() {
-        soleState = registeredStates.size() == 1 ? registeredStates.get(0) : null;
-    }
-
-    private static ContextState s() {
-        final ContextState st = soleState;
-        if (st != null && st.owner == Thread.currentThread()) return st;
-        return tlState.get();
    }

    private void markAllPipelineInputDirty() {
-        for (ContextState st : registeredStates) st.pipeline.markInputDirty();
+        for (ContextState st : registeredStates.snapshot()) st.pipeline.markInputDirty();
    }

    public static final int CTR_SLOT_WRITES = 0;
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {

    public static void takeContextCounters(int[] out) {
        Arrays.fill(out, 0);
-        for (ContextState st : registeredStates) {
+        for (ContextState st : registeredStates.snapshot()) {
            out[CTR_SLOT_WRITES] += st.slotWrites;
            out[CTR_SLOT_WRITES_ELIDED] += st.slotWritesElided;
            out[CTR_SSBO_BINDS] += st.ssboBinds;
@@ -204,7 +205,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    }

    private void releaseUniformStagingAllThreads(ShaderManager.ProgramObject prog) {
-        for (ContextState st : registeredStates) st.releaseUniformStaging(prog);
+        for (ContextState st : registeredStates.snapshot()) st.releaseUniformStaging(prog);
    }


@@ -213,8 +214,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        persistentSync.onPersistentBufferWrite(glId, offset, size);
    }

-    @Override public void onPostWindowCreate(long window, boolean debug) {
-        device.claimWindow(window, debug);
+    @Override public void onPostWindowCreate(long window) {
        buildCachedStrings();
        populateGLCapabilities();
    }
@@ -227,6 +227,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
            LOG.info("SDL-GPU debug markers ENABLED (lwjglDebug={}, angelica.debug.markers={}, captureTool={})", lwjglDebugFlag, SystemProperties.DEBUG_MARKERS, CaptureGate.TOOL_ATTACHED);
        }
        frameManager.setResourceManager(resourceManager);
+        device.setLossDiagnostics(resourceManager::describeGpuState);
        frameManager.setBeforeEndCopyPassCallback(() -> resourceManager.flushBatchedUploads(frameManager.getCopyPass()));
        frameManager.setBeforeSubmitCallback(() -> {
            endComputeDispatchBatch();
@@ -234,23 +235,18 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
            drainDeferredPersistentRegions(s());
            debugLabels.popAutoDebugGroup(s());
        });
-        frameManager.setBeforePendingUploadSubmitCallback(textureOps::drainPendingMipGen);
        frameManager.setAfterPresentCallback(() -> {
            frameManager.requestFlushOnAllRegisteredFrames();
            resourceManager.drainPendingFreeShadows();
        });
        GLSMHooks.LOADING_CHECKPOINT
            .addListener(event -> {
-                if (Thread.currentThread() == GLStateManager.getMainThread()) {
-                    if (!GLStateManager.isSplashComplete()) {
-                        SplashDispatcher.tryDispatch(this, splashTarget);
-                    } else if (splashTarget != null) {
-                        SplashDispatcher.signalFrameReady();
-                        SplashDispatcher.tryDispatch(this, splashTarget);
-                        splashTarget.destroy(resourceManager);
-                        splashTarget = null;
-                        SplashDispatcher.reset();
+                if (!GLStateManager.isSplashComplete()) {
+                    if (Thread.currentThread() == GLStateManager.getMainThread()) {
+                        SplashDispatcher.tryDispatch(this, splashTarget, false);
                    }
+                } else if (splashTarget != null) {
+                    splashTeardownPending = true;
                }
                if (event.requiresSync) {
                    frameManager.requestSyncFlushOnAllRegisteredFrames();
@@ -291,13 +287,19 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        resourceManager.setBufferLivenessListener(this::markAllPipelineInputDirty);
        shaderManager.setUniformReleaseListener(this::releaseUniformStagingAllThreads);
        fenceTracker.setUnresolvedFenceFlush(this::midFrameFenceFlush);
+        frameManager.setMainThread(GLStateManager.getMainThread());
+        if (!SystemProperties.DISABLE_SDL_PRESENTER_THREAD) {
+            presenter = new Presenter(frameManager, MainStartOnFirstThread.instance());
+            frameManager.setPresenter(presenter);
+            LOG.info("SDL presenter thread enabled: presents run on '{}'", device.getWindowThread() != null ? device.getWindowThread().getName() : "window thread");
+        }

        final int splashW = Math.max(1, Display.getWidth());
        final int splashH = Math.max(1, Display.getHeight());
        final int[] maxDesktop = device.getMaxDesktopSizePixels();
        final int splashTexW = Math.max(splashW, maxDesktop[0]);
        final int splashTexH = Math.max(splashH, maxDesktop[1]);
-        splashTarget = new SplashOffscreenTarget();
+        splashTarget = new OffscreenTarget();
        splashTarget.create(device, resourceManager, splashTexW, splashTexH, device.getSwapchainTextureFormat());
        SplashDispatcher.seedDrawnSize(splashW, splashH);
        LOG.info("Splash offscreen target {}x{} (window {}x{}, max desktop {}x{})", splashTexW, splashTexH, splashW, splashH, maxDesktop[0], maxDesktop[1]);
@@ -377,13 +379,50 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        LOG.info("Populated GL capabilities for SDL GPU backend");
    }

-    @Override public void setVSyncEnabled(boolean enabled) {
-        device.setVSyncEnabled(enabled);
+    private final AtomicReference<VSyncMode> pendingVSync = new AtomicReference<>();
+
+    @Override protected VSyncMode applyVSyncMode(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        pendingVSync.set(preferred);
+        return device.chooseVSyncMode(preferred);
    }

+    @Override public boolean supportsVSyncMode(VSyncMode mode) {
+        return device.supportsVSyncMode(mode);
+    }
+
+    private void applyPendingVSync() {
+        final VSyncMode preferred = pendingVSync.getAndSet(null);
+        if (preferred != null) {
+            if (presenter != null) presenter.drain();
+            publishVSyncMode(device.applyVSync(preferred));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override protected int queryDisplayRefreshRateHz() {
+        return device.getDisplayRefreshRateHz();
+    }
+
+    @Override public boolean gateAnchorsNextFrameStart() { return true; }
+
+    @Override public boolean wantsDisplayUpdateGateTiming() { return false; }
+
+    @Override public long lastFrameGateNanos() {
+        if (presenter != null) return frameManager.windowFrame().lastFrameGateNanos;
+        return frameManager.lastFrameGateNanos();
+    }
+
+    @Override public long lastFrameGateEndNanos() {
+        if (presenter != null) return frameManager.windowFrame().lastFrameGateEndNanos;
+        return frameManager.lastFrameGateEndNanos();
+    }
+
+    @Override public boolean hasSwapchainBackpressure() { return true; }
+
    @Override public void shutdown() {
        if (shutdown) return;
        shutdown = true;
+        if (presenter != null) presenter.drain();
+        frameManager.destroyFinalTarget();
        if (splashTarget != null) {
            splashTarget.destroy(resourceManager);
            splashTarget = null;
@@ -406,7 +445,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        fenceTracker.dispose();
        frameManager.releaseAllRegisteredFrames();
        resourceManager.shutdownTexSamplerStates();
-        for (ContextState st : registeredStates) {
+        for (ContextState st : registeredStates.snapshot()) {
            if (st.fanIndexBuffer != 0) {
                resourceManager.releaseBufferHandle(st.fanIndexBuffer);
                st.fanIndexBuffer = 0;
@@ -424,7 +463,6 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
            clearMappedState(st);
        }
        registeredStates.clear();
-        soleState = null;

        drawDispatch.clearWarnedState();
        pipelineStore.shutdown();
@@ -434,7 +472,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    }

    @Override public boolean isAvailable() {
-        return SystemProperties.USE_SDL_GPU && SDLGPUGate.isSDLGPUAvailable();
+        return SystemProperties.USE_SDL_GPU && SDLGPUGate.isSDLGPUAvailable() && SDLGPUGate.isEngaged();
    }

    @Override public String getName() {
@@ -463,32 +501,35 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    }

    @Override public void onRenderThreadReleased(Thread t) {
+        if (shutdown || t == GLStateManager.getMainThread()) return;
        if (frameManager.isFrameActive()) {
            frameManager.endFrame();
        }
        frameManager.releaseThreadState();
-        registeredStates.remove(tlState.get());
-        tlState.remove();
-        refreshSoleState();
+        final ContextState st = tlState.get();
+        if (st != null) {
+            tlState.remove();
+            registeredStates.remove(st);
+        }
    }

    @Override public boolean handleMakeCurrent(Object drawable) {
        if (!isSDLManagedDrawable(drawable)) return false;
        Lwjgl3GLCapabilitiesShim.installOnCurrentThread(advertisedCapabilities());
-        if (splashTarget != null && Thread.currentThread() != GLStateManager.getMainThread()) {
-            s().boundFboId = splashTarget.fboId();
+        final OffscreenTarget splash = splashTarget;
+        if (splash != null && Thread.currentThread() != GLStateManager.getMainThread()) {
+            s().boundFboId = splash.fboId();
            frameManager.frame().swapchainUnavailable = true;
        }
        return true;
    }

    @Override public boolean handleReleaseContext(Object drawable) {
-        if (isSDLManagedDrawable(drawable)) {
-            Lwjgl3GLCapabilitiesShim.clearOnCurrentThread();
-            onRenderThreadReleased(Thread.currentThread());
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
+        if (!isSDLManagedDrawable(drawable)) return false;
+        if (Thread.currentThread() == GLStateManager.getMainThread()) return true;
+        Lwjgl3GLCapabilitiesShim.clearOnCurrentThread();
+        onRenderThreadReleased(Thread.currentThread());
+        return true;
    }

    private static boolean isSDLManagedDrawable(Object drawable) {
@@ -498,7 +539,8 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    }

    @Override public boolean handleSwapBuffers() {
-        if (splashTarget != null && splashTarget.isFor(s()) && Thread.currentThread() != GLStateManager.getMainThread()) {
+        final OffscreenTarget splash = splashTarget;
+        if (splash != null && splash.isFor(s()) && Thread.currentThread() != GLStateManager.getMainThread()) {
            endFrameUploadFlush();
            frameManager.endFrame();
            SplashDispatcher.signalFrameReady((int) s().viewportW, (int) s().viewportH);
@@ -511,33 +553,30 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        return true;
    }

-    public void dispatchSplashBlit(SplashOffscreenTarget target) {
+    public void dispatchSplashBlit(OffscreenTarget target) {
        if (shutdown || target == null) return;
-        onFrameBegin();
-        final FrameManager.FrameState f = frameManager.frame();
-        if (!frameManager.ensureSwapchainAcquired(f)) {
-            onFrameEnd();
-            return;
-        }
-        frameManager.endCopyPassIfActive();
-        frameManager.endRenderPassIfActive();
        final long drawnSize = SplashDispatcher.getDrawnSize();
        final int srcW = Math.max(1, Math.min((int) (drawnSize >> 32), target.width()));
        final int srcH = Math.max(1, Math.min((int) drawnSize, target.height()));
-        try (var stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
-            final var info = SDL_GPUBlitInfo.calloc(stack);
-            info.source(s -> s.texture(target.colorTexture()).x(0).y(0).w(srcW).h(srcH));
-            info.destination(d -> d.texture(f.swapchainTexture).x(0).y(0).w(f.swapchainWidth).h(f.swapchainHeight));
-            info.filter(SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR);
-            info.flip_mode(SDLSurface.SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL);
-            SDL_BlitGPUTexture(f.commandBuffer, info);
-        }
-        f.swapchainUsedThisFrame = true;
-        onFrameEnd();
+        frameManager.presentSplash(target.colorTexture(), srcW, srcH);
+    }
+
+    private void finishSplash() {
+        splashTeardownPending = false;
+        final OffscreenTarget target = splashTarget;
+        if (target == null) return;
+        SplashDispatcher.signalFrameReady();
+        SplashDispatcher.tryDispatch(this, target, true);
+        if (presenter != null) presenter.drain();
+        splashTarget = null;
+        target.destroy(resourceManager);
+        SplashDispatcher.reset();
    }

    @Override public void onFrameBegin() {
        if (shutdown) return;
+        if (splashTeardownPending) finishSplash();
+        if (GLStateManager.isSplashComplete()) applyPendingVSync();
        frameManager.beginFrame();
        beginFrameInit();
    }
@@ -551,9 +590,13 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        }
        ResourceManager.setSingleThreadedReads(GLStateManager.isSplashComplete());
        st.clearedTexturesThisFrame.clear();
+        st.clearedStencilTexturesThisFrame.clear();
        st.pendingColorTextures.clear();
        st.pendingDepthTextures.clear();
+        st.pendingStencilTextures.clear();
        st.pendingSwapchainClear = false;
+        st.pendingSwapchainDepthClear = false;
+        st.pendingSwapchainStencilClear = false;
        st.uniformBlocks[0].flushedThisFrame = false;
        st.uniformBlocks[1].flushedThisFrame = false;
        st.fanIndexBufferOffset = 0;
@@ -615,22 +658,24 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        endFrameUploadFlushNoWait();

        final FrameState f = frameManager.frame();
-        if (f.frameActive && !f.swapchainUsedThisFrame) {
+        if (f.frameActive && !f.fbo0UsedThisFrame) {
            if (!emptyFrameWarned) {
                emptyFrameWarned = true;
-                LOG.info("Frame {} ended without drawing to the swapchain; skipping present (further occurrences counted in sdl.emptyFrames)", f.frameNumber);
+                LOG.info("Frame {} ended without drawing to FBO 0; presenting the previous contents (further occurrences counted in sdl.emptyFrames)", f.frameNumber);
            }
            frameManager.markFrameEmpty(f);
        }

        awaitUploadFlush();
        frameManager.endFrame();
+        frameManager.presentFinalTarget();
        fenceTracker.resolvePendingFences();
        resourceManager.flushDeferredReleases();
        resourceManager.recycleGpuBufferPool(frameManager.getFrameNumber());
    }

-    @Override public void onPreSwapchainInvalidatingChange(SwapchainInvalidatingChange change) {
+    @Override public void onPreSwapchainInvalidatingChange(Object change) {
+        if (presenter != null) presenter.drain();
        endFrameUploadFlush();
        if (frameManager.isFrameActive()) {
            frameManager.endFrame();
@@ -871,18 +916,19 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    }

    @Override public void clearDepth(double depth) { s().depthClearValue = (float) depth; }
-    @Override public void clearStencil(int s) {}
+    @Override public void clearStencil(int s) { s().stencilClearValue = s & 0xFF; }

    @Override public void clear(int mask) {
        final ContextState cs = s();
        if (!frameManager.isFrameActive()) return;
        final boolean wantColor = (mask & GL11.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT) != 0;
        final boolean wantDepth = (mask & GL11.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT) != 0;
-        if (!wantColor && !wantDepth) return;
+        final boolean wantStencil = (mask & GL11.GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT) != 0;
+        if (!wantColor && !wantDepth && !wantStencil) return;

        final ContextState st = cs;

-        // Swapchain path: just record pending state; ensureSwapchainRenderPass consumes it lazily.
+        // FBO0 path: just record pending state; ensureFbo0RenderPass consumes it lazily.
        if (st.boundFboId == 0) {
            if (wantColor) {
                st.pendingSwapchainClear = true;
@@ -891,7 +937,15 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
                st.pendingSwapchainB = st.clearB;
                st.pendingSwapchainA = st.clearA;
            }
-            // swapchain has no depth attachment in this backend; ignore wantDepth
+            final int swapDepthFormat = resourceManager.getSwapchainDepthStencilFormat();
+            if (wantDepth && swapDepthFormat != 0) {
+                st.pendingSwapchainDepthClear = true;
+                st.pendingSwapchainDepth = st.depthClearValue;
+            }
+            if (wantStencil && PixelOps.isDepthStencilFormat(swapDepthFormat)) {
+                st.pendingSwapchainStencilClear = true;
+                st.pendingSwapchainStencil = st.stencilClearValue;
+            }
            return;
        }

@@ -916,6 +970,10 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
            FBOClearTracker.recordPendingDepthClear(st, fbo.depthTexture, cs.depthClearValue);
            if (passActive && fbo.depthTexture == activeDepth) affectsActivePass = true;
        }
+        if (wantStencil && fbo.depthTexture != 0 && PixelOps.isDepthStencilFormat(fbo.depthFormat)) {
+            FBOClearTracker.recordPendingStencilClear(st, fbo.depthTexture, cs.stencilClearValue);
+            if (passActive && fbo.depthTexture == activeDepth) affectsActivePass = true;
+        }

        if (affectsActivePass) {
            frameManager.endRenderPassIfActive();
@@ -1461,14 +1519,12 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        if (framebuffer == 0) {
            cs.pipeline.setColorTargetFormats(cachedSwapchainFormatArray);
            cs.pipeline.setDrawBuffers(null);
-            cs.pipeline.hasDepthTarget = false;
-            cs.pipeline.depthTargetFormat = 0;
+            cs.pipeline.setDepthTargetFormat(resourceManager.getSwapchainDepthStencilFormat());
        } else {
            final FboState fbo = resourceManager.getFbo(framebuffer);
            if (fbo != null && fbo.getColorTexture() != 0) {
                fboClearTracker.updatePipelineCacheColorFormats(cs, fbo);
-                cs.pipeline.hasDepthTarget = fbo.depthTexture != 0;
-                cs.pipeline.depthTargetFormat = fbo.depthFormat;
+                cs.pipeline.setDepthTargetFormat(fbo.depthTexture != 0 ? fbo.depthFormat : 0);
            }
        }
        cs.pipeline.markOutputDirty();
@@ -1505,14 +1561,23 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
            fbo.cachedFormatsDirty = true;
            fboClearTracker.updatePipelineCacheColorFormats(cs, fbo);
            cs.pipeline.markOutputDirty();
-        } else if (attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT) {
+        } else if (attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT) {
+            final boolean stencilOnly = attachment == GL30.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
            if (texture == 0) {
+                if (stencilOnly && fbo.depthGlId != 0) return;
                fbo.detachDepth();
                cs.pipeline.hasDepthTarget = false;
                cs.pipeline.depthTargetFormat = 0;
                cs.pipeline.markOutputDirty();
                return;
            }
+            if (stencilOnly && fbo.depthGlId != 0 && fbo.depthGlId != texture) {
+                if (!warnedSplitStencilAttachment) {
+                    warnedSplitStencilAttachment = true;
+                    LOG.warn("Separate stencil attachment (tex {}) on an FBO whose depth attachment is tex {}; SDL has no separate stencil aspect, keeping depth", texture, fbo.depthGlId);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
            final long handle = resourceManager.ensureTextureUsage(texture, SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_TARGET);
            final ResourceManager.TextureMeta meta = resourceManager.getTextureMeta(texture);
            fbo.depthTexture = handle;
@@ -1621,7 +1686,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        final long texHandle;
        final int srcSdlFormat;
        if (cs.boundReadFboId == 0) {
-            texHandle = frameManager.getSwapchainTexture();
+            texHandle = frameManager.getFbo0Texture();
            srcSdlFormat = frameManager.getSwapchainFormat();
        } else {
            final FboState fbo = resourceManager.getFbo(cs.boundReadFboId);
@@ -1676,22 +1741,67 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    }

    @Override public int getFramebufferAttachmentParameteri(int target, int attachment, int pname) {
-        final FboState fbo = resourceManager.getFbo(s().boundFboId);
+        final ContextState cs = s();
+        final int fboId = target == GL30.GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER ? cs.boundReadFboId : cs.boundFboId;
+        if (fboId == 0) {
+            final int colorFormat = cachedSwapchainFormatArray != null ? cachedSwapchainFormatArray[0] : 0;
+            return defaultFramebufferAttachmentParameteri(attachment, pname, colorFormat, resourceManager.getSwapchainDepthStencilFormat());
+        }
+        return fboAttachmentParameteri(resourceManager.getFbo(fboId), attachment, pname);
+    }
+
+    static int fboAttachmentParameteri(FboState fbo, int attachment, int pname) {
        if (fbo == null) return 0;
        final int colorIdx = attachment - GL30.GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0;
        final boolean isColor = (colorIdx >= 0 && colorIdx < ContextState.MAX_COLOR_ATTACHMENTS);
-        final boolean isDepth = (attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT);
+        final boolean isDepth = (attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL11.GL_DEPTH || attachment == GL11.GL_STENCIL);
+        final boolean colorPresent = isColor && fbo.colorGlIds[colorIdx] != 0;
+        final boolean depthPresent = isDepth && fbo.depthGlId != 0;
+
        if (pname == GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_NAME) {
-            return isColor ? fbo.colorGlIds[colorIdx] : isDepth ? fbo.depthGlId : 0;
+            return colorPresent ? fbo.colorGlIds[colorIdx] : depthPresent ? fbo.depthGlId : 0;
        }
        if (pname == GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_TYPE) {
-            if (isColor && fbo.colorGlIds[colorIdx] != 0) return GL11.GL_TEXTURE;
-            if (isDepth && fbo.depthGlId != 0) return GL11.GL_TEXTURE;
-            return GL11.GL_NONE;
+            return (colorPresent || depthPresent) ? GL11.GL_TEXTURE : GL11.GL_NONE;
        }
+        if (colorPresent) return colorAttachmentSize(fbo.colorFormats[colorIdx], pname);
+        if (depthPresent) return depthAttachmentSize(fbo.depthFormat, pname);
        return 0;
    }

+    static int defaultFramebufferAttachmentParameteri(int attachment, int pname, int colorFormat, int depthFormat) {
+        final boolean isDepth = attachment == GL11.GL_DEPTH || attachment == GL11.GL_STENCIL || attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT || attachment == GL30.GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT;
+        if (isDepth) {
+            if (depthFormat == 0) {
+                return pname == GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_TYPE ? GL11.GL_NONE : 0;
+            }
+            if (pname == GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_TYPE) return GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT;
+            if (pname == GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_NAME) return 0;
+            return depthAttachmentSize(depthFormat, pname);
+        }
+        if (pname == GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_TYPE) return GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_DEFAULT;
+        if (pname == GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_OBJECT_NAME) return 0;
+        return colorAttachmentSize(colorFormat, pname);
+    }
+
+    private static int colorAttachmentSize(int sdlFormat, int pname) {
+        return switch (pname) {
+            case GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_RED_SIZE -> PixelOps.colorChannelBits(sdlFormat, 0);
+            case GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_GREEN_SIZE -> PixelOps.colorChannelBits(sdlFormat, 1);
+            case GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_BLUE_SIZE -> PixelOps.colorChannelBits(sdlFormat, 2);
+            case GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_ALPHA_SIZE -> PixelOps.colorChannelBits(sdlFormat, 3);
+            default -> 0;
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static int depthAttachmentSize(int sdlFormat, int pname) {
+        return switch (pname) {
+            case GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_DEPTH_SIZE -> PixelOps.depthBits(sdlFormat);
+            case GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_STENCIL_SIZE -> PixelOps.stencilBits(sdlFormat);
+            default -> 0;
+        };
+    }
+
    @Override public int createShader(int type) { return shaderManager.createShader(type); }
    @Override public void deleteShader(int shader) { shaderManager.deleteShader(shader); }
    @Override public void shaderSource(int shader, CharSequence source) { shaderManager.shaderSource(shader, source); }
@@ -3201,6 +3311,8 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
            case GL11.GL_DRAW_BUFFER -> drawBufferEnum(cs.boundFboId);
            case GL11.GL_READ_BUFFER -> readBufferEnum(cs.boundReadFboId);
            case GL11.GL_TEXTURE_BINDING_2D -> boundTextureOf(cs.activeTextureUnit, cs.boundTextures);
+            case GL11.GL_DEPTH_BITS -> getFramebufferAttachmentParameteri(GL30.GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, GL11.GL_DEPTH, GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_DEPTH_SIZE);
+            case GL11.GL_STENCIL_BITS -> getFramebufferAttachmentParameteri(GL30.GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, GL11.GL_STENCIL, GL30.GL_FRAMEBUFFER_ATTACHMENT_STENCIL_SIZE);
            default -> {
                final int limit = deviceLimit(pname);
                yield limit >= 0 ? limit : unknownGetInteger(pname);
@@ -3521,7 +3633,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    private int voxLocStart = -1;
    private int voxLocCount = -1;

-    public boolean bindVoxelizationRegion(int ssboBinding, int vertexBufferGlId, long openPass, float x, float y, float z) {
+    @Override public boolean bindVoxelizationRegion(int ssboBinding, int vertexBufferGlId, long openPass, float x, float y, float z) {
        if (ssboBinding < 0 || ssboBinding >= ContextState.MAX_INDEXED_BUFFERS || vertexBufferGlId == 0) return false;
        final ContextState st = s();
        if (st.boundProgram == 0) return false;
@@ -3540,7 +3652,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        return names == null ? new String[0] : names.clone();
    }

-    public long beginVoxelizationBatch(int ssboBinding) {
+    @Override public long beginVoxelizationBatch(int ssboBinding) {
        if (ssboBinding < 0 || ssboBinding >= ContextState.MAX_INDEXED_BUFFERS) return 0;
        final ContextState st = s();
        final int program = st.boundProgram;
@@ -3550,11 +3662,11 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
        return voxelizationDispatcher.beginBatch(st);
    }

-    public void voxelizeRange(long pass, int vertexOffset, int vertexCount) {
+    @Override public void voxelizeRange(long pass, int vertexOffset, int vertexCount) {
        voxelizationDispatcher.dispatchRange(pass, voxLocStart, voxLocCount, vertexOffset, vertexCount, s());
    }

-    public void endVoxelizationBatch(long pass) {
+    @Override public void endVoxelizationBatch(long pass) {
        voxelizationDispatcher.endBatch(pass);
    }

@@ -3648,6 +3760,7 @@ public class SDLGPURenderBackend extends RenderBackend {
    }

    private boolean warnedMSAARenderbuffer = false;
+    private boolean warnedSplitStencilAttachment = false;

    @Override
    public void renderbufferStorageMultisample(int target, int samples, int internalformat, int width, int height) {
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.device;

 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.config.SystemProperties;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.SDLGPUGate;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.VSyncMode;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.backend.RenderBackend;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.util.DebugMessageRelay;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
@@ -12,12 +13,15 @@ import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLStdinc;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_DisplayMode;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_LogOutputFunction;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLVersion;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLVulkan;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
 import org.lwjgl.system.Platform;
 import org.lwjglx.opengl.Display;

 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;

 import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLGPU.*;
 import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLHints.SDL_HINT_GPU_DRIVER;
@@ -28,23 +32,65 @@ import static org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil.memUTF8;
 public final class Device {
    private static final Logger LOG = LogManager.getLogger("Angelica-SDLGPU");

-    public static final int FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 3;
+    public static final int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 3;
+
+    private static final int FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = Math.min(Math.max(SystemProperties.SDL_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, 1), MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
+
+    public static int framesInFlight() { return FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; }
+
+    private static final int REQUESTED_SHADER_FORMATS = SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_SPIRV | SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_MSL | SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_DXBC | SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_DXIL;

    private long device;
+    private boolean claimed;
    private int supportedShaderFormats;
    private String driverName;
    private String deviceName;
    private String driverVersion;
    private String driverInfo;
-    private int presentMode = SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_VSYNC;
+    private VSyncMode vsyncMode = VSyncMode.ON;
+    private volatile Thread windowThread;
    private SDL_LogOutputFunction logCallback; // prevent GC

+    private volatile boolean lost;
+    private volatile Supplier<String> lossDiagnostics = () -> "";
+
+    public boolean isLost() { return lost; }
+
+    public void setLossDiagnostics(Supplier<String> diagnostics) { this.lossDiagnostics = diagnostics; }
+
+    public static boolean isDeviceLossError(String sdlError) {
+        if (sdlError == null) return false;
+        return sdlError.contains("DEVICE_LOST") || sdlError.contains("DEVICE_REMOVED") || sdlError.contains("DEVICE_RESET");
+    }
+
+    public void reportGpuFailure(String operation) {
+        if (lost) return;
+        final String err = SDLError.SDL_GetError();
+        if (!isDeviceLossError(err)) {
+            LOG.error("{}: {}", operation, err);
+            return;
+        }
+        lost = true;
+        LOG.error("GPU DEVICE LOST during {}: {}", operation, err);
+        LOG.error("  gpu={} driver={} {} sdl={}", deviceName, driverName, driverVersion, SDLVersion.SDL_GetVersion());
+        for (final String line : lossDiagnostics.get().split("\n")) {
+            LOG.error("  {}", line);
+        }
+        throw new GpuDeviceLostException(operation, err);
+    }
+
    // Default to vulkan for now until D3D is more tested
    static String resolveDriverName(String userHint, boolean windows) {
        return userHint.isEmpty() && windows ? "vulkan" : null;
    }

-    public void claimWindow(long window, boolean lwjglDebug) {
+    static boolean metalNeedsNewerSdl(String driverName, int sdlVersion) {
+        return "metal".equalsIgnoreCase(driverName) && sdlVersion < SDLVersion.SDL_VERSIONNUM(3, 4, 6);
+    }
+
+    public boolean createDevice() {
+        if (device != 0) return true;
+
        installLogCallback();

        final int ver = SDLVersion.SDL_GetVersion();
@@ -56,17 +102,15 @@ public final class Device {
            LOG.info("SDL GPU driver hint set to '{}'", driverHint);
        }

-        final int requestedFormats = SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_SPIRV | SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_MSL | SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_DXBC | SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_DXIL;
-
-        final boolean gpuDebug = lwjglDebug || SystemProperties.SDL_GPU_DEBUG;
+        final boolean gpuDebug = SystemProperties.LWJGL_DEBUG || SystemProperties.SDL_GPU_DEBUG;
        final String forcedDriver = resolveDriverName(driverHint, Platform.get() == Platform.WINDOWS);
-        device = SDL_CreateGPUDevice(requestedFormats, gpuDebug, forcedDriver);
-        if (device == 0 && forcedDriver != null) {
-            LOG.warn("Failed to create a '{}' SDL GPU device ({}); falling back to SDL's default backend. Set -D{} to pin one.", forcedDriver, SDLError.SDL_GetError(), SystemProperties.KEY_SDL_GPU_DRIVER);
-            device = SDL_CreateGPUDevice(requestedFormats, gpuDebug, (CharSequence) null);
+        device = createGPUDevice(gpuDebug, forcedDriver);
+        if (device == 0 && VideoDriverRecovery.shouldRetryOnX11(SDL_GetCurrentVideoDriver(), vulkanLoaderAvailable(), System.getenv("DISPLAY"))) {
+            device = VideoDriverRecovery.retryUnderX11(() -> createGPUDevice(gpuDebug, forcedDriver));
        }
        if (device == 0) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to create SDL GPU device: " + SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+            logDeviceCreationFailure(REQUESTED_SHADER_FORMATS);
+            return false;
        }

        driverName = SDL_GetGPUDeviceDriver(device);
@@ -77,12 +121,29 @@ public final class Device {
        driverVersion = SDLProperties.SDL_GetStringProperty(props, SDL_PROP_GPU_DEVICE_DRIVER_VERSION_STRING, "");
        driverInfo = SDLProperties.SDL_GetStringProperty(props, SDL_PROP_GPU_DEVICE_DRIVER_INFO_STRING, "");

-        LOG.info("SDL GPU device created: gpu={}, driver={} {}, formats=0x{}, debug={}, forcedDriver={}", deviceName, driverName, driverVersion, Integer.toHexString(supportedShaderFormats), gpuDebug, forcedDriver);
+        LOG.info("SDL GPU device created: gpu={}, driver={} {}, video={}, formats=0x{}, debug={}, forcedDriver={}", deviceName, driverName, driverVersion, SDL_GetCurrentVideoDriver(), Integer.toHexString(supportedShaderFormats), gpuDebug, forcedDriver);

-        if ("metal".equalsIgnoreCase(driverName) && ver < SDLVersion.SDL_VERSIONNUM(3, 4, 6)) {
-            LOG.fatal("SDL GPU on Metal requires SDL 3.4.6 or newer; exiting");
-            SDLGPUGate.markFatalInit();
-            return;
+        if (metalNeedsNewerSdl(driverName, ver)) {
+            LOG.error("SDL GPU on Metal requires SDL 3.4.6 or newer (have {}.{}.{}); falling back to OpenGL", SDLVersion.SDL_VERSIONNUM_MAJOR(ver), SDLVersion.SDL_VERSIONNUM_MINOR(ver), SDLVersion.SDL_VERSIONNUM_MICRO(ver));
+            destroyDevice();
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private long createGPUDevice(boolean gpuDebug, String forcedDriver) {
+        long dev = SDL_CreateGPUDevice(REQUESTED_SHADER_FORMATS, gpuDebug, forcedDriver);
+        if (dev == 0 && forcedDriver != null) {
+            LOG.warn("Failed to create a '{}' SDL GPU device ({}); falling back to SDL's default backend. Set -D{} to pin one.", forcedDriver, SDLError.SDL_GetError(), SystemProperties.KEY_SDL_GPU_DRIVER);
+            dev = SDL_CreateGPUDevice(REQUESTED_SHADER_FORMATS, gpuDebug, (CharSequence) null);
+        }
+        return dev;
+    }
+
+    public void claimWindow(long window) {
+        if (device == 0) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("SDL GPU device not created");
        }

        if (window == 0) {
@@ -92,18 +153,66 @@ public final class Device {
        if (!SDL_ClaimWindowForGPUDevice(device, window)) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to claim window for SDL GPU device: " + SDLError.SDL_GetError());
        }
+        claimed = true;
+        windowThread = Thread.currentThread();

-        final int n = FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
-        if (!SDL_SetGPUAllowedFramesInFlight(device, n)) {
-            LOG.warn("SDL_SetGPUAllowedFramesInFlight({}) failed: {}", n, SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+        if (!SDL_SetGPUAllowedFramesInFlight(device, FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT)) {
+            LOG.warn("SDL_SetGPUAllowedFramesInFlight({}) failed: {}", FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, SDLError.SDL_GetError());
        } else {
-            LOG.info("SDL frames-in-flight set to {}", n);
+            LOG.info("SDL frames-in-flight set to {}", FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
        }

        logWindowDiagnostics(window);
        LOG.info("SDL GPU device claimed window successfully");
    }

+    private static boolean vulkanLoaderAvailable() {
+        if (Platform.get() == Platform.MACOSX) return false;
+        if (!SDLVulkan.SDL_Vulkan_LoadLibrary((CharSequence) null)) return false;
+        SDLVulkan.SDL_Vulkan_UnloadLibrary();
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private static void logDeviceCreationFailure(int requestedFormats) {
+        final StringBuilder drivers = new StringBuilder();
+        final int n = SDL_GetNumGPUDrivers();
+        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (i > 0) drivers.append(", ");
+            drivers.append(SDL_GetGPUDriver(i));
+        }
+        final String videoDriver = SDL_GetCurrentVideoDriver();
+        LOG.error("SDL GPU device creation failed. platform={}, videoDriver={}, requestedShaderFormats=0x{}, compiledGpuDrivers=[{}]", Platform.get(), videoDriver, Integer.toHexString(requestedFormats), drivers);
+
+        if (Platform.get() != Platform.MACOSX) {
+            if (SDLVulkan.SDL_Vulkan_LoadLibrary((CharSequence) null)) {
+                SDLVulkan.SDL_Vulkan_UnloadLibrary();
+                LOG.error("A Vulkan loader is present, so no GPU met SDL's requirements");
+            } else {
+                LOG.error("No usable Vulkan loader: {}", SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+                if (!"x11".equalsIgnoreCase(videoDriver)) {
+                    LOG.error("Retrying under SDL_VIDEODRIVER=x11 did not help either.");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        LOG.error("Continuing on OpenGL. Set -D{}=false to skip this probe entirely.", SystemProperties.KEY_USE_SDL_GPU);
+    }
+
+    public void destroyDevice() {
+        if (device == 0) return;
+        if (claimed) {
+            final long window = Display.getWindow();
+            if (window != 0) SDL_ReleaseWindowFromGPUDevice(device, window);
+            claimed = false;
+        }
+        SDL_DestroyGPUDevice(device);
+        device = 0;
+        driverName = null;
+        deviceName = null;
+        driverVersion = null;
+        driverInfo = null;
+        supportedShaderFormats = 0;
+    }
+
    private void logWindowDiagnostics(long window) {
        final long flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
        final boolean hasMetal = (flags & SDL_WINDOW_METAL) != 0;
@@ -146,12 +255,7 @@ public final class Device {

    public void shutdown() {
        if (device != 0) {
-            final long window = Display.getWindow();
-            if (window != 0) {
-                SDL_ReleaseWindowFromGPUDevice(device, window);
-            }
-            SDL_DestroyGPUDevice(device);
-            device = 0;
+            destroyDevice();
            LOG.info("SDL GPU device destroyed");
        }
    }
@@ -164,6 +268,10 @@ public final class Device {
        return driverName;
    }

+    public Thread getWindowThread() {
+        return windowThread;
+    }
+
    public String getDeviceName() {
        return deviceName;
    }
@@ -192,22 +300,89 @@ public final class Device {
        return (supportedShaderFormats & SDL_GPU_SHADERFORMAT_DXBC) != 0;
    }

-    public void setVSyncEnabled(boolean enabled) {
+    private static final List<VSyncMode> ON_ORDER = List.of(VSyncMode.ON);
+    private static final List<VSyncMode> OFF_ORDER = List.of(VSyncMode.OFF, VSyncMode.ON);
+    private static final List<VSyncMode> MAILBOX_ORDER = List.of(VSyncMode.MAILBOX, VSyncMode.ON);
+
+    private static List<VSyncMode> presentModeOrder(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        return switch (preferred) {
+            case MAILBOX -> MAILBOX_ORDER;
+            case OFF -> OFF_ORDER;
+            default -> ON_ORDER;
+        };
+    }
+
+    public VSyncMode chooseVSyncMode(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        for (VSyncMode candidate : presentModeOrder(preferred)) {
+            if (supportsVSyncMode(candidate)) return candidate;
+        }
+        return vsyncMode;
+    }
+
+    public VSyncMode applyVSync(VSyncMode preferred) {
+        if (device == 0 || !claimed) return vsyncMode;
        final long window = Display.getWindow();
-        final int mode;
-        if (enabled) {
-            mode = SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_VSYNC;
-        } else if (SDL_WindowSupportsGPUPresentMode(device, window, SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_MAILBOX)) {
-            mode = SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_MAILBOX;
-        } else {
-            mode = SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_IMMEDIATE;
+        final List<VSyncMode> order = presentModeOrder(preferred);
+        for (VSyncMode candidate : order) {
+            final int sdlMode = toSdl(candidate);
+            if (!SDL_WindowSupportsGPUPresentMode(device, window, sdlMode)) continue;
+            if (!SDL_SetGPUSwapchainParameters(device, window, SDL_GPU_SWAPCHAINCOMPOSITION_SDR, sdlMode)) {
+                LOG.warn("Failed to set present mode {}: {}", candidate, SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (candidate != order.get(0)) {
+                LOG.warn("Present mode {} is not supported by this window; using {} instead", order.get(0), candidate);
+            }
+            vsyncMode = candidate;
+            LOG.info("SDL present mode {} (preferred={}), refresh {}Hz, {}, video={}, framesInFlight={}, supported: vsync={} immediate={} mailbox={}",
+                candidate, preferred, getDisplayRefreshRateHz(),
+                (SDL_GetWindowFlags(window) & SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN) != 0 ? "fullscreen" : "windowed",
+                SDL_GetCurrentVideoDriver(), FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT,
+                supportsVSyncMode(VSyncMode.ON), supportsVSyncMode(VSyncMode.OFF), supportsVSyncMode(VSyncMode.MAILBOX));
+            return candidate;
        }
-        if (!SDL_SetGPUSwapchainParameters(device, window, SDL_GPU_SWAPCHAINCOMPOSITION_SDR, mode)) {
-            LOG.warn("Failed to set present mode {}: {} (keeping prior mode {})", mode, SDLError.SDL_GetError(), presentMode);
-            return;
+        LOG.warn("No usable present mode for preference {}; keeping {}", preferred, vsyncMode);
+        return vsyncMode;
+    }
+
+    public boolean supportsVSyncMode(VSyncMode mode) {
+        return device != 0 && claimed && SDL_WindowSupportsGPUPresentMode(device, Display.getWindow(), toSdl(mode));
+    }
+
+    public long getClaimedWindow() {
+        return device != 0 && claimed ? Display.getWindow() : 0L;
+    }
+
+    public boolean wasWindowResized() {
+        return getClaimedWindow() != 0L && Display.wasResized();
+    }
+
+    public long getWindowSizeInPixels() {
+        final long window = getClaimedWindow();
+        if (window == 0) return 0L;
+        try (MemoryStack stack = MemoryStack.stackPush()) {
+            final IntBuffer w = stack.mallocInt(1);
+            final IntBuffer h = stack.mallocInt(1);
+            SDL_GetWindowSizeInPixels(window, w, h);
+            return ((long) w.get(0) << 32) | (h.get(0) & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
        }
-        presentMode = mode;
-        LOG.info("SDL present mode set to {}", mode);
+    }
+
+    private static int toSdl(VSyncMode mode) {
+        return switch (mode) {
+            case OFF -> SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_IMMEDIATE;
+            case MAILBOX -> SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_MAILBOX;
+            default -> SDL_GPU_PRESENTMODE_VSYNC;
+        };
+    }
+
+    public int getDisplayRefreshRateHz() {
+        final long window = Display.getWindow();
+        final int displayId = window == 0 ? SDL_GetPrimaryDisplay() : SDL_GetDisplayForWindow(window);
+        if (displayId == 0) return 0;
+        final SDL_DisplayMode mode = SDL_GetCurrentDisplayMode(displayId);
+        if (mode == null) return 0;
+        return RenderBackend.refreshHzFrom(mode.refresh_rate_numerator(), mode.refresh_rate_denominator(), mode.refresh_rate());
    }

    public int getSwapchainTextureFormat() {
@@ -218,6 +393,7 @@ public final class Device {
    private void installLogCallback() {
        if (logCallback != null) return;
        logCallback = SDL_LogOutputFunction.create((userdata, category, priority, message) -> {
+            if (lost) return;
            final String msg = memUTF8(message);
            switch (priority) {
                case SDLLog.SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_ERROR, SDLLog.SDL_LOG_PRIORITY_CRITICAL -> LOG.error("[SDL] {}", msg);
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.device;
+
+public final class GpuDeviceLostException extends Error {
+
+    public GpuDeviceLostException(String operation, String sdlError) {
+        super("GPU device lost during " + operation + ": " + sdlError
+            + ". A lost device cannot be recovered, so the game cannot continue. Please report this at "
+            + "https://github.com/GTNewHorizons/Angelica/issues and attach your full log file (logs/fml-client-latest.log)");
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.device;
+
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLError;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLHints;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLInit;
+
+import java.util.function.LongSupplier;
+
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLInit.SDL_INIT_VIDEO;
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLVideo.SDL_GetCurrentVideoDriver;
+
+public final class VideoDriverRecovery {
+
+    private static final Logger LOG = LogManager.getLogger("Angelica-SDLGPU");
+
+    private static final String X11 = "x11";
+
+    private VideoDriverRecovery() {}
+
+    static boolean shouldRetryOnX11(String videoDriver, boolean vulkanLoaderAvailable, String displayEnv) {
+        if (vulkanLoaderAvailable) return false;
+        if (!"wayland".equalsIgnoreCase(videoDriver)) return false;
+        return displayEnv != null && !displayEnv.isEmpty();
+    }
+
+    static long retryUnderX11(LongSupplier createDevice) {
+        final String original = SDL_GetCurrentVideoDriver();
+        LOG.warn("SDL GPU is unavailable under the '{}' video driver; retrying under {}", original, X11);
+
+        if (!restartVideo(X11)) {
+            LOG.warn("Could not restart the SDL video subsystem under {}: {}", X11, SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+            restartVideo(original);
+            return 0L;
+        }
+
+        final long device = createDevice.getAsLong();
+        if (device == 0) {
+            LOG.warn("SDL GPU is unavailable under {} as well; restoring the '{}' video driver", X11, original);
+            restartVideo(original);
+            return 0L;
+        }
+
+        LOG.warn("SDL video driver switched to {} so the SDL GPU backend can run. Set SDL_VIDEODRIVER=wayland to keep the native session and run on OpenGL instead.", X11);
+        return device;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean restartVideo(String driver) {
+        SDLInit.SDL_QuitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_VIDEO);
+        if (driver == null || driver.isEmpty()) {
+            SDLHints.SDL_ResetHint(SDLHints.SDL_HINT_VIDEO_DRIVER);
+        } else {
+            SDLHints.SDL_SetHint(SDLHints.SDL_HINT_VIDEO_DRIVER, driver);
+        }
+        return SDLInit.SDL_InitSubSystem(SDL_INIT_VIDEO);
+    }
+}
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.shader.UniformStaging;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.objects.Reference2ObjectOpenHashMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.ints.IntArrayList;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.Long2FloatOpenHashMap;
+import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.Long2IntOpenHashMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.Long2ObjectOpenHashMap;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.LongArrayList;
 import it.unimi.dsi.fastutil.longs.LongOpenHashSet;
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ public final class ContextState {
    public float blendColorR, blendColorG, blendColorB, blendColorA;
    public int stencilRef;
    public float depthClearValue = 1.0f;
+    public int stencilClearValue;
    public boolean primitiveRestartEnabled;
    public int primitiveRestartSentinel;

@@ -292,13 +294,20 @@ public final class ContextState {
    public int boundReadFboId;

    public final LongOpenHashSet clearedTexturesThisFrame = new LongOpenHashSet();
+    public final LongOpenHashSet clearedStencilTexturesThisFrame = new LongOpenHashSet();

    public final LongOpenHashSet pendingColorTextures = new LongOpenHashSet();
    public final Long2ObjectOpenHashMap<float[]> pendingColorValues = new Long2ObjectOpenHashMap<>();
    public final LongOpenHashSet pendingDepthTextures = new LongOpenHashSet();
    public final Long2FloatOpenHashMap pendingDepthValues = new Long2FloatOpenHashMap();
+    public final LongOpenHashSet pendingStencilTextures = new LongOpenHashSet();
+    public final Long2IntOpenHashMap pendingStencilValues = new Long2IntOpenHashMap();
    public boolean pendingSwapchainClear;
    public float pendingSwapchainR, pendingSwapchainG, pendingSwapchainB, pendingSwapchainA;
+    public boolean pendingSwapchainDepthClear;
+    public boolean pendingSwapchainStencilClear;
+    public float pendingSwapchainDepth;
+    public int pendingSwapchainStencil;

    public final LongArrayList samplerFlushColorHandles = new LongArrayList();
    public final IntArrayList samplerFlushColorGlIds = new IntArrayList();
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.glsm.profiling.Tracy;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.device.Device;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.resource.ResourceManager;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.util.MemoryAccess;
+import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.util.ThreadRegistry;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.resource.UploadArena;
@@ -16,16 +17,20 @@ import org.lwjgl.PointerBuffer;
 import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLError;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_FColor;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_GPUBlitInfo;
+import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_GPUBlitRegion;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_GPUColorTargetInfo;
 import org.lwjgl.sdl.SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo;
-import org.lwjglx.opengl.Display;

 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.IntBuffer;
 import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

 import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLGPU.*;
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLSurface.SDL_FLIP_NONE;
+import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLSurface.SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL;
 import static org.lwjgl.system.MemoryStack.*;

 /**
@@ -37,7 +42,6 @@ public final class FrameManager {
    private static final Tracy.ZoneId Z_SDL_FENCE_WAIT = Tracy.zoneId("sdlFenceWait", Tracy.COLOR_SWAP);
    private static final Tracy.ZoneId Z_SDL_SUBMIT = Tracy.zoneId("sdlSubmit", Tracy.COLOR_SWAP);
    private static final Tracy.ZoneId Z_SDL_ACQUIRE_WAIT = Tracy.zoneId("sdlAcquireWait", Tracy.COLOR_SWAP);
-    private static final Tracy.ZoneId Z_SDL_SWAPCHAIN_WAIT = Tracy.zoneId("sdlSwapchainWait", Tracy.COLOR_SWAP);

    private final Device device;
    private ResourceManager resourceManager;
@@ -48,19 +52,16 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        public long renderPass;
        public long copyPass;
        public boolean computePassOpen;
-        public long swapchainTexture;
-        public int swapchainWidth;
-        public int swapchainHeight;
        public boolean frameActive;
        public long currentColorTarget;
        public long currentDepthTarget;
        public long activeLayoutHash;
        public long frameNumber;
        public boolean clearedThisFrame;
-        public boolean swapchainUsedThisFrame;
-        public boolean swapchainAcquiredThisFrame;
+        public boolean depthClearedThisFrame;
+        public boolean fbo0UsedThisFrame;
+        public boolean presentedThisFrame;
        public boolean swapchainUnavailable;
-        public boolean skipPresent;
        public long renderPassGeneration;

        public boolean wantFenceOnNextSubmit;
@@ -82,13 +83,17 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        public int batchBreakSamplerThisFrame;
        public int stateAppliesThisFrame;
        public long acquireWaitNanosThisFrame;
+        public volatile long lastFrameGateNanos;
+        public volatile long lastFrameGateEndNanos;
+        public int midFrameSubmitsThisFrame;
        public int mipGensThisFrame;
+        public int mipGenSubmitsThisFrame;
+        public int uploadFlushSubmitsThisFrame;
        public int blitsThisFrame;
        public int presentSkipsThisFrame;
        public int emptyFramesThisFrame;
        public int droppedDrawsThisFrame;
        public int computeBatchJoinsThisFrame;
-        public boolean drawableStarved;
        public int clearPassesThisFrame;
        public int swapchainPassesThisFrame;
        public int fboPassesThisFrame;
@@ -144,34 +149,52 @@ public final class FrameManager {

    private volatile boolean globalSyncAtNextBeginFrame;

-    private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<FrameState> registeredFrames = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+    private final ThreadRegistry<FrameState> registeredFrames = new ThreadRegistry<>(new FrameState[0]);

-     private volatile FrameState soleFrame;
-
-    private final ThreadLocal<FrameState> tlFrame = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> {
-        final FrameState f = new FrameState();
-        registeredFrames.add(f);
-        refreshSoleFrame();
-        return f;
-    });
-
-    private void refreshSoleFrame() {
-        soleFrame = registeredFrames.size() == 1 ? registeredFrames.get(0) : null;
-    }
+    private final ThreadLocal<FrameState> tlFrame = new ThreadLocal<>();

    public FrameState frame() {
-        final FrameState f = soleFrame;
-        if (f != null && f.owner == Thread.currentThread()) return f;
-        return tlFrame.get();
+        final FrameState sole = registeredFrames.sole();
+        if (sole != null && sole.owner == Thread.currentThread()) return sole;
+        final FrameState f = tlFrame.get();
+        return f != null ? f : registerFrame();
    }

-    public static final long SWAPCHAIN_LAYOUT_HASH = 0x5CA1AB1E5CA1AB1EL;
+    private FrameState registerFrame() {
+        final FrameState f = new FrameState();
+        tlFrame.set(f);
+        registeredFrames.add(f);
+        return f;
+    }
+
+    public int registeredFrameCount() {
+        return registeredFrames.size();
+    }
+
+    public FrameState busiestFrame() {
+        final FrameState[] frames = registeredFrames.snapshot();
+        FrameState best = null;
+        for (final FrameState f : frames) {
+            if (best == null || f.frameNumber > best.frameNumber) best = f;
+        }
+        return best != null ? best : frame();
+    }
+
+    public static final long FBO0_LAYOUT_HASH = 0x5CA1AB1E5CA1AB1EL;
+
+    private final OffscreenTarget finalTarget = new OffscreenTarget();
+
+    public OffscreenTarget finalTarget() { return finalTarget; }
+
+    public void destroyFinalTarget() {
+        if (resourceManager != null) finalTarget.destroy(resourceManager);
+    }

    public static final long MAX_PENDING_UPLOAD_BYTES = 16L * 1024L * 1024L;
    public static final int MAX_PENDING_UPLOAD_COMMANDS = 256;

    private Runnable beforeEndCopyPass;
-    private Runnable beforePendingUploadSubmit;
+

    public FrameManager(Device device) {
        this.device = device;
@@ -181,18 +204,12 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        this.resourceManager = resourceManager;
    }

-    private static volatile boolean threadLogged;
-
    public void beginFrame() {
        final FrameState f = frame();
        if (f.frameActive) {
            LOG.warn("beginFrame() called while frame already active on thread {}", Thread.currentThread().getName());
            return;
        }
-        if (!threadLogged) {
-            threadLogged = true;
-            LOG.info("First beginFrame() on thread={}; must match the SDL window-creating thread", Thread.currentThread().getName());
-        }

        flushPendingUploadCommandBuffer(f);
        if (globalSyncAtNextBeginFrame) {
@@ -202,23 +219,15 @@ public final class FrameManager {
            finally { Tracy.endZone(); }
        }

-        if (f.drawableStarved) {
-            f.drawableStarved = false;
-            Tracy.beginZone(Z_SDL_SWAPCHAIN_WAIT);
-            try { SDL_WaitForGPUSwapchain(device.getDevice(), Display.getWindow()); }
-            finally { Tracy.endZone(); }
-        }
-
        f.commandBuffer = SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer(device.getDevice());
        if (f.commandBuffer == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to acquire GPU command buffer: " + SDLError.SDL_GetError());
        }

-        f.swapchainTexture = 0;
-        f.swapchainWidth = 0;
-        f.swapchainHeight = 0;
-        f.swapchainAcquiredThisFrame = false;
        f.swapchainUnavailable = false;
+        f.presentedThisFrame = false;
+
+        maintainFinalTarget();

        f.frameActive = true;
        f.renderPass = 0;
@@ -226,23 +235,72 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        f.currentDepthTarget = 0;
        f.frameNumber++;
        f.clearedThisFrame = false;
-        f.swapchainUsedThisFrame = false;
-        f.skipPresent = false;
+        f.depthClearedThisFrame = false;
+        f.fbo0UsedThisFrame = false;
+    }
+
+    private static final long FINAL_TARGET_SIZE_POLL_NANOS = 1_000_000_000L;
+
+    private long finalTargetPollNanos;
+    private volatile Thread mainThread;
+
+    public void setMainThread(Thread thread) {
+        this.mainThread = thread;
+    }
+
+    // Resizing releases a texture an in-flight present may still reference, so drain before ensureSize.
+    private void maintainFinalTarget() {
+        if (resourceManager == null) return;
+        final Thread owner = mainThread;
+        if (owner != null && Thread.currentThread() != owner) return;
+
+        final long now = System.nanoTime();
+        final boolean poll = finalTargetPollNanos == 0L || now - finalTargetPollNanos >= FINAL_TARGET_SIZE_POLL_NANOS;
+        if (!poll && !device.wasWindowResized() && finalTarget.isReady()) return;
+        if (poll) finalTargetPollNanos = now;
+
+        final long size = device.getWindowSizeInPixels();
+        if (size == 0L) return;
+        final int width = (int) (size >> 32);
+        final int height = (int) size;
+        if (finalTarget.isReady() && width == finalTarget.width() && height == finalTarget.height()) return;
+
+        if (presenter != null) presenter.drain();
+        finalTarget.ensureSize(device, resourceManager, width, height);
    }

    public void markFrameEmpty(FrameState f) {
-        f.skipPresent = true;
        f.emptyFramesThisFrame++;
    }

-    public void ensureSwapchainRenderPass(float clearR, float clearG, float clearB, float clearA, boolean clear) {
-        ensureSwapchainRenderPass(frame(), clearR, clearG, clearB, clearA, clear);
+    static boolean swapchainClearNeedsPassBreak(ContextState st, FrameState f) {
+        return (st.pendingSwapchainClear || st.pendingSwapchainDepthClear || st.pendingSwapchainStencilClear) && f.renderPass != 0 && f.activeLayoutHash == FBO0_LAYOUT_HASH;
    }

-    public void ensureSwapchainRenderPass(FrameState f, float clearR, float clearG, float clearB, float clearA, boolean clear) {
-        if (!ensureSwapchainAcquired(f)) return; // present-skip; don't bind tex=0
-        if (f.renderPass != 0 && f.currentColorTarget == f.swapchainTexture) {
-            return;
+    public boolean ensureFbo0RenderPass(FrameState f, ContextState st) {
+        final boolean clearColor = st.pendingSwapchainClear;
+        if (swapchainClearNeedsPassBreak(st, f)) {
+            endRenderPassIfActive(f);
+        }
+        final boolean applied = ensureFbo0RenderPass(f,
+            clearColor ? st.pendingSwapchainR : st.clearR,
+            clearColor ? st.pendingSwapchainG : st.clearG,
+            clearColor ? st.pendingSwapchainB : st.clearB,
+            clearColor ? st.pendingSwapchainA : st.clearA,
+            clearColor,
+            st.pendingSwapchainDepthClear, st.pendingSwapchainDepthClear ? st.pendingSwapchainDepth : st.depthClearValue,
+            st.pendingSwapchainStencilClear, st.pendingSwapchainStencilClear ? st.pendingSwapchainStencil : st.stencilClearValue);
+        if (!applied) return false;
+        st.pendingSwapchainClear = false;
+        st.pendingSwapchainDepthClear = false;
+        st.pendingSwapchainStencilClear = false;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private boolean ensureFbo0RenderPass(FrameState f, float clearR, float clearG, float clearB, float clearA, boolean clear, boolean clearDepth, float depthValue, boolean clearStencil, int stencilValue) {
+        if (!finalTarget.isReady() || f.commandBuffer == 0) return false;
+        if (f.renderPass != 0 && f.activeLayoutHash == FBO0_LAYOUT_HASH) {
+            return false;
        }

        endActiveEncoders(f);
@@ -251,10 +309,16 @@ public final class FrameManager {
            clear = true;
        }

+        final long depthTexture = resourceManager != null ? resourceManager.getOrCreateSwapchainDepthStencil(finalTarget.width(), finalTarget.height()) : 0L;
+        if (depthTexture != 0 && !f.depthClearedThisFrame) {
+            clearDepth = true;
+            clearStencil = true;
+        }
+
        try (var stack = stackPush()) {
            final SDL_GPUColorTargetInfo.Buffer colorTargets = SDL_GPUColorTargetInfo.calloc(1, stack);
            final long ctAddr = colorTargets.get(0).address();
-            MemoryAccess.putAddress(ctAddr + SDL_GPUColorTargetInfo.TEXTURE, f.swapchainTexture);
+            MemoryAccess.putAddress(ctAddr + SDL_GPUColorTargetInfo.TEXTURE, finalTarget.colorTexture());
            MemoryAccess.putInt(ctAddr + SDL_GPUColorTargetInfo.LOAD_OP, clear ? SDL_GPU_LOADOP_CLEAR : SDL_GPU_LOADOP_LOAD);
            MemoryAccess.putInt(ctAddr + SDL_GPUColorTargetInfo.STORE_OP, SDL_GPU_STOREOP_STORE);

@@ -267,19 +331,35 @@ public final class FrameManager {
                f.clearedThisFrame = true;
            }

+            SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo depthTarget = null;
+            if (depthTexture != 0) {
+                depthTarget = SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.calloc(stack);
+                final long dtAddr = depthTarget.address();
+                MemoryAccess.putAddress(dtAddr + SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.TEXTURE, depthTexture);
+                MemoryAccess.putInt(dtAddr + SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.LOAD_OP, clearDepth ? SDL_GPU_LOADOP_CLEAR : SDL_GPU_LOADOP_LOAD);
+                MemoryAccess.putInt(dtAddr + SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.STORE_OP, SDL_GPU_STOREOP_STORE);
+                MemoryAccess.putFloat(dtAddr + SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.CLEAR_DEPTH, depthValue);
+                MemoryAccess.putInt(dtAddr + SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.STENCIL_LOAD_OP, clearStencil ? SDL_GPU_LOADOP_CLEAR : SDL_GPU_LOADOP_LOAD);
+                MemoryAccess.putInt(dtAddr + SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.STENCIL_STORE_OP, SDL_GPU_STOREOP_STORE);
+                MemoryAccess.putByte(dtAddr + SDL_GPUDepthStencilTargetInfo.CLEAR_STENCIL, (byte) stencilValue);
+                if (clearDepth && clearStencil) f.depthClearedThisFrame = true;
+            }
+
            if (preRenderPassHook != null) preRenderPassHook.run();
            assertNoEncoderActive(f, "SDL_BeginGPURenderPass(swapchain)");
-            f.renderPass = SDL_BeginGPURenderPass(f.commandBuffer, colorTargets, null);
+            f.renderPass = SDL_BeginGPURenderPass(f.commandBuffer, colorTargets, depthTarget);
            if (f.renderPass == 0) {
                throw new RuntimeException("Failed to begin render pass: " + SDLError.SDL_GetError());
            }
            f.renderPassGeneration++;
            f.swapchainPassesThisFrame++;
-            f.currentColorTarget = f.swapchainTexture;
-            f.currentDepthTarget = 0;
-            f.activeLayoutHash = SWAPCHAIN_LAYOUT_HASH;
-            f.swapchainUsedThisFrame = true;
+            f.currentColorTarget = finalTarget.colorTexture();
+            f.currentDepthTarget = depthTexture;
+            f.activeLayoutHash = FBO0_LAYOUT_HASH;
+            f.fbo0UsedThisFrame = true;
+            finalTarget.markContent();
        }
+        return true;
    }


@@ -329,6 +409,8 @@ public final class FrameManager {

    public void noteMipGen() { frame().mipGensThisFrame++; }

+    public void noteMipGenSubmit() { frame().mipGenSubmitsThisFrame++; }
+
    public void noteBlit() { frame().blitsThisFrame++; }

    public void noteClearPass() { frame().clearPassesThisFrame++; }
@@ -382,6 +464,24 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        }
    }

+    private volatile boolean acquireThreadReported;
+
+    static boolean acquireAffinityViolated(Thread self, Thread window) {
+        return window != null && window != self;
+    }
+
+    private void checkAcquireOnWindowThread() {
+        if (acquireThreadReported) return;
+        final Thread self = Thread.currentThread();
+        final Thread window = device.getWindowThread();
+        if (!acquireAffinityViolated(self, window)) return;
+        acquireThreadReported = true;
+
+        final String message = "Swapchain acquired on '" + self.getName() + "', window created on '" + window.getName() + "'";
+        if (SystemProperties.isDeobf() && !SystemProperties.DISABLE_SDL_PRESENTER_THREAD) throw new IllegalStateException(message);
+        LOG.warn(message);
+    }
+
    public long ensureCopyPass() {
        final FrameState f = frame();
        if (f.copyPass != 0) {
@@ -409,10 +509,6 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        this.beforeEndCopyPass = callback;
    }

-    public void setBeforePendingUploadSubmitCallback(Runnable callback) {
-        this.beforePendingUploadSubmit = callback;
-    }
-
    public void setBeforeSubmitCallback(Runnable callback) {
        this.beforeSubmit = callback;
    }
@@ -422,17 +518,14 @@ public final class FrameManager {
    }

    public void requestFlushOnAllRegisteredFrames() {
-        final int n = registeredFrames.size();
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            registeredFrames.get(i).flushRequested = true;
+        for (final FrameState f : registeredFrames.snapshot()) {
+            f.flushRequested = true;
        }
    }

    public void requestSyncFlushOnAllRegisteredFrames() {
        globalSyncAtNextBeginFrame = true;
-        final int n = registeredFrames.size();
-        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            final FrameState f = registeredFrames.get(i);
+        for (final FrameState f : registeredFrames.snapshot()) {
            f.flushRequested = true;
            f.syncOnNextFlush = true;
        }
@@ -459,21 +552,18 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        endCopyPassIfActive(f);
        endRenderPassIfActive(f);

-        if (!f.swapchainAcquiredThisFrame && !f.swapchainUnavailable && !f.skipPresent && f.commandBuffer != 0) {
-            ensureSwapchainAcquired(f);
-        }
-
        if (f.commandBuffer != 0) {
            Tracy.beginZone(Z_SDL_SUBMIT);
            try {
                if (f.wantFenceOnNextSubmit) {
                    f.wantFenceOnNextSubmit = false;
+                    if (f.lastAcquiredFence != 0) SDL_ReleaseGPUFence(device.getDevice(), f.lastAcquiredFence);
                    f.lastAcquiredFence = SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBufferAndAcquireFence(f.commandBuffer);
                    if (f.lastAcquiredFence == 0) {
-                        LOG.error("Failed to submit+acquireFence GPU command buffer: {}", SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+                        device.reportGpuFailure("submit+acquireFence GPU command buffer");
                    }
                } else if (!SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(f.commandBuffer)) {
-                    LOG.error("Failed to submit GPU command buffer: {}", SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+                    device.reportGpuFailure("submit GPU command buffer");
                }
            } finally {
                Tracy.endZone();
@@ -482,9 +572,14 @@ public final class FrameManager {
            f.commandBuffer = 0;
        }

-        f.drawableStarved = f.presentSkipsThisFrame > 0;
+        drainWindowPresentCounters(f);
+
+        if (Tracy.ENABLED && resourceManager != null) {
+            SdlFramePlots.emit(f, resourceManager);
+        }
+
+        f.midFrameSubmitsThisFrame = 0;

-        if (Tracy.ENABLED && resourceManager != null) SdlFramePlots.emit(f, resourceManager);
        f.lastPlottedRenderPassGen = f.renderPassGeneration;
        f.computePassesThisFrame = 0;
        f.submitsThisFrame = 0;
@@ -502,6 +597,8 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        f.stateAppliesThisFrame = 0;
        f.acquireWaitNanosThisFrame = 0;
        f.mipGensThisFrame = 0;
+        f.mipGenSubmitsThisFrame = 0;
+        f.uploadFlushSubmitsThisFrame = 0;
        f.blitsThisFrame = 0;
        f.clearPassesThisFrame = 0;
        f.swapchainPassesThisFrame = 0;
@@ -516,9 +613,6 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        f.computeBatchJoinsThisFrame = 0;

        f.frameActive = false;
-        f.swapchainTexture = 0;
-
-        if (afterPresent != null) afterPresent.run();
    }

    public void submitMidFrame() {
@@ -530,17 +624,19 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        try {
            if (f.wantFenceOnNextSubmit) {
                f.wantFenceOnNextSubmit = false;
+                if (f.lastAcquiredFence != 0) SDL_ReleaseGPUFence(device.getDevice(), f.lastAcquiredFence);
                f.lastAcquiredFence = SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBufferAndAcquireFence(f.commandBuffer);
                if (f.lastAcquiredFence == 0) {
-                    LOG.error("Mid-frame submit+acquireFence failed: {}", SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+                    device.reportGpuFailure("mid-frame submit+acquireFence");
                }
            } else if (!SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(f.commandBuffer)) {
-                LOG.error("Mid-frame submit failed: {}", SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+                device.reportGpuFailure("mid-frame submit");
            }
        } finally {
            Tracy.endZone();
        }
        f.submitsThisFrame++;
+        f.midFrameSubmitsThisFrame++;
        f.commandBuffer = 0;
        if (f.frameActive) {
            reacquireCommandBuffer();
@@ -552,6 +648,7 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        if (f.frameActive) {
            endFrame();
        }
+        presentFinalTarget();
        beginFrame();
    }

@@ -616,7 +713,6 @@ public final class FrameManager {
            return;
        }
        endCopyPassIfActive(f);
-        if (beforePendingUploadSubmit != null) beforePendingUploadSubmit.run();
        if (f.pendingUploadCommandBuffer != 0) {
            Tracy.beginZone(Z_SDL_SUBMIT);
            final boolean submitted;
@@ -626,9 +722,10 @@ public final class FrameManager {
                Tracy.endZone();
            }
            if (!submitted) {
-                LOG.error("Failed to submit pending upload command buffer: {}", SDLError.SDL_GetError());
+                device.reportGpuFailure("submit pending upload command buffer");
            }
            f.submitsThisFrame++;
+            f.uploadFlushSubmitsThisFrame++;
            f.pendingUploadCommandBuffer = 0;
            f.pendingUploadBytes = 0;
            f.pendingUploadCommands = 0;
@@ -663,22 +760,16 @@ public final class FrameManager {

    public long getActiveLayoutHash(FrameState f) { return f.activeLayoutHash; }

-    public long getSwapchainTexture() {
-        final FrameState f = frame();
-        ensureSwapchainAcquired(f);
-        return f.swapchainTexture;
+    public long getFbo0Texture() {
+        return finalTarget.colorTexture();
    }

-    public int getSwapchainWidth() {
-        final FrameState f = frame();
-        ensureSwapchainAcquired(f);
-        return f.swapchainWidth;
+    public int getFbo0Width() {
+        return finalTarget.width();
    }

-    public int getSwapchainHeight() {
-        final FrameState f = frame();
-        ensureSwapchainAcquired(f);
-        return f.swapchainHeight;
+    public int getFbo0Height() {
+        return finalTarget.height();
    }

    public int getSwapchainFormat() {
@@ -713,8 +804,8 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        return frame().frameNumber;
    }

-    public boolean isSwapchainUsedThisFrame() {
-        return frame().swapchainUsedThisFrame;
+    public boolean isFbo0UsedThisFrame() {
+        return frame().fbo0UsedThisFrame;
    }

    public void reacquireCommandBuffer() {
@@ -727,24 +818,18 @@ public final class FrameManager {
        f.currentDepthTarget = 0;

        if (f.frameActive) {
-            final boolean wasAcquired = f.swapchainAcquiredThisFrame;
-            f.swapchainAcquiredThisFrame = false;
-            f.swapchainTexture = 0;
-            if (wasAcquired && !ensureSwapchainAcquired(f)) {
-                LOG.warn("Failed to re-acquire swapchain after readback: {}", SDLError.SDL_GetError());
-            }
            f.clearedThisFrame = false;
        }
    }

    public void releaseThreadState() {
-        final FrameState f = frame();
+        final FrameState f = tlFrame.get();
+        if (f == null) return;
        if (resourceManager != null) resourceManager.flushUploadArena(f);
        flushPendingUploadCommandBuffer(f);
        releaseFrameStateResources(f);
-        registeredFrames.remove(f);
        tlFrame.remove();
-        refreshSoleFrame();
+        registeredFrames.remove(f);
    }

    private void releaseFrameStateResources(FrameState f) {
@@ -782,25 +867,97 @@ public final class FrameManager {
    }

    public void releaseAllRegisteredFrames() {
-        for (FrameState f : registeredFrames) {
+        for (final FrameState f : registeredFrames.snapshot()) {
            releaseFrameStateResources(f);
        }
        registeredFrames.clear();
-        soleFrame = null;
    }

-    public boolean ensureSwapchainAcquired() {
-        return ensureSwapchainAcquired(frame());
+    public long lastFrameGateNanos() {
+        return frame().lastFrameGateNanos;
    }

-    public boolean ensureSwapchainAcquired(FrameState f) {
-        if (f.swapchainAcquiredThisFrame) return true;
-        if (f.swapchainUnavailable) return false;
-        if (!f.frameActive || f.commandBuffer == 0) return false;
+    public long lastFrameGateEndNanos() {
+        return frame().lastFrameGateEndNanos;
+    }

-        endActiveEncoders(f);
+    private volatile Presenter presenter;

-        final long t0 = Tracy.ENABLED ? System.nanoTime() : 0L;
+    public void setPresenter(Presenter presenter) {
+        this.presenter = presenter;
+    }
+
+    private final FrameState windowFrame = new FrameState();
+
+    public FrameState windowFrame() {
+        return windowFrame;
+    }
+
+    public void presentFinalTarget() {
+        if (!finalTarget.hasContent()) return;
+        present(finalTarget.colorTexture(), finalTarget.width(), finalTarget.height(), SDL_FLIP_NONE, false);
+    }
+
+    public void presentSplash(long srcTexture, int srcW, int srcH) {
+        present(srcTexture, srcW, srcH, SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL, true);
+    }
+
+    private void present(long srcTexture, int srcW, int srcH, int flipMode, boolean splash) {
+        final FrameState f = frame();
+        if (f.presentedThisFrame) return;
+        final Presenter p = presenter;
+        if (p != null) {
+            f.presentedThisFrame = true;
+            p.requestPresent(srcTexture, srcW, srcH, flipMode);
+        } else {
+            presentBlit(f, srcTexture, srcW, srcH, flipMode);
+        }
+        if (splash) f.presentedThisFrame = false;
+    }
+
+    private final AtomicLong windowAcquireWaitNanos = new AtomicLong();
+    private final AtomicInteger windowPresentSkips = new AtomicInteger();
+
+    private void drainWindowPresentCounters(FrameState f) {
+        if (f == windowFrame) return;
+        final long acquire = windowAcquireWaitNanos.getAndSet(0L);
+        if (acquire != 0L) {
+            f.acquireWaitNanosThisFrame += acquire;
+            f.lastFrameGateNanos = windowFrame.lastFrameGateNanos;
+            f.lastFrameGateEndNanos = windowFrame.lastFrameGateEndNanos;
+        }
+        f.presentSkipsThisFrame += windowPresentSkips.getAndSet(0);
+    }
+
+    private void noteAcquireWait(FrameState f, long waitNanos) {
+        if (f == windowFrame) windowAcquireWaitNanos.addAndGet(waitNanos);
+        else f.acquireWaitNanosThisFrame += waitNanos;
+    }
+
+    private void notePresentSkip(FrameState f) {
+        if (f == windowFrame) windowPresentSkips.incrementAndGet();
+        else f.presentSkipsThisFrame++;
+    }
+
+    public void presentOnWindowThread(long srcTexture, int srcW, int srcH, int flipMode) {
+        presentBlit(windowFrame, srcTexture, srcW, srcH, flipMode);
+        windowFrame.presentedThisFrame = false;
+        windowFrame.swapchainUnavailable = false;
+    }
+
+    public boolean presentBlit(FrameState f, long srcTexture, int srcW, int srcH, int flipMode) {
+        if (srcTexture == 0 || srcW <= 0 || srcH <= 0) return false;
+        if (f.presentedThisFrame || f.swapchainUnavailable) return false;
+
+        checkAcquireOnWindowThread();
+
+        final long window = device.getClaimedWindow();
+        if (window == 0) return false;
+
+        final long cb = SDL_AcquireGPUCommandBuffer(device.getDevice());
+        if (cb == 0) return false;
+
+        final long t0 = System.nanoTime();
        final long tex;
        final int w;
        final int h;
@@ -811,7 +968,7 @@ public final class FrameManager {
            final IntBuffer pHeight = stack.ints(0);
            Tracy.beginZone(Z_SDL_ACQUIRE_WAIT);
            try {
-                callOk = SDL_AcquireGPUSwapchainTexture(f.commandBuffer, Display.getWindow(), pTexture, pWidth, pHeight);
+                callOk = SDL_WaitAndAcquireGPUSwapchainTexture(cb, window, pTexture, pWidth, pHeight);
            } finally {
                Tracy.endZone();
            }
@@ -819,25 +976,43 @@ public final class FrameManager {
            w = pWidth.get(0);
            h = pHeight.get(0);
        } catch (RuntimeException re) {
-            if (Tracy.ENABLED) f.acquireWaitNanosThisFrame += System.nanoTime() - t0;
+            SDL_CancelGPUCommandBuffer(cb);
            f.swapchainUnavailable = true;
            throw re;
        }
-        if (Tracy.ENABLED) f.acquireWaitNanosThisFrame += System.nanoTime() - t0;
+        final long tEnd = System.nanoTime();
+        f.lastFrameGateNanos = tEnd - t0;
+        f.lastFrameGateEndNanos = tEnd;
+        noteAcquireWait(f, tEnd - t0);

-        if (!callOk) {
+        if (!callOk || tex == 0) {
+            SDL_CancelGPUCommandBuffer(cb);
            f.swapchainUnavailable = true;
+            notePresentSkip(f);
            return false;
        }
-        if (tex == 0) {
-            f.swapchainUnavailable = true;
-            f.presentSkipsThisFrame++;
+
+        try (MemoryStack stack = stackPush()) {
+            final long info = stack.ncalloc(SDL_GPUBlitInfo.ALIGNOF, 1, SDL_GPUBlitInfo.SIZEOF);
+            writeBlitRegion(info + SDL_GPUBlitInfo.SOURCE, srcTexture, srcW, srcH);
+            writeBlitRegion(info + SDL_GPUBlitInfo.DESTINATION, tex, w, h);
+            MemoryAccess.putInt(info + SDL_GPUBlitInfo.FILTER, SDL_GPU_FILTER_LINEAR);
+            MemoryAccess.putInt(info + SDL_GPUBlitInfo.FLIP_MODE, flipMode);
+            nSDL_BlitGPUTexture(cb, info);
+        }
+
+        if (!SDL_SubmitGPUCommandBuffer(cb)) {
+            device.reportGpuFailure("submit present blit");
            return false;
        }
-        f.swapchainTexture = tex;
-        f.swapchainWidth = w;
-        f.swapchainHeight = h;
-        f.swapchainAcquiredThisFrame = true;
+        f.presentedThisFrame = true;
+        if (afterPresent != null) afterPresent.run();
        return true;
    }
+
+    private static void writeBlitRegion(long region, long texture, int w, int h) {
+        MemoryAccess.putAddress(region + SDL_GPUBlitRegion.TEXTURE, texture);
+        MemoryAccess.putInt(region + SDL_GPUBlitRegion.W, w);
+        MemoryAccess.putInt(region + SDL_GPUBlitRegion.H, h);
+    }
 }
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.splash;
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame;

 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.device.Device;
-import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame.ContextState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.resource.FboState;
 import com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.resource.ResourceManager;
 import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
@@ -9,13 +8,14 @@ import org.lwjgl.opengl.GL11;
 import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLGPU.SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_COLOR_TARGET;
 import static org.lwjgl.sdl.SDLGPU.SDL_GPU_TEXTUREUSAGE_SAMPLER;

-public final class SplashOffscreenTarget {
+public final class OffscreenTarget {

    private int fboGlId;
    private int colorTexGlId;
    private long colorTexHandle;
    private int width;
    private int height;
+    private boolean hasContent;

    public void create(Device device, ResourceManager rm, int width, int height, int swapchainSdlFormat) {
        this.width = width;
@@ -37,10 +37,20 @@ public final class SplashOffscreenTarget {
        fbo.cachedFormatsDirty = true;
    }

+    public void ensureSize(Device device, ResourceManager rm, int width, int height) {
+        if (width <= 0 || height <= 0) return;
+        if (colorTexHandle != 0 && width == this.width && height == this.height) return;
+        destroy(rm);
+        create(device, rm, width, height, device.getSwapchainTextureFormat());
+    }
+
    public int fboId() { return fboGlId; }
    public long colorTexture() { return colorTexHandle; }
    public int width() { return width; }
    public int height() { return height; }
+    public boolean isReady() { return colorTexHandle != 0; }
+    public boolean hasContent() { return hasContent; }
+    public void markContent() { hasContent = true; }

    public boolean isFor(ContextState st) {
        return fboGlId != 0 && st.boundFboId == fboGlId;
@@ -56,5 +66,6 @@ public final class SplashOffscreenTarget {
            colorTexGlId = 0;
            colorTexHandle = 0;
        }
+        hasContent = false;
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package com.gtnewhorizons.angelica.sdlgpu.frame;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;
+
+public final class Presenter {
+
+    private final FrameManager frameManager;
+    private final Executor windowThreadExecutor;
+    private final Semaphore pending = new Semaphore(1);
+
+    public Presenter(FrameManager frameManager, Executor windowThreadExecutor) {
+        this.frameManager = frameManager;
+        this.windowThreadExecutor = windowThreadExecutor;
+    }
+
+    public void requestPresent(long srcTexture, int srcW, int srcH, int flipMode) {
+        pending.acquireUninterruptibly();
+        boolean submitted = false;
+        try {
+            windowThreadExecutor.execute(() -> {
+                try {
+                    frameManager.presentOnWindowThread(srcTexture, srcW, srcH, flipMode);
+                } finally {
+                    pending.release();
+                }
+            });
+            submitted = true;
+        } finally {
+            if (!submitted) pending.release();
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void drain() {
+        pending.acquireUninterruptibly();
+        pending.release();
+    }
+}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Eldrinn Elantey	37a10eee3f	Fix tile entity pass markers skipped on newer class files (#2075 )	2026-09-06 16:03:08 -07:00
Caedis	744c1f971f	Replace natural texture rotation hash (#2073 )	2026-09-06 10:29:28 -07:00
Philip Xu	32d1c27b9c	Fix for texture being mistakenly turned off by Iris (#2072 )	2026-09-06 09:53:49 -07:00
Philip Xu	f180894da7	Fixes TESR texts (travel anchors) depth test bug (#2071 )	2026-09-06 09:44:29 -07:00
danyadev	bb67f82701	optimize resource reload (#2070 )	2026-09-06 09:43:18 -07:00
danyadev	73f5556595	support custom fonts on macos (#2066 )	2026-09-05 21:09:41 -07:00
Jarnexis	19bc7cbaed	Add Ukrainian (uk_UA) localization and translate documentation (#1990 )	2026-09-06 03:40:54 +00:00
danyadev	d189a644e2	Fix custom font rendering on BetterLoadingScreen splash (#2063 )	2026-09-04 16:03:43 -07:00
danyadev	94ba40ae4d	Activate FFP when enabling with program 0 (#2064 )	2026-09-04 16:03:13 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	961b23fd2d	Fix tests (#2065 )	2026-09-04 15:45:27 -07:00
Nick Smith	61b5301f1a	CTM Transitions - neighbor detection and influence (#2047 )	2026-09-03 22:33:18 -07:00
Jakob Erber	0e539ae034	Synchronize CubicChunks tile entity mutations (#2031 )	2026-09-03 22:32:49 -07:00
Chitak 985	e581326641	Fix animate-only-visible-textures setting (#2054 )	2026-09-03 22:32:14 -07:00
kurrycat	c707cc51f1	Use bound texture instead of hardcoded vanilla textures for cached vanilla model rendering (#2037 )	2026-09-03 22:31:41 -07:00
Nick Smith	7d890bf3e7	Enable CTM mining/breaking overlays (#2052 )	2026-09-03 22:30:39 -07:00
Eclipse-SolandJason Mitchell	ffc324bab6	POM Support (#1927 ) Co-authored-by: Jason Mitchell <[email protected]>	2026-09-03 22:28:20 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	0dfffca88e	Flyby and OSX improvements (#2061 )	2026-09-03 22:27:35 -07:00
Alexdoru	a66db1517a	fix world client leaks in bop fog handlers (#2056 )	2026-09-02 11:15:25 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	269b7245d3	Make dynamic lights config less heavy (#2051 )	2026-08-30 13:02:07 -07:00
Wokafishh	67f2484976	Blockrotations/Natural Textures (#2020 )	2026-08-30 11:16:21 -07:00
KAMKEELandJason Mitchell	1c8687e6fd	Add Secondary Color Support to Angelica (#2046 ) Co-authored-by: Jason Mitchell <[email protected]>	2026-08-30 10:26:08 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	e6bbd155da	Stop hardcoding some translations (#2049 )	2026-08-30 09:40:27 -07:00
Ranzu	2f64fef6a6	Fix color leak getting into guis (Broken ColorUtils) (#2045 )	2026-08-27 14:19:55 -07:00
boubou19	b0fd1ea46e	Fix some CTM Allocations (#2044 )	2026-08-27 11:59:02 -07:00
ah-OOG-ah	6d8cbf9c2f	Add a flag to StateAwareTesselator for per-quad directional shading (#1989 ) * Add a flag for no directional shading * Mark StateAwareTessellator as an API * Reset internal state better	2026-08-19 18:16:04 +00:00
boubou19	096dd01446	Avoid rescanning atlas for each CTM tile (#2029 )	2026-08-19 09:32:42 -07:00
Eclipse-SolandMartin Robertz	22c9479946	Many bug fixes (#2017 ) Co-authored-by: Martin Robertz <[email protected]>	2026-08-19 08:55:43 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	b2f597a73a	SDL presenter fixes and frame pacer adjustments (#2025 )	2026-08-16 17:59:33 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	553dec5b6d	Mark tiles at transform time instead of using reflection (#2024 )	2026-08-16 16:05:04 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	bc8116006c	Tracy 0.14 (#2019 )	2026-08-15 19:09:36 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	bf9492dffb	Defer ticking on TEs we eagerly create until they get a description packet (#2018 )	2026-08-15 17:04:50 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	69aed42b89	Sign Fix (#2016 )	2026-08-15 14:32:50 -07:00
KAMKEELandJason Mitchell	ffe54f61b9	Fixes World Lighting to Text Rendering so its not Fullbright (#1976 ) * Fixes World Lighting to Text Rendering so its not Fullbright * Carry lightmap state per text segment * Text lighting: per-segment lightmap uniform, fix GL_RESCALE_NORMAL * per segment uniform instead of stride increase * Shade text based on GL light state * fix u_NormalScale * GL_LIGHT > 1 usage warnings (not currently handled) --------- Co-authored-by: Jason Mitchell <[email protected]>	2026-08-14 21:34:58 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	c86e1de9f6	TE and world access thread safety for rendering, and remesh on first TE update packet. (#2014 )	2026-08-14 20:21:13 -07:00
brandyn	6af401c834	fix starminer rotation & optimize starminer rotateCorpseByGravity (#2005 ) * fix starminer rotation & optimize starminer rotateCorpseByGravity fixes #487 * remove Object[] allocation * add shared helper, fix NPEs, fallbacks	2026-08-13 11:27:43 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	b17bb42c49	vsync adjustments: on/mailbox/off + windows input lag fix + glsl parsing optimizations (#2009 )	2026-08-12 21:20:10 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	3659b59db9	Adjust vsync and fps limiters, and fix WSR with player models (#2002 )	2026-08-09 20:06:53 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	8c31eec525	SDL followup fixes (#2001 ) * Deploy fixes * Narrow transformer exclusions for Legends mods, and mixin priority for CustomNPC * Journeymap 6 stencil/depth fix * OpenLTW swizzle workaround	2026-08-09 13:43:46 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	166116d692	More fixes (#1995 )	2026-08-08 23:53:06 -07:00
Jason Mitchell	4b21bc77b6	A few fixes (#1994 )	2026-08-08 18:29:26 -07:00